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AbstrakSistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia mensyaratkan dilakukannya pemilihan umum dalam hal mengisi jabatan Presiden.Mekanisme tersebut merupakan sebuah mekanisme hukum. Dalam sistem ketatanegaraan ketika pengisian jabatan Presiden melalui sebuah proses hukum, harusnya pemberhentian Presiden juga harus melalui proses hukum. Namun yang terjadi pada sejarah pemberhentian Presiden di Indonesia proses yang dilakukan merupakan sebuah proses politik dengan menjatuhkan Presiden dengan alasan politik semata. Penelitian ini mengkaji mekanisme pemberhentian Presiden di Indonesia Pasca Amandemen UUD 1945. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, hasil yang didapatkan dari buah pemikiran amandemen UUD 1945 dalam kaitannya dengan pemakzulan Presiden adalah, perubahan mekanisme pemakzulan dari proses politik ke proses hukum. Kemudian dengan adanya MK sebagai Forum Previlegiatum, maka pendapat DPR yang merupakan pendapat politik menjadi sebuah pendapat hokum. Kata kunci: Impeachment, Tata Negara, Indonesia

Kasus impeachment Kepala Daerah, diantaranya menimpa Wali Kota Surabaya, Sunarto. Yang bersangkutan dianggap tidak melaksanakan tugas karena berobat ke luar negeri tanpa ijin legislatif daerah setempat, sehingga DPRD Kota Surabaya mengusulkan kepada Presiden melalui Mendagri untuk memberhentikan Sunarto. Kasus serupa menimpa pula pada Bupati Payakumbuh dan Buleleng. Legislatif daerah setempat menolak pertanggungjawaban tahunan kedua Bupati tersebut. Kenapa Legislatif pada masa reformasi ini begitu besar kekuasaannya dibanding pada jaman orde baru? Apabila kita cermati, pada masa lalu kepala daerah hanya mengenal pertanggungjawaban pada akhir masa jabatan, yang pelaksanaannya lebih menjurus hanya kepada formalitas. Pada saat sekarang keadaan berbalik, legislatif tidak begitu saja mau menerima pertanggungjawaban eksekutifnya. Mereka sangat garang dan kadang membuat ciut Kepala Daerah. Bahkan kadang-kadang ketika pertanggungjawaban belum disampaikan, jauh-jauh hari legislatif sudah mengancam akan menolak pertanggungjawaban kepada daerah tersebut.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the mechanism of impeachment procedure on the example of the first practical application of it in the history of the U.S. in relation to President Andrew Johnson. This created a necessary precedent in the further political struggle between the branches of government and has made the study of the history of the first presidential impeachment an urgent problem. Impeachment cases were brought against six subsequent presidents: Cleveland, Hoover, Truman, Nixon, Reagan, and G.W. Bush in the lower house of Congress. W. Clinton and D. Trump's impeachment was discussed in the Senate, but was not successful. Methods and Materials. The article is based on materials from the American press as well as cartoons. The novelty of the source base is in combination of verbal and visual materials. The author used theoretical concepts developed within the framework of interdisciplinarity. The problem-chronological approach was the methodological basis of the research. In American historiography, Johnson is regarded as the "worst" President in U.S. history. However, the debate over the legitimacy of the first impeachment of a President in U.S. history has not subsided until now. In American studies, the impeachment of Andrew Johnson has not been specifically considered. Analysis. The conflict between the President and Congress was caused by the Reconstruction policy. The confrontation between the two branches of government led to impeachment. The President was charged in connection with the dismissal of Secretary of War E. Stanton, which was a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The article examines how the impeachment procedure was implemented by Congress and why it failed. Results. Despite the failure, the first impeachment of a President in the history of the United States showed the effectiveness of the "checks" and "balances" mechanism in implementing the principle of separation of powers. It has become a deterrent to the relationship between the President and Congress.

A compelling, authoritative account of the brilliant, conflicted, visionary world of Tudor England When Henry VII landed in a secluded bay in a far corner of Wales, it seemed inconceivable that this outsider could ever be king of England. Yet he and his descendants became some of England's most unforgettable rulers, and gave their name to an age. The story of the Tudor monarchs is as astounding as it was unexpected, but it was not the only one unfolding between 1485 and 1603. In cities, towns, and villages, families and communities lived their lives through times of great upheaval. In this comprehensive new history, Lucy Wooding lets their voices speak, exploring not just how monarchs ruled but also how men and women thought, wrote, lived, and died. We see a monarchy under strain, religion in crisis, a population contending with war, rebellion, plague, and poverty. Remarkable in its range and depth, Tudor England explores the many tensions of these turbulent years and presents a markedly different picture from the one we thought we knew.