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In this article we use a comparative case study of collaborative research centres that operate at the interface between public science and private industry to question the assumption that hybrid organizations lead to hybrid practices. Public–private partnerships are intended to contribute to new work practices that solve challenges in public service provision and influence industrial innovativeness by engaging public research capabilities. Analysis of eight Scandinavian centres indicates considerable variance with respect to levels of integration of public and private partners and tensions between them. Five of the cases display no or highly contested hybrid practices and there seem to be many barriers to hybridization. Large differences in work practices from earlier interaction between the partners and radical goals of commercialization of excellent public science are important explanations.

Abstract
Distinguishing between research collaboration, consultancy, dissemination, and commercialization of research results, this paper analyses the determinants of researchers' societal engagement. The analytical framework integrates societal engagement as part of the credibility cycle. Several variables extend previous findings on determinants and mechanisms—herein scientific recognition and funding sources. A novel method to investigate the relationship between scientific recognition and societal engagement is explored. Drawing on a large-scale survey of European-based researchers in physics, cardiology, and economics, we find that several factors are associated with different modes of societal engagement in complex and intersecting ways. Scientific recognition is positively associated with research collaboration and dissemination, while organizational seniority is associated with all modes except for research collaboration with non-scientific actors. Female gender is positively associated with dissemination and external funding sources are positively associated will all. The findings intersect with differences in the three research fields.