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The book presents a historical account of the colonial foundation of African economy and diplomacy. It reveals how the colonial companies and their agents penetrated different parts of Africa and entrenched Western colonialism and imperialism. Ironically, the arrival of these colonial companies became a driver of colonial labour migration as the educated and few privileged African people have to move towards the location of the colonial companies in order to eke-out improved standard of living. It presents the dynamics of import and export trade as promoted by the colonial companies. Consequently, the second part of the book raised the nature of relations amongst some independent African states. First, it reveals the deep-rooted challenge of poverty, migration problem, xenophobia in South Africa and resource conflicts within sovereign border areas of Nigeria and Cameroon as well as the Ethiopian dam crisis with Egypt, as some negative effects of colonialism on some African states. Secondly, it advocated for the advancement of African sports diplomacy, balancing of Chinese African trade diplomacy and improved labour migration within Africa as some paths to sustainable diplomacy in continent

"The book dissects the nature of environmental conflicts in Africa. It presents a new theoretical interpretation of resource factors that could transform African states, when resources are adequately managed." — Dr. Chijioke Odii, Renaissance University Ugbawka, Nigeria " The book is a groundwork on competition over control of mineral resources that have become a major source of armed conflict in Africa. It is a strong call for the transformation of resource governance and management in Africa." — Dr. Prince Enwereji, University of South Africa, South Africa The book discusses the failure of many African governments in providing the social needs of the masses. Unfortunately, in many States, mineral resources are owned, explored and marketed by machinery of the state. The problem arises when the masses begin to challenge State access and ownership of resources that are domiciled within their ancestral land. Often their resistance to state control of natural resources is triggered by sense of exploitation, negligence and widespread poverty in the face of high resource endowment and waste by government officials. Paradoxically, the State uses unlimited might to suppress the agitators, thereby leading to increased arms race by such groups. When the resource agitators succeed in arming themselves, they begin to demand for environmental justice, thereby leading to mass armed conflict with the state forces over control of natural commonwealth. It is that state of desperado to control access, extraction and sale of resources in a state, by different armed groups that turns natural resources extraction as visible cause of conflicts around the African continent that is the centrepiece of the book. Dr. Kelechi Johnmary Ani is a lecturer in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria and Visiting Senior Lecturer at Renaissance University Ugbawka, Nigeria. He is also an Extraordinary Professor in the Afrocentric Governance of Public Affairs, North West University, South Africa .

"The book discusses the failure of many African governments in providing the social needs of the masses, thereby placing the citizenry on the desperate quest for economic resources. Unfortunately, in many African States, mineral resources are owned, explored and marketed by the machinery of the state. The problem arises when the masses begin to challenge state access and ownership of resources that are domiciled within their ancestral land, communities, and constituencies. Often the challenge and resistance to state ownership of resources is generated by communal or group sense of exploitation, negligence and widespread poverty in the face of high resource endowment and waste by the government officials"--

The book presents a historical account of the colonial foundation of African economy and diplomacy. It reveals how the colonial companies and their agents penetrated different parts of Africa and entrenched Western colonialism and imperialism. Ironically, the arrival of these colonial companies became a driver of colonial labour migration as the educated and few privileged African people have to move towards the location of the colonial companies in order to eke-out improved standard of living. It presents the dynamics of import and export trade as promoted by the colonial companies. Consequently, the second part of the book raised the nature of relations amongst some independent African states. First, it reveals the deep-rooted challenge of poverty, migration problem, xenophobia in South Africa and resource conflicts within sovereign border areas of Nigeria and Cameroon as well as the Ethiopian dam crisis with Egypt, as some negative effects of colonialism on some African states. Secondly, it advocated for the advancement of African sports diplomacy, balancing of Chinese African trade diplomacy and improved labour migration within Africa as some paths to sustainable diplomacy in continent. Dr. Kelechi Johnmary Ani is a lecturer in the Department of History and Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria and Visiting Scholar, Masters in International Relations, University of The Gambia. He is also an Extraordinary Professor in Afrocentric Governance of Public Affairs, North West University, South Africa. .

The book presents a historical account of the colonial foundation of African economy and diplomacy. It reveals how the colonial companies and their agents penetrated different parts of Africa and entrenched Western colonialism and imperialism. Ironically, the arrival of these colonial companies became a driver of colonial labour migration as the educated and few privileged African people have to move towards the location of the colonial companies in order to eke-out improved standard of living. It presents the dynamics of import and export trade as promoted by the colonial companies. Consequently, the second part of the book raised the nature of relations amongst some independent African states. First, it reveals the deep-rooted challenge of poverty, migration problem, xenophobia in South Africa and resource conflicts within sovereign border areas of Nigeria and Cameroon as well as the Ethiopian dam crisis with Egypt, as some negative effects of colonialism on some African states. Secondly, it advocated for the advancement of African sports diplomacy, balancing of Chinese African trade diplomacy and improved labour migration within Africa as some paths to sustainable diplomacy in continent. Dr. Kelechi Johnmary Ani is a lecturer in the Department of History and Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria and Visiting Scholar, Masters in International Relations, University of The Gambia. He is also an Extraordinary Professor in Afrocentric Governance of Public Affairs, North West University, South Africa

Over the ages, the media have been charged with the statutory role of enhancing individual and societal well-being through unfettered sharing of information, values and opinions to engender informed decisions especially on political matters. Through communication, the mass media strengthens the capacity of individuals and groups in the society towards actively contributing to democratic growth, electoral behaviour and development. The question: how far have the media succeeded in discharging this social responsibility in Nigeria? It remains a burning national issue. This study presents the media role in expanding the democratic horizon in the country by focusing on the 2015 general elections and the reportage of protests that followed. The article went further to identify the diverse challenges facing the media, which include misinformation, stereotype and insecurity of journalists and offers plausible recommendations for enhancing the place of the media in democratic culture and governance in Nigeria. The study used mixed method to gather materials from the field on electoral protests. Histogram were used to present a clear analysis of findings, which were supported by secondary research. It found that there were discrepancies in the election reportage and also that the protests, which manifested during the election affected nation building activities and electoral behaviour in many parts of Nigeria. It consequently recommends peace journalism and improved media training for Nigerian journalists.

"Das Ausmaß an Tötungen und Blutvergießen in Nigeria nimmt jede Sekunde zu, jede Minute, jede Stunde, jeden Tag, jeden Monat und jedes Jahr. Menschen, Tiere, Eigentum usw. sind in der heutigen nigerianischen Gesellschaft einer ständig anwachsenden Bedrohung ausgeliefert. Die Ursachen für die massive Unsicherheit von Leben und Eigentum sind multidimensional. Der vorliegende Aufsatz befasst sich mit dem Bedürfnis nach tradotronischen Medien zwecks Sicherheitsmanagement in Nigeria. Er zeigt, dass die Dimensionen der Unsicherheit in Nigeria, unter anderem Mordanschläge, Raub und Kidnapping und politisch motivierte Unsicherheit, auf ethnischen Konflikten und Konflikten zwischen Gemeinwesen beruhende Unsicherheit, religiös motivierte Unsicherheit und auf multidimensionalen Konflikten beruhende Unsicherheit umfasst. Er ruft alle, die das Leben und die menschliche Würde zu schätzen wissen, dazu auf, sich zu erheben und das Überleben und die Existenz eines jeden Lebewesens in seiner oder ihrer Umgebung in Nigeria zu beschützen." (Autorenreferat)

Corruption is the direct or indirect act of violence aimed at exploiting unmerited gain and or advantage from a person, structure, institution or environment. In Nigeria, corruption has grown to an unquantifiable level. The major causes of corruption include absence of political will, progressive suppression of the culture of accountability, geometric societal poverty and negative socio-economic conditions as well as greed and the get-rich-quick syndrome etc. The paper presents the multi-dimensional phases of corruption in Nigeria and the salient mandate of the Code of Conduct Bureau and Tribunal Act, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) as well as Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). Unfortunately, the work reveal that the effectiveness of the above institutions and other corruption-watchdog setups has being watered-down by the negative push and pull effects of what is popularly known as the 'Nigerian factor'. Finally, it argues that the most dangerous implications of corruption are the recurrence of social violence and the near-total collapse of ethical culture in every sector of the Nigerian national life, while recommending multidimensional transformative cultures of corruption management that must be collectively championed by the citizenry.

This book interrogates the nature of elections and election violence in African countries. It traces the causes of the governance menace to multiple factors that are not limited to poverty, unemployment, media etc. The book clearly documents how election violence cripples' nation building process across many African countries. Consequently, it reveals that states have lost their manifest destiny of national transformation in Africa because they cannot guarantee that legitimate candidates, who should win elections; will rise to power due, to the widespread manipulation of violence at all levels of electoral engineering. The chapters rely on the cases and changing dynamics of elections and electoral violence in the different Nigerian states. It traces the origins of elections, the nature and patterns of a number of past elections as well as the role of youths, judiciary, electoral umpire, social media, gender etc on the changing nature of elections in Nigeria. Dr Kelechi Johnmary Ani is a lecturer in the Department of History and Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. His areas of research include peace, conflict and African political history. He is currently a post doctoral research fellow in the School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy, University of Johannesburg, South Africa and was a doctoral external examiner for the Graduate School of Business and Leadership, University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. Prof Victor Ojakorotu, who currently Deputy Director, School of Government Studies, Mafikeng at North West University, Mafikeng, South Africa. His research interests are African Politics, Nigeria, Conflict and Peace, Environmental Politics and Security. He is widely published in internationally accredited academic journals on the vexing subject of the Niger Delta. Some of books he has published on the Niger Delta are Contending Issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, Fresh Dimensions on the Niger Delta Crisis of Nigeria, Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria and Anatomy of the Niger Delta Crisis: Causes, Consequences and Opportunities for Peace.

Effect of foreign direct investment on gross national income in Nigeria, 2006-2017 Kelechi Johnmary Ani Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Nigeria E-mail: kelechi.ani@funai.edu.ng Chigozie Onu Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria E-mail: asiano.jc@gmail.com Submission: 11/4/2020 Revision: 12/15/2020 Accept: 1/5/2021 ABSTRACT The study analyzed the effect of foreign direct investment on gross national income over the period of 2006- 2019. The main type of data used in this study is secondary; which were sourced from various publications of Central Bank of Nigeria, such as; Statistical Bulletin, Annual Reports and Statement of Accounts. The regression analysis of the ordinary least square (OLS) is the estimation technique that was employed in this study to determine the effect of the Direct Foreign Investment on gross national income in Nigeria. The cointegration test showed existence of a long run relationship and an indication that 1 cointegrating vectors exist at 5% level of significance among the variables which was corrected with error correction mode (ECM). The result showed that foreign direct investment had a positive effect on gross national income during the period 2006 – 2019. It also revealed that gross domestic product, exchange rate and unemployment rate has a positive effect on gross national income in Nigeria during the same period. The study recommends that government should try to develop trade zones, which are solely based on free economic movements and policies. The study recommends official re-consideration of different determinants of gross national income (GNI) attractions. Government incentives, infrastructure and policies should be put in place to make it easy for general foreign investors, to find Nigeria safe and reliable to invest. Finally, unique fiscal and monetary policies should be formed to strengthen the other macroeconomic variables which will help to overcome the situation of shocks in Nigeria while hosting Foreign Direct Investment inflow for future sustainable economic development.

This book shows the push and pull effects between resources, human security and conflicts in Africa. It recognizes the need for resources in Africa to be processed into finished goods in order to influence global market and redefine the pattern of trade relations with powerful countries of Asia, America and Europe in shaping the destiny and future of African countries. The achievement of this laudable objective is plagued by the security challenges which are directly or indirectly linked to resource-related conflicts rocking most of the resource endowed countries in the continent, thereby threatening global peace and security. To deal with this menace in the continent, it requires global co-operation and support of foreign governments, international organizations, international non-government organizations, governments of host countries and its citizens. The book presents the cases and experiences of countries that are endowed with resource, as well as have experienced different forms of human insecurity and have witnessed environmental conflicts in its analysis, which make the discourse interesting and quite educating.