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Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions within Customs and Border Protection (CBP) detention facilities are ideal for the transmission of infectious disease among CBP detainees. This is a dangerous problem. Between 2018 and 2019, at least six children died after acquiring infectious diseases while detained at CBP facilities. Migrant children are particularly vulnerable because their immune systems are not fully developed and due to the negative impact of trauma and stress have on their immune systems. Infectious disease promulgation within CBP facilities also puts the American public at risk because of the potential for transmission beyond CBP facilities. Employees who are regularly in direct contact with detainees, as well as released detainees, may expose members of their communities to infectious disease. Under Section 264 of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA), the federal government has the duty to protect American citizens from the spread of infectious disease. Additionally, the Flores Settlement Agreement (FSA) charges the federal government with the duty to provide "safe and sanitary" living conditions for children in its custody. This Article argues that the government is in violation of the PHSA and the FSA by allowing the poor conditions within CBP facilities and by failing to provide vaccinations within CBP facilities. The federal government should provide vaccinations within CBP facilities in order to protect the children in its custody, as well as the American public.

A great majority of eating places are functioning in Addis Ababa under different denominations. The sanitary standards of these establ ishments was not clearly known since no systematic study had been conducted so far in the city. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the sanitary condition of catering establishments in fifty randomly selected from 284 Kebeles in Addis Ababa proper from October to December 1994. Census identified 1485 catering establishments in these kebeles. Twelve randomly selected establishments were included into the study from each Kebele for the study. The response rate was 98.7%. Findings showed that 559(95.2 %) were privately owned. One hundred and seventy one (29.1 %) had no license. One hundred and fifty eight (26.9%) of the managers were not literate and only 7.2% had education above grade twelve. Poor repair condition of premises, inadequate sanitary facilities , unsanitary utensils cleaning and handling , improper waste storage and disposal, poor personal hygiene of food handlers were the major findings. Seventy five (12.8%) of the studied establishments were found in good sanitary condition. Multi-sectoral approach of official control servIces by divulging the legislation to owners , managers , operators through regular supervIsIon and. increasing awareness of foodhandlers and the public in general. through training and health education are required to improve the current sanitary condition of catering establ ishments.

A great majority of eating places are functioning in Addis Ababa under different denominations. The sanitary standards of these establ ishments was not clearly known since no systematic study had been conducted so far in the city. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the sanitary condition of catering establishments in fifty randomly selected from 284 Kebeles in Addis Ababa proper from October to December 1994. Census identified 1485 catering establishments in these kebeles. Twelve randomly selected establishments were included into the study from each Kebele for the study. The response rate was 98.7%. Findings showed that 559(95.2 %) were privately owned. One hundred and seventy one (29.1 %) had no license. One hundred and fifty eight (26.9%) of the managers were not literate and only 7.2% had education above grade twelve. Poor repair condition of premises, inadequate sanitary facilities , unsanitary utensils cleaning and handling , improper waste storage and disposal, poor personal hygiene of food handlers were the major findings. Seventy five (12.8%) of the studied establishments were found in good sanitary condition. Multi-sectoral approach of official control servIces by divulging the legislation to owners , managers , operators through regular supervIsIon and. increasing awareness of foodhandlers and the public in general. through training and health education are required to improve the current sanitary condition of catering establ ishments.

Wastewater from infected leprosy patients is expected to contain considerably higher concentrations of pathogens than standard domestic wastewater and, therefore, is more infectious. Isolation of lepers' is thought to prevent the spread of a wide range of infectious diseases that could potentially be contacted through direct or indirect exposure from an infected person's wastewater in the surrounding environment. However, inappropriate management of wastewater and sewage from these camps has led to contamination of the surrounding environment, typical in Nigeria. This study aims to recommend safe, efficient and sustainable management of wastewater and sewage in a lepers' colony in Ogbomosho, south west Nigeria. The case study is privately owned, with three camps and a leprosarium. Information and data (primary and secondary) were collected from medical personnel (doctors, matrons and nurses), management staff and lepers in each camp, through handdelivered and orally explained questionnaires and physical observations. Wastewater samples could not be collected for analysis because there were no septic tanks or drainage for sewage and wastewater disposal. Two of the camps have no sanitary disposal system, with the remaining camp occupying one pit latrine, which is inadequate in prevention of environmental pollution. The leprosarium itself uses the pit latrine as an improvised bathroom and for defecation. Therefore, a further aim of this work is to provide a sewage treatment facility to cope with the problem of unsanitary disposal of excreta. The majority of wastewater is generated from bathing, personal washing, ward clean-ups, patients' services and general house-keeping activities. The approximate quantity of water being used per head per day was found to be 64-79 litres, resulting in 60 litres of wastewater that was discharged without treatment. To ameliorate environmental risks that leper colonies are responsible for, the pour-flush toilet was recommended based on its suitability for the physical condition of lepers, its ease of operation, maintenance and sustainability, minimum water usage for flushing and low construction costs. However, this must be fed into a well designed and sited septic tank and soak-away pit to receive foul sewage and sullage, respectively. Ideally, construction of a proper in-built bathroom is recommended for both the leprosarium and camps. Santrauka Manoma, kad raupsais užsikrėtusių pacientų naudoto vandens nuotekose gali būti padidėjusi patogeninių organizmų koncentracija, palyginti su nuotekomis iš gyvenamųjų namų. Manyta, kad raupsuotųjų izoliavimas sulaikys šios infekcinės ligos plitimą didesniu mastu, nes mažiau infekuotųjų nuotekų pateks į aplinką. Vis dėlto netinkamas nuotekų tvarkymas Nigerijoje lėmė stovyklas supančios aplinkos užteršimą. Darbo tikslas–pateikti rekomendacijų, kaip saugiau, efektyviau ir tvariau sutvarkyti nuotekų valymo sistemą Ogbomosho kolonijoje pietvakarių Nigerijoje. Teikiant rekomendacijas remtasi trijų privačioje teritorijoje esančių stovyklų ir leprozoriumo pavyzdžiu. Kiekvienoje stovykloje informacija ir duomenys (pirminiai ir antriniai) buvo surinkti iš medicinos sektoriaus personalo (gydytojų, seselių), administracijos ir raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių užpildytų anketų ar apklausus žodžiu bei apžiūrėjus fiziškai. Nuotekų mėginiai negalėjo būti paimti, nes nebuvo surinkimo tankų ar nuotekų kanalizacijos sistemos. Dvi stovyklos neturi sanitarinės šalinimo sistemos, trečioji stovykla turi vieną iškastą duobę. Tai visiškai neatitinka aplinkosauginių reikalavimų. Pačiame leprozoriume iškastos duobės naudojamos kaip improvizuoti vonios kambariai ir tualetai. Tolesnis šio darbo tikslas–numatyti valymo įrenginius, kurie padėtų įveikti šias problemas. Didėlė dalis nuotekų susidaro maudymosi, skalbimo, palatų valymo, pacientų aptarnavimo ir buities darbų metu. Apytiksliai venas žmogus per dieną sunaudoja 64–79 litrus vandens, gi nesutvarkytų nuotekų išleidžiama apie 60 litrų per dieną. Dėl raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių kylančiam pavojui aplinkai sumažinti rekomenduota naudoti vandens nuleidimo sistemą tualetuose. Vandens nuleidimo sistemos įdiegimas yra tvarus sprendimas, nes nėra brangus, o pasiekiama, kad vandens būtų sunaudojama minimaliai. Be to, nutekamasis vanduo turi būti surenkamas tam skirtuose tankuose ir duobėse. Idealiu atveju–ir leprozoriume, ir stovyklose rekomenduotina įrengti tinkamus vonios kambarius. Резюме Считается, что в сточных водах из колоний зараженных проказой людей может быть увеличена концентрация патогенных организмов по сравнению со сточными водами из жилых домов. Ранее предполагалось, что изоляция зараженных проказой людей предотвратит распространение этой инфекционной болезни в большом масштабе благодаря уменьшению возможности попадания в окружающую среду инфицированных сточных вод. Однако изза характерной для Нигерии плохой очистки сточных вод окружающая колонию среда оказалась загрязненной. В работе приводятся рекомендации, как безопаснее и эффективнее оборудовать систему очистки сточных вод в колонии Огбомошо на юго-западе Нигерии. Рекомендации приводятся на примере трех лагерей и лепрозория, находящихся на частной территории. Информация и другие данные (первичные и вторичные) в каждом лагере были получены у медицинского персонала (врачей, старших сестер и др.), администрации и зараженных проказой людей, которые опрашивались устно, осматривались физически или заполняли розданные им анкеты опроса. Образцы сточных вод не забирались, так как не существовало танков для сбора стоков или канализационной системы. В двух лагерях не было санитарной системы для удаления стоков, в третьей была выкопана одна яма, что совершенно не удовлетворяет природоохранных требований. В самом лепрозории выкопанные ямы использовались как импровизированные ванные комнаты и туалеты. Поэтому целью работы было способствовать внедрению очистных сооружений, которые могли бы решить существующую антисанитарную проблему. Большую часть сточных вод составляет вода, загрязненная во время купания, стирки, уборки палат, обслуживания пациентов и бытовых работ. Один человек за день использует приблизительно 64–79 литров воды, в то время как за день спускается около 60 литров неочищенных отходов. Для того, чтобы снизить опасность для окружающей среды от прокаженных людей, было рекомендовано использовать систему спуска воды в туалетах в зависимости от физического состояния зараженных проказой людей, что улучшило бы возможности использования воды и приведения в порядок системы стока. Внедрение системы спуска воды является наиболее приемлемым решением, так как не требует больших материальных затрат и ограничивается минимальным количеством используемой воды. Сточная вода должна собираться в предназначенных для этого танках и ямах. В идеальном случае оборудование соответствующих ванных комнат рекомендовано как для лепрозория, так и для лагерей. Reikšminiai žodžiai:nuotekos,tvarkymas,aplinka,politika,infekcija,sanitarinė įranga,tvarumas Ключевые слова:стоки,приведение в порядок,окружающая среда,политика,инфекция,санитарное оборудование

Wastewater from infected leprosy patients is expected to contain considerably higher concentrations of pathogens than standard domestic wastewater and, therefore, is more infectious. Isolation of lepers' is thought to prevent the spread of a wide range of infectious diseases that could potentially be contacted through direct or indirect exposure from an infected person's wastewater in the surrounding environment. However, inappropriate management of wastewater and sewage from these camps has led to contamination of the surrounding environment, typical in Nigeria. This study aims to recommend safe, efficient and sustainable management of wastewater and sewage in a lepers' colony in Ogbomosho, south west Nigeria. The case study is privately owned, with three camps and a leprosarium. Information and data (primary and secondary) were collected from medical personnel (doctors, matrons and nurses), management staff and lepers in each camp, through handdelivered and orally explained questionnaires and physical observations. Wastewater samples could not be collected for analysis because there were no septic tanks or drainage for sewage and wastewater disposal. Two of the camps have no sanitary disposal system, with the remaining camp occupying one pit latrine, which is inadequate in prevention of environmental pollution. The leprosarium itself uses the pit latrine as an improvised bathroom and for defecation. Therefore, a further aim of this work is to provide a sewage treatment facility to cope with the problem of unsanitary disposal of excreta. The majority of wastewater is generated from bathing, personal washing, ward clean-ups, patients' services and general house-keeping activities. The approximate quantity of water being used per head per day was found to be 64-79 litres, resulting in 60 litres of wastewater that was discharged without treatment. To ameliorate environmental risks that leper colonies are responsible for, the pour-flush toilet was recommended based on its suitability for the physical condition of lepers, its ease of operation, maintenance and sustainability, minimum water usage for flushing and low construction costs. However, this must be fed into a well designed and sited septic tank and soak-away pit to receive foul sewage and sullage, respectively. Ideally, construction of a proper in-built bathroom is recommended for both the leprosarium and camps. Article in English. Raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių kolonijos nuotekų tvarkymas Nigerijoje Santrauka.Manoma, kad raupsais užsikrėtusių pacientų naudoto vandens nuotekose gali būti padidėjusi patogeninių organizmų koncentracija, palyginti su nuotekomis iš gyvenamųjų namų. Manyta, kad raupsuotųjų izoliavimas sulaikys šios infekcinės ligos plitimą didesniu mastu, nes mažiau infekuotųjų nuotekų pateks į aplinką. Vis dėlto netinkamas nuotekų tvarkymas Nigerijoje lėmė stovyklas supančios aplinkos užteršimą. Darbo tikslas–pateikti rekomendacijų, kaip saugiau, efektyviau ir tvariau sutvarkyti nuotekų valymo sistemą Ogbomosho kolonijoje pietvakarių Nigerijoje. Teikiant rekomendacijas remtasi trijų privačioje teritorijoje esančių stovyklų ir leprozoriumo pavyzdžiu. Kiekvienoje stovykloje informacija ir duomenys (pirminiai ir antriniai) buvo surinkti iš medicinos sektoriaus personalo (gydytojų, seselių), administracijos ir raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių užpildytų anketų ar apklausus žodžiu bei apžiūrėjus fiziškai. Nuotekų mėginiai negalėjo būti paimti, nes nebuvo surinkimo tankų ar nuotekų kanalizacijos sistemos. Dvi stovyklos neturi sanitarinės šalinimo sistemos, trečioji stovykla turi vieną iškastą duobę. Tai visiškai neatitinka aplinkosauginių reikalavimų. Pačiame leprozoriume iškastos duobės naudojamos kaip improvizuoti vonios kambariai ir tualetai. Tolesnis šio darbo tikslas–numatyti valymo įrenginius, kurie padėtų įveikti šias problemas. Didėlė dalis nuotekų susidaro maudymosi, skalbimo, palatų valymo, pacientų aptarnavimo ir buities darbų metu. Apytiksliai venas žmogus per dieną sunaudoja 64–79 litrus vandens, gi nesutvarkytų nuotekų išleidžiama apie 60 litrų per dieną. Dėl raupsais užsikrėtusių žmonių kylančiam pavojui aplinkai sumažinti rekomenduota naudoti vandens nuleidimo sistemą tualetuose. Vandens nuleidimo sistemos įdiegimas yra tvarus sprendimas, nes nėra brangus, o pasiekiama, kad vandens būtų sunaudojama minimaliai. Be to, nutekamasis vanduo turi būti surenkamas tam skirtuose tankuose ir duobėse. Idealiu atveju–ir leprozoriume, ir stovyklose rekomenduotina įrengti tinkamus vonios kambarius. Reikšminiai žodžiai:nuotekos,tvarkymas,aplinka,politika,infekcija,sanitarinė įranga,tvarumas. Приведение в порядок системы стоков в колонии зараженных проказой людей в Нигерии Резюме.Считается, что в сточных водах из колоний зараженных проказой людей может быть увеличена концентрация патогенных организмов по сравнению со сточными водами из жилых домов. Ранее предполагалось, что изоляция зараженных проказой людей предотвратит распространение этой инфекционной болезни в большом масштабе благодаря уменьшению возможности попадания в окружающую среду инфицированных сточных вод. Однако изза характерной для Нигерии плохой очистки сточных вод окружающая колонию среда оказалась загрязненной. В работе приводятся рекомендации, как безопаснее и эффективнее оборудовать систему очистки сточных вод в колонии Огбомошо на юго-западе Нигерии. Рекомендации приводятся на примере трех лагерей и лепрозория, находящихся на частной территории. Информация и другие данные (первичные и вторичные) в каждом лагере были получены у медицинского персонала (врачей, старших сестер и др.), администрации и зараженных проказой людей, которые опрашивались устно, осматривались физически или заполняли розданные им анкеты опроса. Образцы сточных вод не забирались, так как не существовало танков для сбора стоков или канализационной системы. В двух лагерях не было санитарной системы для удаления стоков, в третьей была выкопана одна яма, что совершенно не удовлетворяет природоохранных требований. В самом лепрозории выкопанные ямы использовались как импровизированные ванные комнаты и туалеты. Поэтому целью работы было способствовать внедрению очистных сооружений, которые могли бы решить существующую антисанитарную проблему. Большую часть сточных вод составляет вода, загрязненная во время купания, стирки, уборки палат, обслуживания пациентов и бытовых работ. Один человек за день использует приблизительно 64–79 литров воды, в то время как за день спускается около 60 литров неочищенных отходов. Для того, чтобы снизить опасность для окружающей среды от прокаженных людей, было рекомендовано использовать систему спуска воды в туалетах в зависимости от физического состояния зараженных проказой людей, что улучшило бы возможности использования воды и приведения в порядок системы стока. Внедрение системы спуска воды является наиболее приемлемым решением, так как не требует больших материальных затрат и ограничивается минимальным количеством используемой воды. Сточная вода должна собираться в предназначенных для этого танках и ямах. В идеальном случае оборудование соответствующих ванных комнат рекомендовано как для лепрозория, так и для лагерей. Ключевые слова:стоки,приведение в порядок,окружающая среда,политика,инфекция,санитарное оборудование.

Every individual in the world desires to carry out their daily tasks with ease. The surrounding environment plays a crucial role in facilitating this. While able-bodied individuals seamlessly navigate their surroundings, people with special needs often face significant challenges in meeting their requirements. Therefore, it is essential for them to have a moral understanding of the support they receive from their environment. The main objective of this research is to investigate the available physical facilities that were provided to the visually impaired and physically disabled undergraduates by their universities. The purposive sample contained 100 differently abled undergraduates from five universities namely; Sri Jayewardenepura, Colombo, Kelaniya, Jaffna, and Eastern university. A structured interview schedule was used for data collection. According to the results, students had a certain level of awareness regarding library facilities (46%), elevator facilities (53%), cafeteria facilities (75%) and sanitary facilities (67%). They have a moderate level of satisfaction on access to the library (30%), lecture halls (22%), gymnasium (41%) and hostels (29%) at their respective universities. Results revealed that there are some issues that visually impaired students face during their education that need to be addressed. Implementing equal opportunities is essential to create a user- friendly environment at universities and hostels to provide the students a satisfactory experience during their university education in spite of the disability.

TemaNord 2002:567 ; Reduction rates of fecal coliforms, E. coli, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella spp. were measured during composting at 16 Nordic full-scale facilities. The concentrations of the micro-organisms were measured from each of three stages during the composting process: a) the mixed raw material; b) the sanitised compost; c) the finished compost. The facilities treated source-separated biodegradable household waste, municipal sewage sludge, yard waste and/or horse manure. It was very difficult to reduce the concentration of bacteria during the sanitisation phase when household waste or sewage sludge was composted in windrows due to regrowth after turning. In contrast, efficient elimination of bacteria was found at windrow facilities composting yard waste only, i.e. nutrient poor raw material supported only weak regrowth of bacteria. It was therefore concluded that an efficient stabilisation phase is very important to secure an end product with low concentration of fecal bacteria when composting of household waste or sewage sludge using turned windrows. At ½ of the evaluated in-vessel facilities, the concentration of bacteria was reduced very efficiently during the sanitisation phase which indicated a homogenous treatment of the material and heat penetration of the entire mass. At 1/3 of the in-vessel facilities, the reduction of bacteria was small or insignificant as a consequence of general low temperatures (<55?C) during the sanitisation phase or the temperature development in the composting material was heterogeneous. On the basis of the presented results and data available from the literature as well as the legislation practice used in Europe and USA, recommendations for supervision of the sanitary quality of composting using turned windrows and in-vessel technology is outlined. The recommendations are given for the supervision of the sanitary phase securing reduction of pathogens present in the raw material to an acceptable/insignificant level, as well as the stabilisation phase securing biological stability of the end-product thereby minimising the potential for regrowth of pathogenic bacteria and vector attraction.

Development TPA Buluminung Penajam Paser Utara District East KalimantanProvince is planned in accordance with the technology and rules applicable legislation.Planning TPA Buluminung in accordance with the characteristics of the location and theexisting budget system selected sanitary landfill generation III according to the wetclimate, but can not be used on an ongoing basis (not sustainable). This TPA serves 4district is District Penajam, Waru, Babulu and Sepaku. Land area available ± 18.9 ha.Planning TPA Buluminung sanitary landfill system include: entrances and facilities onsite; tread base waterproof coating; leachate management, management of drainage atthe site; and gas management. The division of land according to the plan is operationalroad infrastructure 2457 m2; office area, garage, workshop 3901 m2; wastewatertreatment plant facilities 642 m2, 36,434 m2 of solid waste disposal area (there are 4zones); zone buffer; zone of the development TPA phase I; zone development TPAphase II; and sludge treatment area installations. Of the land area of 36,434 m2 of landfillwaste can accommodate up to 20 years into the future. Planning TPA Buluminungsanitary landfill system is in conformity with the mandate of the Government RegulationNo. 16 of 2005. Recommended a gradual development TPA Bulumining

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 A New Challenge in Healthcare for India -- Abstract -- Rethinking the Healthcare in India -- The Indian Context -- The West Bengal Region -- References -- 2 The Current Indian Healthcare System and West Bengal's Health Status -- Abstract -- Indian National Health System -- Epidemiological Scenario and Health Criticisms -- Maternal and Child Health and Gender Issues -- Access to Improved Toilets and Wastewater -- Human Resources -- Health Status in West Bengal -- References -- 3 The Existing Indian NGOs' Scenario and the Local Actions in West Bengal -- Abstract -- The Indian NGOs' Scenario -- A Brief History Description of NGOs in India -- NGOs in West Bengal -- References -- 4 Design Approaches for a New Indian Healthcare -- Abstract -- Definition of the Factors Involved and Goals to be Achieved -- Environmental and Climatic Factors -- Social, Cultural and Typological Factors -- Construction-Technological Factors and Strategies -- Bamboo -- Mud -- Straw -- Steel -- Linoleum -- Lime -- Sum up -- References -- 5 Healthcare for All: A New Multidisciplinary Approach for Designing and Managing Hospital Layouts in India -- Abstract -- A Dimensional, Building Performance and Healthcare Services' Focus of IIMC' Healthcare Facilities for Understanding the Current Scenario -- Criteria of Settlement Development -- Identification of Main Flows and Paths -- Strategies for the Definition of the Urban Morphology -- The Module -- Functional Blocks and Aggregative Forms -- A First Level of Care: Urban/Receptive Block -- A Second Level of Care: The Outdoor Sanitary Block -- A Third Level of Care: Indoor Sanitary Block -- Energy Community Centre -- Development of a Masterplan Meta-Project for a New Healthcare Scenario -- Management Model -- Considerations and Perspectives -- References

An impressive short survey of the gigantic logistics of feeding, accomodating and providing transport, medical, and sanitary facilities during the annual Moslem pilgrimage, the Haj. (DÜI-Asd)

AbstractBecause of increasing customer awareness and government regulations, apparel organisations are inclined to adopt social sustainability practices (SSPs) into their working environment. There is a lack of scientific literature examining the interaction between social and economic sustainability within the apparel industry from the employee perspective. This study aims to assess the preferences of blue and white‐collar employees in the apparel supply chain to implement SSPs. The SSPs were identified through a literature study and a deductive approach was taken to conduct a discrete choice experiment. The experiment revealed that blue‐collar employees prioritised maternity leaves and proper sanitary facilities, whereas white‐collar employees preferred corporate social responsibility initiatives and providing proper sanitary facilities when designing the jobs for blue‐collar employees. The study also identified willingness to pay for the identified practices highlighting the importance of providing maternity leaves and proper sanitary facilities to enhance economic and social sustainability. This research contributes to bridging the gap between the expectations of blue‐collar and white‐collar employees towards SSPs and provide an understanding of the interaction between the social and economic pillars of sustainability in the global apparel supply chain.

• Federal government requested cooperation of Maryland Council of Defense • Sharptown, MD, reporting influenza cases with accompanying fever lasting 7-9 days, instead of 3-4 days• Government telegram reminds reader of depleted medical supplies and sanitary facilities ; Newspaper article ; 8

Scavengers in government reports -- Differentials in socio-economic development among the scheduled castes -- Sanitary facilities and sweepers -- Employment policies of the Conservancy Department -- Mobility of sweepers employed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation -- The socio-economic condition of sweepers. - With special reference to Gujarat, India.