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This thesis focuses on school-to-work transitions and related labor market policies designed to smooth these transitions, especially for young people in difficulty. Based on field experiments carried out in France in 2018 and 2019, it comprises three chapters that add new empirical evidence to the economic literature.The first chapter brings new evidence on the higher employment rate of apprentices than vocational students after graduation. It shows that the success of apprenticeship does not rely, in the French context, on better job access to those who do not remain in their training firms. The expansion of apprenticeship thus has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm.The second chapter contributes to the understanding of employers' preferences regarding young school dropout applicants. It shows that school dropouts who have remained inactive over two years have a significantly smaller chance of being called back for a job compared to non-dropout high school graduates. Subsidized employment and vocational training boost dropouts' chances, but their chances remain still lower. Only the combination of the two policies lets young dropouts to catch up with their non-dropout peers. Manipulation of the profiles indicates that both dropping out of school and inactivity duration entails negative signals for the employers.The third chapter presents a field experiment designed to analyze the effectiveness of text messaging by public assistance agencies seeking to enroll young people who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). All texts were individualized and included specific information about the agencies. Results indicate that the texts had no significant effect on the probability of going to those agencies. These findings show that sending texts to this population is not an effective strategy for enrolling it more easily.The main argument of the thesis thus advocates closing gaps between schools and ...

This thesis focuses on school-to-work transitions and related labor market policies designed to smooth these transitions, especially for young people in difficulty. Based on field experiments carried out in France in 2018 and 2019, it comprises three chapters that add new empirical evidence to the economic literature.The first chapter brings new evidence on the higher employment rate of apprentices than vocational students after graduation. It shows that the success of apprenticeship does not rely, in the French context, on better job access to those who do not remain in their training firms. The expansion of apprenticeship thus has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm.The second chapter contributes to the understanding of employers' preferences regarding young school dropout applicants. It shows that school dropouts who have remained inactive over two years have a significantly smaller chance of being called back for a job compared to non-dropout high school graduates. Subsidized employment and vocational training boost dropouts' chances, but their chances remain still lower. Only the combination of the two policies lets young dropouts to catch up with their non-dropout peers. Manipulation of the profiles indicates that both dropping out of school and inactivity duration entails negative signals for the employers.The third chapter presents a field experiment designed to analyze the effectiveness of text messaging by public assistance agencies seeking to enroll young people who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). All texts were individualized and included specific information about the agencies. Results indicate that the texts had no significant effect on the probability of going to those agencies. These findings show that sending texts to this population is not an effective strategy for enrolling it more easily.The main argument of the thesis thus advocates closing gaps between schools and ...

This thesis focuses on school-to-work transitions and related labor market policies designed to smooth these transitions, especially for young people in difficulty. Based on field experiments carried out in France in 2018 and 2019, it comprises three chapters that add new empirical evidence to the economic literature.The first chapter brings new evidence on the higher employment rate of apprentices than vocational students after graduation. It shows that the success of apprenticeship does not rely, in the French context, on better job access to those who do not remain in their training firms. The expansion of apprenticeship thus has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm.The second chapter contributes to the understanding of employers' preferences regarding young school dropout applicants. It shows that school dropouts who have remained inactive over two years have a significantly smaller chance of being called back for a job compared to non-dropout high school graduates. Subsidized employment and vocational training boost dropouts' chances, but their chances remain still lower. Only the combination of the two policies lets young dropouts to catch up with their non-dropout peers. Manipulation of the profiles indicates that both dropping out of school and inactivity duration entails negative signals for the employers.The third chapter presents a field experiment designed to analyze the effectiveness of text messaging by public assistance agencies seeking to enroll young people who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). All texts were individualized and included specific information about the agencies. Results indicate that the texts had no significant effect on the probability of going to those agencies. These findings show that sending texts to this population is not an effective strategy for enrolling it more easily.The main argument of the thesis thus advocates closing gaps between schools and ...

This thesis focuses on school-to-work transitions and related labor market policies designed to smooth these transitions, especially for young people in difficulty. Based on field experiments carried out in France in 2018 and 2019, it comprises three chapters that add new empirical evidence to the economic literature.The first chapter brings new evidence on the higher employment rate of apprentices than vocational students after graduation. It shows that the success of apprenticeship does not rely, in the French context, on better job access to those who do not remain in their training firms. The expansion of apprenticeship thus has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm.The second chapter contributes to the understanding of employers' preferences regarding young school dropout applicants. It shows that school dropouts who have remained inactive over two years have a significantly smaller chance of being called back for a job compared to non-dropout high school graduates. Subsidized employment and vocational training boost dropouts' chances, but their chances remain still lower. Only the combination of the two policies lets young dropouts to catch up with their non-dropout peers. Manipulation of the profiles indicates that both dropping out of school and inactivity duration entails negative signals for the employers.The third chapter presents a field experiment designed to analyze the effectiveness of text messaging by public assistance agencies seeking to enroll young people who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). All texts were individualized and included specific information about the agencies. Results indicate that the texts had no significant effect on the probability of going to those agencies. These findings show that sending texts to this population is not an effective strategy for enrolling it more easily.The main argument of the thesis thus advocates closing gaps between schools and ...

This thesis focuses on school-to-work transitions and related labor market policies designed to smooth these transitions, especially for young people in difficulty. Based on field experiments carried out in France in 2018 and 2019, it comprises three chapters that add new empirical evidence to the economic literature.The first chapter brings new evidence on the higher employment rate of apprentices than vocational students after graduation. It shows that the success of apprenticeship does not rely, in the French context, on better job access to those who do not remain in their training firms. The expansion of apprenticeship thus has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm.The second chapter contributes to the understanding of employers' preferences regarding young school dropout applicants. It shows that school dropouts who have remained inactive over two years have a significantly smaller chance of being called back for a job compared to non-dropout high school graduates. Subsidized employment and vocational training boost dropouts' chances, but their chances remain still lower. Only the combination of the two policies lets young dropouts to catch up with their non-dropout peers. Manipulation of the profiles indicates that both dropping out of school and inactivity duration entails negative signals for the employers.The third chapter presents a field experiment designed to analyze the effectiveness of text messaging by public assistance agencies seeking to enroll young people who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). All texts were individualized and included specific information about the agencies. Results indicate that the texts had no significant effect on the probability of going to those agencies. These findings show that sending texts to this population is not an effective strategy for enrolling it more easily.The main argument of the thesis thus advocates closing gaps between schools and ...

En Allemagne, l'allongement de la durée de l'activité professionnelle constitue l'un des grands objectifs de la politique sociale menée par l'État depuis au moins la réforme des retraites de 1992. Le législateur a progressivement restreint les possibilités de sortie anticipée du marché du travail et relevé les limites d'âge. Dans le même temps, il a encouragé les accords de branche et d'entreprise pour l'élaboration des dispositifs de départ à la retraite. Cet article introductif analyse les évolutions des modalités de transition emploi-retraite et tout particulièrement l'articulation entre le système de retraite, la prise en charge du non-emploi, et les dispositifs relevant des branches et des entreprises. Un second article (Fröhler, dans ce numéro) analyse la « boîte noire » que constituent les accords collectifs de branche ou d'entreprise et leurs conséquences pour les salariés.

Marie-Rose Belgodere, Social transformations and transition in Russia: "intelligentsias" and employment, 1988-1994.
This paper, which examines the job behaviors of the "professionnels" since the 1970's, uses data from the Sociological Institute of the USSR/Russian Federation Academy of Sciences, interviews conducted by the VCIOM, national statistical data and the press. The turning point in employment was seen in 1988 with the adoption of legislation authorizing the first non-state employers since the NEP. In the result three types of behavior are preliminary distinguished: limited protest behaviors, dominant waiting behaviors and significant mobility behaviors, occurring on a small scale with respect to generalized economic depression. These types of behavior are in line with previously observed strategies and expectations, particularly among youth.

The analysis of polish public policies patterns related to women's employment is the main subject of this paper. From more than ten years, numerous studies emphasize the importance of family policies for women's employment. In this context, the persistent European heterogeneity have triggered many analysis connected to the Welfare State regimes identification. The behaviour of the State in Poland is strongly familialistic, his model of intervention being very close to those observed in Southern Europe. The persistent institutional continuity between socialism and the present times puts forward the importance of history and his legacy as well as the strong resistance of the State to change. ; L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser la logique de la politique publique polonaise à l'égard du travail des femmes. Depuis plus d'une décennie, de nombreuses recherches soulignent l'importance des politiques familiales sur l'emploi féminin. La persistance d'une forte hétérogénéité en Europe alimente les analyses fondées sur l'identification de régimes d'Etat-providence. La Pologne se caractérise par la puissance du comportement familialiste de l'Etat et son modèle d'intervention se rapproche de celui observé en Europe méridionale. La présence de continuités institutionnelles entre le socialisme et la période actuelle souligne la pesanteur des héritages historiques et révèle de profondes résistances de l'Etat au changement.

The analysis of polish public policies patterns related to women's employment is the main subject of this paper. From more than ten years, numerous studies emphasize the importance of family policies for women's employment. In this context, the persistent European heterogeneity have triggered many analysis connected to the Welfare State regimes identification. The behaviour of the State in Poland is strongly familialistic, his model of intervention being very close to those observed in Southern Europe. The persistent institutional continuity between socialism and the present times puts forward the importance of history and his legacy as well as the strong resistance of the State to change. ; L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser la logique de la politique publique polonaise à l'égard du travail des femmes. Depuis plus d'une décennie, de nombreuses recherches soulignent l'importance des politiques familiales sur l'emploi féminin. La persistance d'une forte hétérogénéité en Europe alimente les analyses fondées sur l'identification de régimes d'Etat-providence. La Pologne se caractérise par la puissance du comportement familialiste de l'Etat et son modèle d'intervention se rapproche de celui observé en Europe méridionale. La présence de continuités institutionnelles entre le socialisme et la période actuelle souligne la pesanteur des héritages historiques et révèle de profondes résistances de l'Etat au changement.