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In the context of blockchain technologies, tokens present a novel way to transfer value between parties without relying on traditional intermediaries. The so-called token economy has only recently attracted the attention of practitioners and academics, who seek to understand the potential of tokenization, but also its challenges and pitfalls. In this book, leading practitioners and academics provide a comprehensive overview explore theories on the future of the token economy and provide real world case studies from a range of industries. Chapter 3 and Chapter 8 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. Mary C. Lacity is Walton Professor of Information Systems and Director of the Blockchain Center of Excellence in the Sam M. Walton College of Business at The University of Arkansas, USA. Horst Treiblmaier is a Professor in International Management at Modul University Vienna, Austria.

What is money? -- The first 10 years of Bitcoin -- Litecoin, Ethereum and a tidal wave of altcoins -- Libra : how Big Tech moved in on digital currencies -- Tokenomics and governance -- Driving change with token economies : case studies -- Public blockchains versus permissioned blockchains -- ICO mania -- Banking and financial services -- A revolution in financial products -- Regulation -- State-issued digital currencies -- Future digital currency trends.

In Santiago de Chile, between 1976 and 1978, a rehabilitation program for institutionalized psychiatric patients was carried out at the El Peral Psychiatric Hospital, based on the principles of behavior analysis and modification, known as "Token Economy Therapy". The Program was applied in a context of complete abandonment of Hospital patients and violations of fundamental human rights throughout the country by the Chilean Military Dictatorship. We propose that the "Token Economy Therapy" was an attempt both to restore dignity to patients, and to give continuity to the community mental health programs that had been implemented in Santiago in the period immediately prior to the 1973 coup. and that they were violently interrupted by the government of Augusto Pinochet. ; En Santiago de Chile, entre los años de 1976 y 1978 se llevó a cabo en el Hospital Psiquiátrico El Peral un programa de rehabilitación para pacientes psiquiátricos institucionalizados, basado en los principios del análisis y modificación del comportamiento, conocido como "Terapia de Economía de Fichas". El Programa se aplicó en un contexto de completo abandono de los pacientes del hospital y de violaciones de derechos humanos fundamentales en todo el país por parte de la Dictadura Militar chilena. Planteamos que la "Terapia de Economía de Fichas" fue un intento tanto de restituir la dignidad a los pacientes, como de darle continuidad a los programas de salud mental comunitaria que se habían implementado en Santiago en el período inmediatamente anterior al Golpe de Estado de 1973 y que fueron violentamente interrumpidos por el gobierno de Augusto Pinochet.

Abstract
The paper argues that non-circulating tokens should be used as an alternative to money in a socialist economy. These tokens would be used to distribute consumer products out of socialised production to individual consumers. Like modern fiat money, these tokens are a kind of IOU. But unlike money, these tokens are not intended to facilitate the private exchange of commodities. Marx's proposal to eventually abolish a token-based lower phase of communism in favour of a distinct higher phase is rejected because the 'needs principle' of the higher phase can be sufficiently realised within the token system. It is further shown that the prices of items should not be tied to the socially necessary labour time needed to produce them. Instead, prices should be regulated towards market clearing rates.