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An innovative study of gift-giving, informal support and charity in England between the late sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries. Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos examines the adaptation and transformation of varied forms of informal help, challenging long-held views and assumptions about the decline of voluntary giving and personal obligations in the transition from medieval to modern times. Merging historical research with insights drawn from theories of gift-giving, the book analyses practices of informal support within varied social networks, associations and groups over the entire period. It argues that the processes entailed in the Reformation, state formation and the implementation of the poor laws, as well as market and urban expansion, acted as powerful catalysts for many forms of informal help. Within certain boundaries, the early modern era witnessed the diversification, increase and invigoration, rather than the demise, of gift-giving and informal support

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"In preindustrial England, few people could expect to live past the age of forty, so adolescence and youth represented a significant proportion of an individual's life. This book by Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos is the first to explore in depth the transition from childhood to adulthood during this period, describing the maturation processes of young people from the middle and lower classes who spent their youth as apprentices, domestic servants, or agricultural servants and labourers." "Previous historians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries have assumed either that childhood was brief and there was no adolescence, or that childhood was prolonged and adolescence was maintained well into the mid-twenties. Ben-Amos argues instead that while the maturation process was prolonged in some cases, it was short and intense in others, and that variations were due to complex mental, social and economic causes. Paying close attention to differences introduced by gender and social and geographical contexts, Ben-Amos focuses on numerous aspects of youths' lives as they related to maturation. These include the separation of adolescents from their parents, their working lives, the acquisition of new skills, social relationships, religious attitudes, sexual mores and norms, and leisure activities. Drawing on urban and court records, as well as on contemporary autobiographies, Ben-Amos vividly recreates the experience of growing up in early modern England."--Jacket

The English family in the early modern period is viewed in the perspective of reciprocity: an exchange of goods that involved giving and obtaining something in return. Reciprocal interactions between parents and children extended throughout the life course and were not confined to infancy or early childhood. The exchange could be delayed, and its timing and duration varied between social groups and across time. It was unequal: the parental investment was large, and the returns were uncertain and less extensive. The exchanges involved a wide range of material and emotional goods: support, affection, prestige, reputation. Reciprocity was not simply granted, but rather it was negotiated and induced with gifts and in other less tangible ways.

Cet article étudie l'importance et les différentes sortes d'apprentissage, tant officiel qu'officieux des jeunes femmes de Bristol au début de l'époque moderne. On y démontre que si, en ville, l'apprentissage officiel de femmes avait tendance à diminuer sous la pression d'une population croissante au cours du 16è siècle, l'apprentissage et le travail officieux, se poursuivaient durant la même époque. L'acquisition de techniques de façon officieuse n'est pas seulement liée à la domination inintérrompue des industries dans la ville même, mais aussi à la création d'emplois à vie, ce qui influençait le sort de plusieurs jeunes femmes de l'époque.

L'auteur étudie comment on accède à la majorité en Angleterre au dix-septième siècle. II démontre que l'entrée en service est essentielle pour les jeunes hommes afin d'acquérir la maturité sociale. Grâce a une analyse des autobiographies et d'autres données concernant les apprentis de la ville de Bristol, il relève la liberté de choix qui leur est accordée lorsqu'ils quittent le foyer familial d'une part et lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à de nombreuses difficultés après avoir quitté le service d'autre part. II souligne la vulnérabilité de l'apprenti devant les fréquentes interruptions des stages d'apprentissage. A la fin de l'article l'auteur démontre que le fait de vivre en service est intimement lié au processus de la formation familiale et à l'entrée dans la vie adulte.