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AbstractA lightning risk assessment for application to human safety was created and applied in 10 west Texas locations from 2 May 2016 to 30 September 2016. The method combined spatial lightning mapping data, probabilistic risk calculation adapted from the International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 62305-2, and weighted average interpolation to produce risk magnitudes that were compared with tolerability thresholds to issue lightning warnings. These warnings were compared with warnings created for the same dataset using a more standard lightning safety approach that was based on National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) total lightning within 5 n mi (1 n mi = 1.852 km) of each location. Four variations of the calculation as well as different units of risk were tested to find the optimal configuration to calculate risk to an isolated human outdoors. The best-performing risk configuration using risk (10 min)−1 or larger produced the most comparable results to the standard method, such as number of failures, average warning duration, and total time under warnings. This risk configuration produced fewer failures than the standard method but longer total time under warnings and higher false alarm ratios. Median lead times associated with the risk configuration were longer than the standard method for all units considered, whereas median down times were shorter for risk (10 min)−1 and risk (15 min)−1. Overall, the risk method provides a baseline framework to quantify the changing lightning hazard on the storm scale and could be a useful tool to aid in lightning decision support scenarios.

The funding from the European commission is acknowledged under which part of this research was conducted. We highlight financial support of the European Union under the FP7 by an ERC starting grant number 257431. ; More than 4000 planet are known that orbit stars other than our Sun. Many harbor a dynamic atmosphere that is cold enough that cloud particles can form in abundance. The diversity of exoplanets leads to differences in cloud coverage depending on global system parameters. Some planets will be fully covered in clouds, some have clouds on the nightside but are largely cloud-free on the dayside. These cloud particles can easily be charged and lightning discharges will occur in cloudy, dynamic exoplanet atmosphere. Lightning supports a Global Electric Circuit (GCE) on Earth and we argue that exoplanet may develop a GCE in particular if parts of the exoplanet atmospheres can remain cloud free. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

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Intro -- Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Dedication -- Language beside the language -- Norphenia's Lament -- Note from Norphenia: Everything's Out in the Open -- Lunch Menu: Summer 1977 -- Pie & -- Pap Marbury's Daughter -- Hula Hoop Children -- Pink Chenille -- XI -- Manners Tilt Country -- Hummer of Anyone Decisive: 1915-1990 -- The Late Mrs. Clarence Jackson, Sr. Speaks to Her Grandson in a Dream on a Ferry from Dover to Calais -- Fastened to Roots, Love & -- Story: Mother Recalls a Ten-Pound Storm -- Domesticoustics -- Lord, Have Mercy: Don't Go to Hell Cramped Up -- Bumble o' Names -- After Ben Webster's 1959 Rendition of "Time After Time" -- Tanqueray #3 -- To a Cousin on His Forty-Sixth -- Hot Metal Cools Slowly into Law -- Response to Miss Eady's Every-Sunday Question, "How are you?" -- Elegy for Sabena -- Military Sexual Trauma: (MST) Per the Department of Veterans Affairs -- Bird Alone -- Day Dream -- 2 June 2001: Before What Happened, Miss Simone? -- Septembers Ago: America Behaving -- Without You, Very Well -- Cedarwood & -- Taurean Cuss -- Carnal in a Time of PrEP -- Complexion -- Heave -- Wind-Blown Plums -- My Father Liked Me & -- Loved My Mother: The Last Tension & -- Say-so with Scent -- Kamasi, Muscadet, & -- Mary Lou Williams -- Identified by Fingerprint -- Brand-New Sheets -- What can I do with this feeling? -- Sheep Headed to a Bad Market -- Oaken in the Midst: Bleak Update to Mr. Baldwin -- Aphorism -- "Think": after Curtis Mayfield -- The Music That Learns Us -- At Le Diplomate -- Notes -- Acknowledgments -- About the Author.