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Indigenous peoples of the United States are distinct from other ethnic minorities because they have experienced colonization as the original inhabitants. Social and health disparities are connected to a context of historical oppression—the chronic, pervasive, and intergenerational experiences of oppression that, over time, may be normalized, imposed, and internalized into the daily lives of many Indigenous peoples (including individuals, families, and communities). As part of the critical Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence (FHORT), in this article, we introduce the Historical Oppression Scale (HOS), a scale assessing internalized and externalized oppression. Our study reports on survey data ( N = 127) from a larger convergent mixed-methodology study with scale items derived from thematic analysis of qualitative data ( N = 436), which informed the resultant 10-item scale. After six cases were removed from the 127 participants who participated in the quantitative component to the study due to missing data across two tribes, the sample size for analysis was 121. Confirmatory factor analysis testing of the hypothesized unidimensional construct indicated acceptable model fit ( X2 = 58.10, [Formula: see text] 1.94, CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .088, 90% CI = .05, .12). Reliability of the 10-item scale was excellent (α = .97) and convergent and discriminant validity were established. The HOS explicates complex associations between historical oppression and health and social disparities and may be an important clinical and research tool in an understudied area.

Chapter 1. Climate Change, Ecology, and Justice -- Chapter 2. Water, Air, and Land: The Foundation of Life, Food, and Society -- Chapter 3. Celebrating and Preserving the Ecology of Life -- Chapter 4. Environmental Injustice: Transformative Change Towards Justice -- Chapter 5. Human Health and Well-Being in Times of Global Environmental Crisis -- Chapter 6. Power and Politics: Protection, Rebuilding, and Justice -- Chapter 7. Pathways to Change: Community and Environmental Transformation -- Chapter 8. Decolonizing Nature: The Potential of Nature to Heal.