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Somaclonal variations present an excellent approach to introduce genetic diversity in sugarcane. Somaclones of NIA-2010, a high yielding variety with moderate sugar recovery, were developed through callus culture. After initial selection, fifteen somaclones were transplanted in field along with the parent, for two consecutive years. Some of the somaclones illustrated improved quantitative traits viz. height, girth, internodes length, and tillers per plant; whereas, cane quality related characters including CCS, sugar recovery and purity were enhanced in most of the tissue culture derived plants. However, none of the somaclones could surpass the parent in terms of sugar yield per ha. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated a strong positive correlation of the cane quality related traits among each other. Analysis of genetic parameters depicted considerably greater genotypic variance than the environmental variance, and high heritability for all the characters studied. Two somaclones i.e. 1026-P24 and 1026-P12 showed exceptionally high cane quality traits as compared to other somaclones and the parent. Hence, they can serve as potential candidates for cultivation and adoptability in Pakistan.

Development of methods for direct delivery of different bioactive substances into the cell is a promising and intensively approached area of research. It has become a subject of serious research for multidisciplinary team of scientists working in such areas as physics, biology, and biotechnology. Plant calluses were grown on medium supplemented with different nanoparticles to be used as a model for biotechnological research. Gold nanoparticles with mesoporous silica coating were used as hormone carriers, since they possess many of critical properties required for cellular transportation instrument. Some of those properties are great biocompatibility and controlled release of carried molecules. Significant changes in hormones common impact were detected. The great increase in ploidy numbers, embryogenesis, induction, and methylation level was observed when compared to the "conventional" methods of targeted hormones delivery that embrace usage of Au nanoparticles as a main hormone carrier. The authors suppose the research under consideration can provide a new pathway to the design of a novel targeted plant hormone and bioactive substances carrier. ; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²

Parmi les techniques possibles de micropropagation, la multiplication végétative par embryogenèse somatique est de loin la plus prometteuse pour la diffusion rapide et à grande échelle d'individus élites. Pourtant à ce jour, il n'existe que de très rares exemples de procédés de propagation par embryogenèse somatique appliqués au niveau commercial. Les verrous sont multiples et se situent le plus souvent au niveau d'un effet génotypique important en particulier pour l'obtention de tissus embryogènes, au niveau de la qualité des embryons somatiques régénérés, de l'incidence de variations somaclonales et plus généralement au niveau du manque de reproductibilité et d'efficacité de certaines étapes, conduisant à des coûts de production jusqu'ici prohibitifs. Les recherches sur l'embryogenèse somatique du caféier ont débuté dans différents instituts, y compris le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (Cirad), dès la fin des années 1970. Entre 1995 et 2001, le Cirad a fait évoluer la technique utilisée à l'échelle d'un laboratoire de recherche vers un procédé permettant la diffusion industrielle d'hybrides F1 de Coffea arabica extrêmement prometteurs. Au cours de cette période, deux innovations technologiques ont rendu le transfert industriel économiquement possible : la production en masse d'embryons somatiques en bioréacteurs à immersion temporaire et la possibilité de les semer directement en pépinière. Parallèlement, des données rassurantes concernant la conformité génétique des plantes régénérées étaient obtenues (fréquence de variations somaclonales?<\;?3 %). En 2002, le Cirad en partenariat avec le groupe ECOM a décidé le transfert industriel de la méthode d'embryogenèse somatique pour diffuser en Amérique centrale quatre clones d'hybrides d'Arabica sélectionnés pour des systèmes de culture agroforestiers. Le présent article décrit chez le caféier les différentes étapes et les difficultés qui ont dû être surmontées jusqu'à un transfert technologique réussi en 2010 et à un des tout premiers exemples d'application commerciale de la technique d'embryogenèse somatique.

Front Cover -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Symbols -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I: Plant Breeding Under Adverse Conditions of Acid Soils -- Chapter 1: Breeding of Grain Crops in Extreme Climatic Conditions -- Chapter 2: Genetics of Quantitative Traits of Productivity and Qualities of Grain of Oat Avena Sativa L. -- Chapter 3: Role of Somaclonal Variation in Cereal Breeding for Aluminum Resistance -- Chapter 4: Ecological Stability of Spring Barley Varieties

1. Application of Mutagenesis in food production and sustainable development -- 2. Recent Perspectives of Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement -- 3. Mutagenesis Breeding for Drought-Tolerance and Improvement of Oil and Seed Quality in Oilseed Crops: Case of Rapeseed and Sesame -- 4. Intellectual property over mutant and gene edited plants -- 5. Genome editing based CRISPR system in crop improvement -- 6. Haploids system in mutation breeding -- 7. Use of chemical mutagens in field crop breeding -- 8. Application of somaclonal variations in crop improvements -- 9. Improvement in fruit crop plants through mutation breeding -- 10. Application of In Vitro Mutagenesis in Plant Tissue Culture for Genetic Improvement of Crop Plants -- 11. Use of Gamma Irradiation in Crop Mutation Breeding -- 12. Genetic Improvement of Rural Landraces through Mutation Research -- 13. Development of Rural Landraces through Mutation Breeding Approaches -- 14. Application of Mutagenesis and Genome editing in crop Plants -- 15. Mutagenesis- A Tool for Improving Rice Landraces -- 16. The development of improved landraces in agriculture for rural development.

In legal frameworks worldwide, genetically modified plants (GMPs) are subjected to pre-market environmental risk assessment (ERA) with the aim of identifying potential effects on the environment. In the European Union, the EFSA Guidance Docuinent introduces the rationale that GMPs, as well as their newly produced metabolites, represent the potential stressor to be evaluated during ERA. As a consequence, during several phases of ERA for cultivation purposes, it is considered necessary to use whole plants or plant parts in experimental protocols. The importance of in planta studies as a strategy to address impacts of GMPs tin non-target organislns is demonstrated, to evaluate both effects due to the intended modification in plant phenotype (e.g. expression of Cry proteins) and effects due to unintended modifications in plant phenotype resultihg from the transformation process (e.g. due to somaclonal variations or pleiotropic effects). In planta tests are also necessary for GMPs in which newly expressed metabolites cannot easily be studied in vitro. This paper reviews the scientific literature supporting the choice of in planta studies as a fundamental tool in ERA of GMPs in cultivation dossiers; the evidence indicates they can realistically mimic the ecological relationships occurring in their receiving environments and provide important insights into the biology and sustainable management of GMPs.

In legal frameworks worldwide, genetically modified plants (GMPs) are subjected to pre-market environmental risk assessment (ERA) with the aim of identifying potential effects on the environment. In the European Union, the EFSA Guidance Document introduces the rationale that GMPs, as well as their newly produced metabolites, represent the potential stressor to be evaluated during ERA. As a consequence, during several phases of ERA for cultivation purposes, it is considered necessary to use whole plants or plant parts in experimental protocols. The importance of in planta studies as a strategy to address impacts of GMPs on non-target organisms is demonstrated, to evaluate both effects due to the intended modification in plant phenotype (e.g. expression of Cry proteins) and effects due to unintended modifications in plant phenotype resulting from the transformation process (e.g. due to somaclonal variations or pleiotropic effects). In planta tests are also necessary for GMPs in which newly expressed metabolites cannot easily be studied in vitro. This paper reviews the scientific literature supporting the choice of in planta studies as a fundamental tool in ERA of GMPs in cultivation dossiers; the evidence indicates they can realistically mimic the ecological relationships occurring in their receiving environments and provide important insights into the biology and sustainable management of GMPs.

In legal frameworks worldwide, genetically modified plants (GMPs) are subjected to pre-market environmental risk assessment (ERA) with the aim of identifying potential effects on the environment. In the European Union, the EFSA Guidance Docuinent introduces the rationale that GMPs, as well as their newly produced metabolites, represent the potential stressor to be evaluated during ERA. As a consequence, during several phases of ERA for cultivation purposes, it is considered necessary to use whole plants or plant parts in experimental protocols. The importance of in planta studies as a strategy to address impacts of GMPs tin non-target organislns is demonstrated, to evaluate both effects due to the intended modification in plant phenotype (e.g. expression of Cry proteins) and effects due to unintended modifications in plant phenotype resultihg from the transformation process (e.g. due to somaclonal variations or pleiotropic effects). In planta tests are also necessary for GMPs in which newly expressed metabolites cannot easily be studied in vitro. This paper reviews the scientific literature supporting the choice of in planta studies as a fundamental tool in ERA of GMPs in cultivation dossiers; the evidence indicates they can realistically mimic the ecological relationships occurring in their receiving environments and provide important insights into the biology and sustainable management of GMPs.

Abstract
Conifer genomes are large and stably diploid, in contrast to angiosperms, which are more variable both in genome size and ploidy. Conifer genomes are characterised by multiple gene families and pseudogenes, contain large inter-gene regions and a considerable proportion of repetitive sequences. All members of plant retrotransposon orders have been identified in gymnosperm genomes, however active elements have not been described. Investigation of transposable elements in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) could offer insights into transposon-mediated reorganisation under stress conditions in complex and ancient plant genomes. Nine Pinus sylvestris specific markers were developed to hypothetical long terminal repeats (LTRs) from differentially expressed retrotransposon-like fragments after heat stress and insect damage. Genetic diversity of 150 trees from a naturally regenerated pine stand was investigated using the IRAP method. The developed markers revealed high levels of genetic diversity and were able to distinguish subpopulations growing in long-term differential environmental conditions. Somaclonal variation was also investigated using these markers and polymorphic fragments were identified between ramets of Scots pine clones growing in two different plantations, possibly indicating evidence of recent transposition events. Sequencing of the polymorphic fragments identified two groups of sequences containing LTR sequences of an unknown retrotransposon with homology to the LTRs of the Copia-17-PAb-I element.

none ; 9 ; si ; In legal frameworks worldwide, genetically modified plants (GMPs) are subjected to pre-market environmental risk assessment (ERA) with the aim of identifying potential effects on the environment. In the European Union, the EFSA Guidance Document introduces the rationale that GMPs, as well as their newly produced metabolites, represent the potential stressor to be evaluated during ERA. As a consequence, during several phases of ERA for cultivation purposes, it is considered necessary to use whole plants or plant parts in experimental protocols. The importance of in planta studies as a strategy to address impacts of GMPs on non-target organisms is demonstrated, to evaluate both effects due to the intended modification in plant phenotype (e.g. expression of Cry proteins) and effects due to unintended modifications in plant phenotype resulting from the transformation process (e.g. due to somaclonal variations or pleiotropic effects). In planta tests are also necessary for GMPs in which newly expressed metabolites cannot easily be studied in vitro. This paper reviews the scientific literature supporting the choice of in planta studies as a fundamental tool in ERA of GMPs in cultivation dossiers; the evidence indicates they can realistically mimic the ecological relationships occurring in their receiving environments and provide important insights into the biology and sustainable management of GMPs. ; none ; Arpaia S.; Birch A.N.E.; Kiss J.; van Loon J.J.A.; Messean A.; Nuti M.; Perry J.N.; Sweet J.B.; Tebbe C.C. ; Arpaia, S.; Birch, A. N. E.; Kiss, J.; van Loon, J. J. A.; Messean, A.; Nuti, M.; Perry, J. N.; Sweet, J. B.; Tebbe, C. C.

free of charge pdf chapter available at: https://bdspublishing.com/_webedit/uploaded-files/All%20Files/Open%20Access/9781801462044.pdf ; International audience ; The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - genome structure provides an increasing number of detection targets that can be used to identify species or genetic lines, whether modified or not. Biotic and abiotic stresses also induce numerous unintentional genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic modifications. Those changes are transmissible and can be ordered in regions and classified. The detection target is characterised by the mutagenesis technique used. For instance, the detection of transgenic GMO or SDN3 modification of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) will target their insertion's junction fragments into the genome. Each insertion induces epigenetic, and probably epitranscriptomic, changes which can also be targeted. In addition, one group of markers is linked to the trait(s) introduced or modified by the breeder whose sequence could be used in quantification and "screening". The other target will be a subset of the elements of a matrix approach (as described in the previous chapter). General selection markers, such as those used for plant breeding, together with mutagenesis techniques specific markers, could differentiate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of any origin. They can be used to quantify and certify, through a global approach to the organism, that the trait modification is artefactual and not "natural." The growing mastery of single-cell sequencing techniques should soon make it possible to differentiate the modifications due, for example, to each step of a Crispr-Cas transformation of cells in culture. This chapter will focus mainly on detection targets based on nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, modified or unmodified, for their routine use in private and enforcement detection laboratories to comply with food labelling and European traceability rules. The chapter use the wording "hidden" ...

free of charge pdf chapter available at: https://bdspublishing.com/_webedit/uploaded-files/All%20Files/Open%20Access/9781801462044.pdf ; International audience ; The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - genome structure provides an increasing number of detection targets that can be used to identify species or genetic lines, whether modified or not. Biotic and abiotic stresses also induce numerous unintentional genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic modifications. Those changes are transmissible and can be ordered in regions and classified. The detection target is characterised by the mutagenesis technique used. For instance, the detection of transgenic GMO or SDN3 modification of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) will target their insertion's junction fragments into the genome. Each insertion induces epigenetic, and probably epitranscriptomic, changes which can also be targeted. In addition, one group of markers is linked to the trait(s) introduced or modified by the breeder whose sequence could be used in quantification and "screening". The other target will be a subset of the elements of a matrix approach (as described in the previous chapter). General selection markers, such as those used for plant breeding, together with mutagenesis techniques specific markers, could differentiate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of any origin. They can be used to quantify and certify, through a global approach to the organism, that the trait modification is artefactual and not "natural." The growing mastery of single-cell sequencing techniques should soon make it possible to differentiate the modifications due, for example, to each step of a Crispr-Cas transformation of cells in culture. This chapter will focus mainly on detection targets based on nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, modified or unmodified, for their routine use in private and enforcement detection laboratories to comply with food labelling and European traceability rules. The chapter use the wording "hidden" ...

free of charge pdf chapter available at: https://bdspublishing.com/_webedit/uploaded-files/All%20Files/Open%20Access/9781801462044.pdf ; International audience ; The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - genome structure provides an increasing number of detection targets that can be used to identify species or genetic lines, whether modified or not. Biotic and abiotic stresses also induce numerous unintentional genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic modifications. Those changes are transmissible and can be ordered in regions and classified. The detection target is characterised by the mutagenesis technique used. For instance, the detection of transgenic GMO or SDN3 modification of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) will target their insertion's junction fragments into the genome. Each insertion induces epigenetic, and probably epitranscriptomic, changes which can also be targeted. In addition, one group of markers is linked to the trait(s) introduced or modified by the breeder whose sequence could be used in quantification and "screening". The other target will be a subset of the elements of a matrix approach (as described in the previous chapter). General selection markers, such as those used for plant breeding, together with mutagenesis techniques specific markers, could differentiate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of any origin. They can be used to quantify and certify, through a global approach to the organism, that the trait modification is artefactual and not "natural." The growing mastery of single-cell sequencing techniques should soon make it possible to differentiate the modifications due, for example, to each step of a Crispr-Cas transformation of cells in culture. This chapter will focus mainly on detection targets based on nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, modified or unmodified, for their routine use in private and enforcement detection laboratories to comply with food labelling and European traceability rules. The chapter use the wording "hidden" ...

International audience ; The growing knowledge in genetics, epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and the 3D - or even 4D - genome structure provides an increasing number of detection targets that can be used to identify species or genetic lines, whether modified or not. Biotic and abiotic stresses also induce numerous unintentional genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic modifications. Those changes are transmissible and can be ordered in regions and classified. The detection target is characterised by the mutagenesis technique used. For instance, the detection of transgenic GMO or SDN3 modification of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) will target their insertion's junction fragments into the genome. Each insertion induces epigenetic, and probably epitranscriptomic, changes which can also be targeted. In addition, one group of markers is linked to the trait(s) introduced or modified by the breeder whose sequence could be used in quantification and "screening". The other target will be a subset of the elements of a matrix approach (as described in the previous chapter). General selection markers, such as those used for plant breeding, together with mutagenesis techniques specific markers, could differentiate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) of any origin. They can be used to quantify and certify, through a global approach to the organism, that the trait modification is artefactual and not "natural." The growing mastery of single-cell sequencing techniques should soon make it possible to differentiate the modifications due, for example, to each step of a Crispr-Cas transformation of cells in culture. This chapter will focus mainly on detection targets based on nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, modified or unmodified, for their routine use in private and enforcement detection laboratories to comply with food labelling and European traceability rules. The chapter use the wording "hidden" GMOs and "new" GMOs as defined by the French NGOs and farmers' union at the origin of the 2018 European Court of Justice ruling.