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In the article, the authors show that the main institutions of scientific efficiency are the institutions that publish scientific articles in Russian and international journals as well as monographs, scientific conference abstracts, pre-prints, reviews, reports, and also the institutions that register patents. The purpose of the research is the development of the indicator for the evaluation of the dysfunction of the institutions of scientific efficiency depending on different types of transaction coasts; and verification of the authors' indicator of scientific efficiency by the empirical study of the scientific organizations' activities. In the research, we applied the methods of the system, logical and economic analysis. The empirical information was processed using the methods of statistical analysis and correlation analysis. On the basis of different scientific efficiency of the central and regional institutions confirmed by Scopus data, the authors have proved that the scientific efficiency of regional scientific institutions and central ones need to be analysed separately. We have determined the dysfunctions of these institutions depending on different types of transaction coasts. We have developed the indicator for the assessment of the dysfunction of scientific efficiency institutions depending on different types of transaction coasts. The authors have introduced the indicator of scientific efficiency equal to the ratio of the dynamics of the increment of scientific results to the dynamics of the increase of transaction coasts. Depending on a type of the analyzed transaction coasts, the indicator of scientific efficiency illustrates the efficiency of various economic institutions. On the basis of the analysis of the research findings of the middle Urals' scientific organizations, we have arrived at the conclusion that the institutions that publish articles in the Russian and foreign scientific journals are efficient. We defined the dysfunctions of the institutions that publish articles in the Russian and foreign scientific journals depending on different types of transaction coasts. The authors conclude that it is efficient to increase certain types of transaction coasts. The received results can be applied by regional scientific institutions to increase the efficiency of their scientific activity. ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–36–00097 ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574, 14–18–00574 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–36–00369, 17–06– 00537, 15–06–090994 ; Russian Humanitarian Foundation, RHF: 16–12–34015 ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 16–32–01081 ; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: RFMEFI57216X0004 ; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation: MK-2752.2015.4 ; The research has been supported by the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation (the Project № 14–18–00574 "The information-analytical system "Anticrisis:" diagnostics of the regions, threat assessment and scenario forecasting for the preservation and strengthening of economic security and well-being of Russia). ; The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 16–36–00097 «Economic and mathematical modelling of the regional metallurgical complex repositioning process in the conditions of new industrialization of the economy». ; The research has been supported by the Grant of Russian Science Foundation (Project № 14–18–00574 "Information and analytical "Anticrisis" system: diagnostics of regions, threat assessments and scenario forecasting for the purpose to preserve and strengthen the economic security and improve the well-being of Russia"). ; The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 15–06–090994, 16–36–00369, 17–06– 00537. ; The article has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (Project № 16–12–34015). ; The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Project № 16–32–01081. ; The article has been supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 211 of 16 March, 2013), Agreement No. 02.A03.21.0011. ; The article has been supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the project «Development of a set of measures and mechanisms for the increase in the efficiency of the international cooperation in new production technologies» (the unique identifier of the project RFMEFI57216X0004). ; The authors of the articles thank for the support the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of the young Russian PhD scientists (Grant No MK-2752.2015.4).

The paper reveals the issue of the scientific research efficiency, which is in the center of modern scientific and philosophical debates. This problem is interpreted as a contradiction between efficiency and autonomy – the two significant features of academic research. This contradiction became urgent in the second half of the 20th century and is expressed in the crisis of institutional interactions or a clash of interests between academia and its governing stakeholders. The paper provides a brief description of the historical prerequisites of this contradiction, obtains insights into the modern crisis and outlines possible ways out. As a conclusion, it emphasizes that the issue of academic efficiency may be solved through a new system of adequate representation of scientific research that would also act as a metric of academic efficiency, thus aligning the targets of various entities engaged in the academic activities. The crucial preconditions for this system in Russia are the formation of a consolidated academia and aligned targets of the academic policy.

Efficiency in Higher Education Systems is an issue of crucial importance these days considering the strong dependence of this sector on public funds. Indeed in the context of the current economic crisis the evaluation of efficiency of education provision is a primary target for governments from a social viewpoint. In this context, this thesis seeks to fill a significant gap in the literature on the Italian higher education system, by looking at issues of efficiency and quality. The thesis consists of three essays. The first paper is strictly related to the estimation of the overall efficiency of Italian Universities during the last decade using appropriate recently introduced (Tsionas, 2002; Greene, 2005) econometric techniques. Efficiency is measured by taking into account the multidimensional nature of academic institutions which -by their nature- involved teaching, research and administrative activities as their primary dimensions. Going deeply into the issue of academics' efficiency, we should note that the main human capital stock of inputs for both the teaching and research dimensions consists of the academic body. Quality, competences and professionalism of professors are leading "determinants" of teaching and research of our universities. Therefore the selection mechanisms of academics and their recruitment rules gather a great importance in this context. To this purpose we notice that a decentralization of academic selection procedures was introduced in Italy in 1998 with the "Berlinguer reform" act. Second and the third paper of this thesis focus especially on the evaluation of the quality of those individuals who succeeded in competitive examinations to become associate, and full professors, and on the incentives to produce international research associated with different recruitment mechanisms (national versus local).

Russian universities are increasingly competing for additional sources of funding. This paper proposes a ranking of scientific and practical effectiveness of Russian universities, based on the account of the volume of funds obtained through research and development; the authors assess the sustainability of a built rating. The leaders of universities ranking are identified and "technological" model of their success is disclosed, their policy to diversify sources of funding is discussed. Typical examples of a new trend of the higher education market — "technologization" of leading social and humanitarian universities — are shown.

1. New efficiency theory. 1.1. Economics of data envelopment analysis. 1.2. Dynamic and stochastic efficiency. 1.3. Cost frontier analysis. 1.4. Market demand and efficiency. 1.5. Managerial perspectives -- 2. Economics of efficiency measurement. 2.1. Economics of the DEA approach. 2.2. Market and cost efficiency under competition. 2.3. A two-stage model of cost efficiency. 2.4. Cost uncertainty and capacity utilization. 2.5. Quality and efficiency -- 3. Efficiency dynamics. 3.1. Sources of productivity growth. 3.2. Investment in knowledge. 3.3. Dynamics of allocative efficiency. 3.4. Learning and efficiency. 3.5. Efficiency persistence -- 4. Stochastic efficiency analysis. 4.1. Stochastic data problem. 4.2. Efficiency frontier under price uncertainty. 4.3. Efficiency distribution analysis. 4.4. Stochastic frontier analysis. 4.5. Statistical test of efficiency -- 5. Industrial applications. 5.1. DEA models for competition. 5.2. Electric power industry: cost and scale efficiency. 5.3. Airlines industry : competition and efficiency. 5.4. Telephone industry: efficiency and profitability. 5.5. Portfolio efficiency frontier: risk and efficiency -- 6. Economic theory and DEA. 6.1. Economics of disequilibrium. 6.2. Cost uncertainty and capacity utilization. 6.3. Cost efficiency and FMS. 6.4. Sequential models of production planning. 6.5. Efficiency under risk aversion.

A reprint of one of the classic volumes on racetrack efficiency, this book is the only one in its field that deals with the racetrack betting market in-depth, containing all the important historical papers on racetrack efficiency. As evidenced by the collection of articles, the understanding of racetrack betting is clearly drawn from, and has correspondingly returned something to, all the fields of psychology, economics, finance, statistics, mathematics and management science