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The Pakistan Agricultural Sector Model (PASM) developed by Davies et al. (1991) was modified to enhance the livestock sub-sector. Nutrient-based rations replaced feedstuff-based rations and dry matter minimum and maximum constraints (stomach capacity) were added. Several initial simulations were undertaken to examine the structure of the modified model and its impact across the crop and livestock sub-sectors. These simulations included relaxing exogenous livestock numbers and selected crop hectarage constraints, and requiring that green forage be fed in the season grown. Most importantly, the results demonstrated that fodder hectarage will grow with livestock numbers to insure that sufficient green forage is available seasonally. Two other analyses were performed to demonstrate the need to specify linkages between the crop and livestock sub-sectors. An analysis of transforming the livestock sub-sector from traditional to feedlot-based technology demonstrated that the reduced numbers of non-milking cattle needed for a given output of meat would provide the potential for increased production of various crops and other livestock products. Also, expanded cotton and Irri rice exports, hypothesised to occur through trade liberalisation from the Uruguay Round of the GATT, highlighted other inter-relationships between the crop and livestock sub-sectors. Greater production of both livestock and other crops might accompany the expansion of cotton production but less livestock feed would be available with expanded exports of Irri rice.

The integration of Lithuania into the European Union requires serious preparation, determining possible changes in agrarian sector and rural development and their consequences, ensuring the necessary information supply to finding and substantiation of rational strategic solutions. The paper analyzes trends of systematic analysis of the agrarian sector of the region, tools for the search of solutions, reveals the possibilities of modelling methods and information technologies application in determining the sustainable development strategy. The suggested methodic of integrated modelling of agricultural production processes in regional and farm level is introduced. The scheme of agrarian production system and some functional dependencies are presented. The problems that are expected to be solved in future are formulated. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

The integration of Lithuania into the European Union requires serious preparation, determining possible changes in agrarian sector and rural development and their consequences, ensuring the necessary information supply to finding and substantiation of rational strategic solutions. The paper analyzes trends of systematic analysis of the agrarian sector of the region, tools for the search of solutions, reveals the possibilities of modelling methods and information technologies application in determining the sustainable development strategy. The suggested methodic of integrated modelling of agricultural production processes in regional and farm level is introduced. The scheme of agrarian production system and some functional dependencies are presented. The problems that are expected to be solved in future are formulated. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

Subject. Processes of internal institutionalisation and state regulation of the sustainable lending market in the agricultural sector, as well as the ESG transformation of business processes of lenders and borrowers within the framework of the concept of sustainable development.Objectives. The formation of a conceptual framework for sustainable lending and forecasting scenarios for its development in the agricultural sector; development of a model methodology providing a structural restructuring of the industry credit mechanism in terms of incorporating sustainable development goals and ESG factors into the credit procedures of banks and the business processes of borrowers, increasing the supply of relevant credit products, and creating a system of market and government incentives.Methodology. The developed model methodology for sustainable lending is based on the concepts of sustainable development, ESG, responsible banking, and sustainable finance. In order to achieve the objectives, the author used abstraction, generalisation, formalisation, analogies, and scenario forecasting methods.Results. It was shown that the concept of sustainable development and the principles of responsible banking form the basis of sustainable financing, the direction of which is sustainable lending. A conceptual apparatus of sustainable lending has been formed, which allows classifying it as a financial instrument for achieving sustainable development goals.Conclusions. Based on scenario forecasting, an acceleration model for the formation of a sustainable lending market in the agricultural sector is substantiated. The model assumes a proactive role of the state and banks (promotion of values, incentives), consolidation of institutional changes, and infrastructure development. A model methodology for sustainable lending in the agricultural sector, including three structural components: information, product and incentive system has been developed. The information component performs the functions of goal setting, consolidation in formal norms and regulation of institutional changes, incorporation of ESG factors into standard credit scoring procedures, and development of the market for non-financial ESG products. The product component is differentiated by types of sustainable development credit products. Standardised loan products, including government support measures, are offered for verified projects. For projects financed according to bank standards, unique loan products are offered with internal financial and non-financial incentives, restrictions and ESG risk management tools integrated into their structure. The incentive system is differentiated into financial and non-financial based on the types of credit products.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to improve the methodology of the integration process of business model to ensure environmental, social and financial results of entrepreneurial activity taking into account the interests and needs of stakeholders and to study the possibilities of implementing sustainable practices in different segments of the business model and the sustainable value created by these transformations.
Results. The study highlights a number of approaches to the methodology of creating sustainable business models, which are the Business Model Canvas, the Teece Business Model, the Ecosystem Pie Model, and the Sustainable Value Creation Model. Each of the methodologies has its advantages and disadvantages, but they all have common elements that can be combined and integrated when considering industry specifics. The author used the methodology of creating sustainable value, which is formed through the implementation of new approaches to the implementation of sustainability, in particular, the methods of ecodesign, climate-smart agriculture, organic farming, biodynamic agriculture, sustainable intensification and renewable agriculture. Sustainable value is created through activities in different segments of the business model, at the same time the Business Model Canvas (BMC) is a template for mapping the transformations in each segment. The integrative business modeling approach is able to provide a detailed qualitative overview of a specific business by combining social, environmental and economic components with stakeholder theory. Therefore, taking into account the needs of a wider range of stakeholders than is provided for in the "key partners" field of the Canvas model took place through the implementation of sustainable value in the complex Ecosystem Pie Model.
Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in the adaptation of the methodology of transformation of traditional business models into sustainable ones for the agricultural sector, which, unlike the existing ones, allows taking into account sustainable value through new sustainable approaches that cause changes in the fields of Business Model Canvas with the subsequent transfer of their individual elements to the Ecosystem Pie Model for a systematic visual perception of both the current situation and prospects for further development for the enterprise.
Practical value. The results of the research can be used by scientists, representatives of business and state institutions dealing with the issue of introducing sustainability principles into existing traditional business models, based on the needs and interests of stakeholders.

The different politics of state support of prices and incomes in agricultural sector are analyzed by using the tools of demand and supply curves.

This paper makes use of a recursive agricultural sector model to assess the impact of the economic and agricultural reforms undertaken under different Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) on food security in Benin. The most relevant food security indicators included in the model are food production and its consequences with regard to rural income changes, changes in food composition at the rural level and the caloric intake of urban consumers. The results show that while the reforms improved nominal income for almost all types of farmers, especially cotton producers and among them particularly those with animal traction, the social costs in terms of urban welfare decline have been high, notably for low and medium-income groups. Simulated food prices under reforms are higher than those without, which has led to a decrease in urban consumers'caloric intake (as a percentage of FAO recommended caloric requirements), especially that of low and medium-income households. The results show the high vulnerability of poor consumers: since their intake was very close to the FAO minimum requirements, any external shock in the form of higher food prices endangers their food security. The results have been confirmed by our findings from the survey carried out in 1997 in the Borgou Province, the most important agricultural production area of the country, where the reforms have contributed to a decrease in food production and marketing in favour of cotton production. To mitigate the negative effects of SAP on poor urban consumers, who are the main losers, vitally important measures which could be recommended include employment or food for work programmes, and promotion of private sector development (résumé des auteurs)

This paper charts the performance of the agriculture sector in Malawi for the period 2000 – 2013 (with particular attention paid to the last three to four years of the said period). In the quest to attain this aim the paper empirically focuses on the significance of mapping the performance of the sector in the form of trends against the baseline sectoral performance targets enlisted in the ASWAP, CAADP Framework and SADC RISDP. The consistent and concerted efforts by the Government of Malawi and development partners to meet the ASWAP, CAADP framework and SADC RISDP targets have resulted in the country making commendable economic growth and poverty alleviation. The country has been able to attain the 6% agricultural growth target despite the questionable quality of public expenditure. It is also interesting to note that changes in the agriculture sector appear to have had influence on incomes, poverty and malnourishment. The trend analysis led to the following findings; the growth in agricultural GDP and the annual GDP growth of the country surpassed the CAADP target of 6% annual growth and this culminated to an increase in production (cereal and livestock production) and productivity (land productivity) despite the fact that the country has not met the irrigation and fertiliser used targets. This increase in production and productivity may be earnestly attributed substantially public invested in the agriculture sector to meet the CAADP 10% target of the total budget to agriculture. However, this increase in agricultural GDP annual growth has not had a significant bearing on the country's battle to offset poverty; the country's GHI is still serious and the proportion of the population below the minimum dietary energy consumption is still high (23% on average) whilst the MDG I target stands at 20%. The major deduction from these findings is that there is a need for more concerted efforts in Malawi to refine agricultural growth investments; this can be carried out efficiently by developing a National Agriculture Plan (NAP) which will be a single policy tool that will guide investment and implementation of priorities in the sector.