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Les systèmes d'élevage (SE) du Nord et du Sud connaissent des changements importants en raison de facteurs multiples et interdépendants, d'ordre écologiques, climatiques, économiques, sociaux, politiques, sécuritaires ou encore sanitaires. L'ampleur des changements auxquels ces systèmes sont et vont être confrontés est considérable et leurs interactions avec les activités d'élevage posent question. D'une part, l'ensemble du secteur animal est un contributeur majeur des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, et il en subit d'autre part les impacts. Pour y répondre, l'élevage a de réelles capacités d'adaptation, tout en offrant également des potentialités d'atténuation significatives et multiples. La contribution nécessaire et évidente à la sécurité alimentaire de larges populations et la réponse à la demande future en produits animaux rendent la contribution animale incontournable dans la conception de systèmes agricoles climato-intelligents. Les développements attendus de l'élevage dans les Suds seront d'autant plus concernés que c'est dans ces socio-écosystèmes qu'auront lieu les plus grandes dynamiques économiques, sociales, techniques, politiques et environnementales.

communication au 6th International Livestock farming systems symposium "Product quality based on local resources leading to improved sustainability" (2003) ; In Reunion Island, the dynamism of the livestock farming sector together with a policy of support for the "Outermost Regions" and the development of the "Hauts" (heights) led to the appearance and expansion of the dairy and suckler cattle industries structured over a time span of 20 to 30 years. With 500 breeders, the two cooperatives are developing the production of milk and meat, which is respectively of 21.8 million litres and 1500 tonnes. They declare that their targets are to approximately double the production by the end of the decade. Combined with those of the sugar cane industry, these targets appear difficult to reach, in the present situation of land speculation and town and country planning. We put forward the hypothesis that the farming industries must seek new forms of territorial coordination, for the continuation of their development. Complementarities must be found between the sectors, as forage and effluents transfers between lowlands and highlands. This evolution has to take part of the future changes on environmental standards (setting up of a National Park). We present some examples of the research work undertaken by the Cirad cattle-farming centre in partnership with the production and processing networks, for the purpose of providing references and decision support tools.

communication au 6th International Livestock farming systems symposium "Product quality based on local resources leading to improved sustainability" (2003) ; In Reunion Island, the dynamism of the livestock farming sector together with a policy of support for the "Outermost Regions" and the development of the "Hauts" (heights) led to the appearance and expansion of the dairy and suckler cattle industries structured over a time span of 20 to 30 years. With 500 breeders, the two cooperatives are developing the production of milk and meat, which is respectively of 21.8 million litres and 1500 tonnes. They declare that their targets are to approximately double the production by the end of the decade. Combined with those of the sugar cane industry, these targets appear difficult to reach, in the present situation of land speculation and town and country planning. We put forward the hypothesis that the farming industries must seek new forms of territorial coordination, for the continuation of their development. Complementarities must be found between the sectors, as forage and effluents transfers between lowlands and highlands. This evolution has to take part of the future changes on environmental standards (setting up of a National Park). We present some examples of the research work undertaken by the Cirad cattle-farming centre in partnership with the production and processing networks, for the purpose of providing references and decision support tools.

In Reunion Island, the dynamism of the livestock farming sector together with a policy of support from the extremely remote regions and the development of the "Hauts" (heights) led to the appearance and expansion of the dairy and suckler cattle industries structured over a time span of 20 to 30 years. With two 500 strong livestock cooperatives developing the production of milk and meat of respectively 21.8 million litres and 1500 tonnes. They declare that their targets are to approximately double the production by the end of the decade. Combined with those of the sugar cane industry, these targets appear difficult to reach, in the present situation of land speculation and town and country planning. We put forward the hypothesis that the farming industries must seek new forms of territorial coordination, for the continuation of their development. We present some examples of the research work undertaken by the Cirad cattle farming centre in partnership with the production and processing networks, for the purpose of providing references and decision support tools.

Le pastoralisme est un mode de vie et de production millénaire qui s'est adapté aux grands changements des sociétés et des milieux. Ces trajectoires ont préservé des structures, processus et fonctions du pastoralisme qui varient dans l'espace et le temps mais permettent de caractériser et distinguer ces systèmes sociotechniques. Résilients, ces systèmes pastoraux ont été négligés et critiqués durant la période d'intensification agricole, qualifiés de systèmes archaïques, improductifs, dégradant l'environnement, générateur de sous-développement. La récente prise de conscience d'une nécessaire transition agro-écologique de l'agriculture a redonné du sens à l'analyse du pastoralisme, système basé sur la valorisation des ressources naturelles et l'adaptation à leurs variabilités spatiale et temporelle. L'évaluation de ces fonctions et valeurs du pastoralisme (économiques, environnementales, sociales) prises indépendamment donne des résultats contradictoires sur les performances du pastoralisme. Une analyse conjointe et systémique de ces multiples fonctions (multifonctionnalité) permet de comprendre la richesse de ces systèmes, leur capacité à valoriser des milieux parfois peu productifs et à y faire vivre des sociétés de forte culture. En proposant un cadre d'analyse sur quatre dimensions de cette multifonctionnalité du pastoralisme (performances économique, environnementale, sociale et de développement local), nous facilitons l'élaboration d'outils d'aide à la décision pour le développement pastoral qui appréhende les synergies et antagonismes entre ces multiples fonctions et démontre les efficiences de ces systèmes à valoriser les milieux naturels et à porter durablement des sociétés humaines. Ces outils peuvent se décliner en instruments d'aide au diagnostic de leur durabilité, en guide à l'élaboration de projet de développement jusqu'au modèle de simulation d'impact d'innovations.

Agricultural activities are important sources of nitrous oxide (N22O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). They contribute approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG) in the European Union. We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options. As emissions occur at many stages within the farm operation, it is crucial to consider nutrient cycling and farm working. Our proposal comprises three characteristics: an integrated farm approach which combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing C and N fluxes through two coupled models of land use: a farmers' practices description; and system boundaries limited to the farm gate, but including also pre- and post-chain effects. We used a case study located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt - North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of nitrous oxide (N22O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). They contribute approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG) in the European Union. We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options. As emissions occur at many stages within the farm operation, it is crucial to consider nutrient cycling and farm working. Our proposal comprises three characteristics: an integrated farm approach which combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing C and N fluxes through two coupled models of land use: a farmers' practices description; and system boundaries limited to the farm gate, but including also pre- and post-chain effects. We used a case study located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt - North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of nitrous oxide (N22O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). They contribute approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG) in the European Union. We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options. As emissions occur at many stages within the farm operation, it is crucial to consider nutrient cycling and farm working. Our proposal comprises three characteristics: an integrated farm approach which combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing C and N fluxes through two coupled models of land use: a farmers' practices description; and system boundaries limited to the farm gate, but including also pre- and post-chain effects. We used a case study located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt - North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of nitrous oxide (N22O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). They contribute approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG) in the European Union. We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options. As emissions occur at many stages within the farm operation, it is crucial to consider nutrient cycling and farm working. Our proposal comprises three characteristics: an integrated farm approach which combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing C and N fluxes through two coupled models of land use: a farmers' practices description; and system boundaries limited to the farm gate, but including also pre- and post-chain effects. We used a case study located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt - North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). In the European Union, the agricultural sector contributes approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG). We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options from a biotechnical point of view. As GhG emissions occur at several stages within the farm operation, it is essential to combine nutrient cycling and farm working through an integrated farm approach to reach a full accounting of processes. Our proposal comprises the following characteristics:- Our whole farm approach (FarmSim) combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing of above and below ground C and N fluxes; with respect to GhG, emissions can be also calculated with emissions factors, comparable to the IPCC methodology when no model is available yet as for manure management for instance. - Rebuilding farmers' practices description from available data (on farm and through farms'network databases) needs to choose a level of information to translate real situations to generic ones. It requires thus to choose a set of farm components and compatible spatio-temporal scales in respect with the data needed by the models. - At the moment, we coupled tow models allowing to quantify the emissions of the different lend uses (in our case PaSim, a grassland ecosystem model and CERES-EGC, a crop model). - The system boundaries are limited to the farm gate, or may include pre- and post-chain effects according to more and less high inputs and the difficulty to forecast produce fate if databases are available. - Building plausible scenarios requires to control a set farm operation coherences to account for stranding mitigation options. In a first step, we used a case study formalized by the French Livestock Institute (IE) and some farm working data from an experimental dairy farm belonging to the French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), both located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt-North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). In the European Union, the agricultural sector contributes approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG). We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and desiging mitigation options from a biotechnical point of view. As GhG emissions occur at several stages within the farm operation, it is essential to combine nutrient cycling and farm working through an integrated farm approach to reach a full accounting of processes. Our proposal comprises the following characteristics: - Our whole farm approach (FarmSim) combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing of above and below ground C and N fluxes ; with respect to GhG, emissions can be also calculated with emissions factors, comparable to the IPCC methodology when no model is available yet as for manure management for instance. - Rebuilding farmers' practices description from available data (on farm and through farms'network databases) needs to choose a level of information to translate real situations to generic ones. It requires thus to choose a set of farm components and compatible spatio-temporal scales in respect with the data needed by the models. - At the moment, we coupled two models allowing to quantify the emissions of the different land uses (in our case PaSim, a grassland ecosystem model and CERES-EGC, a crop model). - The system boundaries are limited to the farm gate, or may include pre- and post-chain effects according to more and less high inputs and the difficulty to forecast produce fate if databases are available. - Building plausible scenarios requires to control a set of farm operation coherences to account for standing mitigation options. In a first step, we used a case study formalized by the French Livestock Institute (IE) and some farm working data from an experimental dairy farm belonging to the French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), both located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt - North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). In the European Union, the agricultural sector contributes approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG). We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options from a biotechnical point of view. As GhG emissions occur at several stages within the farm operation, it is essential to combine nutrient cycling and farm working through an integrated farm approach to reach a full accounting of processes. Our proposal comprises the following characteristics: - Our whole farm approach (FarmSim) combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing of above and below ground C and N fluxes; with respect to GhG, emissions can be also calculated with emissions factors, comparable to the IPCC methodology when no model is available yet as for manure management for instance. - Rebuilding farmers' practices description from available data (on farm and through farms'network databases) needs to choose a level of information to translate real situations to generic ones. It requires thus to choose a set of farm components and compatible spatio-temporal scales in respect with the data needed by the models. - At the moment, we coupled tow models allowing to quantify the emissions of the different lend uses (in our case PaSim, a grassland ecosystem model and CERES-EGC, a crop model). - The system boundaries are limited to the farm gate, or may include pre- and post-chain effects according to more and less high inputs and the difficulty to forecast produce fate if databases are available. - Building plausible scenarios requires to control a set farm operation coherences to account for stranding mitigation options. In a first step, we used a case study formalized by the French Livestock Institute (IE) and some farm working data from an experimental dairy farm belonging to the French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), both located in semi-continental conditions (Mirecourt-North-Eastern France). The simulated farming system is a mixed dairy and crops system so as to account for a rather generic farming system.

Agricultural activities are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). In the European Union, the agricultural sector contributes approximately 10% of the total emitted greenhouse gases (GhG). We search for evaluating GhG emissions at the farm level and designing mitigation options from a biotechnical point of view. As GhG emissions occur at several stages within the farm operation, it is essential to combine nutrient cycling and farm working through an integrated farm approach to reach a full accounting of processes. Our proposal comprises the following characteristics:- Our whole farm approach (FarmSim) combines empirical and mechanistic modelling through describing of above and below ground C and N fluxes; with respect to GhG, emissions can be also calculated with emissions factors, comparable to the IPCC methodology when no model is available yet as for manure management for instance. - Rebuilding farmers' practices description from available data (on farm and through farms'network databases) needs to choose a level of information to translate real situations to generic ones. It requires thus to choose a set of farm components and compatible spatio-temporal scales in respect with the data needed by the models. - At the moment, we coupled tow models allowing to quantify the emissions of the different lend uses (in our case PaSim, a grassland ecosystem model and CERES-EGC, a crop model). - The system boundaries are limited to the farm gate, or may include pre- and post-chain effects according to more and less high inputs and the difficulty to forecast produce fate if databases are available. - Building plausible scenarios requires to control a set farm operation coherences to account for stranding mitigation options. In a first step, we used a case study formalized by the French Livestock Institute (IE) and some farm working data from an experimental dairy farm belonging to the French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), both located in ...

The Paris Agreement calls for limiting global warming below 2°C. The "4 per 1,000 Initiative: Soils for food security and climate" was launched in 2015 to increase soil organic carbon sequestration with three objectives: mitigation of climate change, adaptation to climate change and improved food security. One of the challenges of the Initiative relates to its feasibility in contrasted biophysical, social and economic environments, questioning the adoption rate of required new practices. We conducted participatory multi-stakeholder workshops in France and Senegal to collect knowledge and perception of farmers, NGOs, agro-industries, administrations, donors and researchers on barriers and coping strategies for 4 per 1,000 innovations. Results in both countries reveal the predominance of social and economic barriers such as lack of knowledge or training, increased difficulties of fieldwork, workload, risk handling, funding and social pressure. Biophysical constraints such as limited potential of soil organic matter storage or rainfall scarcity and variability appear more important in Senegal. Identified actions to foster the sequestration of soil carbon call for an improved policy context leading to innovations in land planning, stakeholder communication, demonstration facilities, capacity building or financial support. Fewer constraints and coping strategies mention technical issues, showing that fostering agricultural soil carbon sequestration is more a question of enabling environment than technical innovations or farmers' willingness for change. We conclude that actions to support the 4 per 1,000 Initiative need to include a variety of stakeholders such as extension services, private sector, civil society, local institutions, policy makers, consumers, and not only farmers.

Une des attentes forte de la société et des décideurs politiques est de mieux comprendre et de pouvoir anticiper les réponses des agro-écosystèmes aux changements climatiques et atmosphériques anticipés. La prévision sur le long-terme de ces impacts sur la contribution des agro-écosystèmes à l'effet de serre et sur leur potentiel d'atténuation des émissions permis par le stockage de carbone dans la matière organique des sols repose nécessairement sur l'utilisation de modèles. PaSiM est un modèle biogéochimique déterministe à dominante mécaniste se situant à l'échelle de la parcelle de prairie et qui a pour objectif principal de modéliser une prairie spatialement homogène et ses principaux flux de carbone, d'azote et d'eau. Au-delà de cette modélisation "prairie centrée", le modèle FarmSim permet de simuler le comportement de systèmes d'élevage herbagers ou basés sur le maïs à l'échelle de la ferme. Résultant du couplage des modèles PaSiM, CERES (culture) et GESTIM (intrants, calcul des flux à l'étable) il fournit un bilan annuel des émissions de GES à l'échelle de l'exploitation. Ce papier se propose de décrire ces deux modèles et l'intérêt qu'ils présentent pour répondre aux attentes sociales vis-à-vis des impacts du changement climatique sur les prairies et les systèmes d'élevage