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This open access book looks at how, in the 17th and 18th centuries, a new loanword private came into the Nordic languages. It had very little to do with the way we define the word today. Still, the introduction of it contributed to an emerging discourse that clearly distinguished between the public - usually identified with the state - and its opposite. Private/Public in 18th-Century Scandinavia includes ten case studies analysed by leading Swedish and Danish researchers in the fields of history, law, archaeology, and theology. It considers whether the modern sense of the word private can be found in material from the period. The questions are approached through a multitude of different sources, including parliamentary-records, letters, newspapers, architectural drawings, archaeological findings, records of probate courts, legislation, and court cases. The volume starts from the assumption that the private and the public neither were, nor are, fully separated, but instead continuously work in relation to each other. To study the private, it argues, we are compelled to pay special attention to the public and how private and public interacted. Privacy and protection of privacy remains of great topical interest and this book contributes to the present-day debate by examining neglected aspects of the history of the private before these concepts gained their modern meaning. In addition to investigating the history of these concepts in Scandinavia, the text offers a general theoretical reflection about what private was and is.The open access edition of this book is available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by The Centre for Privacy Studies, University of Copenhagen

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- Preface -- Note on the text -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The Ruvignys in the service of Louis XIV, 1627-85 -- 2 Leading the Protestant International -- 3 War and diplomacy in Northern Italy, 1693-6 -- 4 Government and parliament in Ireland, 1697 -- 5 Community of culture vs. community of interest: linen and wool, 1697-9 -- 6 Galway and the army in Ireland -- 7 A tangled alliance: the Iberian Peninsula, 1702-13 -- 8 Settling scores: Galway's censure and the pamphlet war, 1710-11 -- 9 Politics and security in Ireland, 1715-17 -- Conclusion -- Index.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Maps and Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Introduction: A New Form of Transatlantic Migration -- I German Long-Distance Migration -- 2 The Flow and Composition of German Immigration to the American Colonies -- 3 The Trade in Migrants -- 4 The Ordeal of Relocation -- 5 Irish Immigration to the Delaware Valley -- Conclusion: A Model for the Modern Era -- Appendix: German Immigrant Voyages, 1683-1775 -- Selected Bibliography -- Index

Frontmatter -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Prologue -- 1. The Swedish-Jacobite conspiracy of 1717 -- 2. The ministerial response -- 3. The exploitation of fear -- 4. The Spanish-Jacobite conspiracy of 1719 -- 5. Ministerial vigilance and retaliation -- 6. The necessity for a plot -- 7. The English Jacobite plot of 1721 -- 8. Walpole's investigation -- 9. Walpole's political gain -- 10. Walpole's intelligence system -- 11. The death of English Jacobitism -- Conclusion -- APPENDIX 1. John Sempill (Sample), Walpole's anti-Jacobite spy -- APPENDIX 2. The Norfolk List of 1721 -- APPENDIX 3. Estimate of Jacobite strength in England and Wales for an uprising in 1721 -- APPENDIX 4. Known Jacobites or individuals suspected of Jacobitism who were members of the House of Commons in the years 1715-45 -- APPENDIX 5. Duke of Wharton's list of Jacobite support among the peerage in 1725 -- Bibliography -- Index

Unter Joseph II. wurde 1785 das Josephinum eröffnet und beheimatete die medizinisch-chirurgische Josephs-Akademie, die ausschließlich der Ausbildung für zukünftige Feldchirurgen und als Modell für mehrere Chirurgenschule in Europa diente. Im Laufe ihrer 90-jährigen Geschichte durchlief die militärärztliche Ausbildung, bedingt durch die Entwicklung in der Medizin als auch in der universitären ärztlichen Ausbildung, mehrere grundlegende Veränderungen. Diese führten zu Reformen der Studienpläne an der Akademie. Sie mussten aber zusätzlich berücksichtigen: "dass das Wesen eines wahren Feldarztes stets aus zwei Elementen bestehen müsse, nämlich aus dem ärztlichen-wissenschaftlichen und dem militärischen." (Ignaz Traugott Dreyer 1843). Auch wenn in der Medizin- und Militärgeschichte die Josephs-Akademie fast vergessen ist, so haben wichtige Persönlichkeiten an ihr gelehrt und bekannte Schüler ausgebildet.

Prior to describing the translation situation in the 18th century, it should be noted that several factors led to its development, including the expansion of modern languages teaching, and the increasing presence of grammars, vocabularies and anthologies for both language learning and translation. French, because of historical and political reasons, becomes the first foreign language in Spain, and also the most translated; on many occasions, it also appears as an intermediary language for other less practiced languages (such as English and German). On the other hand, Latin continues to hold a predominant place in areas such as religion or medicine. The existence of a debate about translation and the figure of the translator is also observed, which sometimes gave rise to heated controversies. Regarding the translation reality, we start from non-literary texts (religious, humanistic, scientific and technical), since they represent the largest volume of translations, surpassing those of a literary type. When approaching the translation of literary texts, attention is drawn in the first place to the continuity of the classical Greco-Latin literature, even though that the presence of modern literatures is increasing, like French, which has been strengthening its position as the century progresses. There is also evidence of the permanence, especially in the theater, of Italian literature, which lost its presence in the 16th and 17th centuries, as well as the emergence (towards the end of the century) of English literature (especially Shakespeare and the novel). The place of other literatures (German, Portuguese) remains in the minority.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Notes on dates and transliteration -- Dramatis personae -- Map -- Introduction. The shadow of nationalism -- Part I. Place -- Chapter 1. Landscapes -- Chapter 2. Remembering, lamenting -- Chapter 3. Place-making and proximity -- Part II. Origin -- Chapter 4. Lineages and their places -- Chapter 5. Kinship without ethnicity -- Chapter 6. Naming and its affiliations -- Chapter 7. Commemorating persianate collectives, selves -- Coda. Memories and multiplicity (lost and lingering) -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction. Living the Enlightenment -- Acknowledgments -- Part I. The Philosophers' Enlightenment -- 1. Historians and Philosophers -- 2. Kant: Was ist Aufklärung? -- 3. Hegel -- 4. Marx and Nietzsche -- 5. Horkheimer and Adorno -- 6. Foucault -- 7. Postmodern Anti-Enlightenment Positions -- Part II. The Hitorians' Enlightenment -- 8. For a Defense of Historical Knowledge -- 9. The Epistemologia imaginabilis in Eighteenth-Century Science and Philosophy -- 10. The Enlightenment-French Revolution Paradigm -- 11. The Twentieth Century and the Enlightenment as Historical Problem -- 12. What Was the Enlightenment? -- 13. Chronology and Geography of a Cultural Revolution -- 14. Politicization and Natura naturans -- Afterword The Enlightenment: A Revolution of the Mind or the Ancien Régime's Cultural Revolution? -- Notes -- Index

The Hell-Fire Clubs scandalized eighteenth-century English society. Rumors of their orgies, recruitment of prostitutes, extensive libraries of erotica, extreme rituals, and initiation ceremonies circulated widely at the time, only to become more sensational as generations passed. This thoroughly researched book sets aside the exaggerated gossip about the secret Hell-Fire Clubs and brings to light the first accurate portrait of their membership (including John Wilkes, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the Prince of Wales), beliefs, activities, and the reasons for their proliferation, first in the British Isles and later in America, possibly under the auspices of Benjamin Franklin.Hell-Fire Clubs operated under a variety of titles, but all attracted similar members-mainly upper-class men with abundant leisure and the desire to shock society. The book explores the social and economic context in which the clubs emerged and flourished; their various phases, which first involved violence as an assertion of masculinity, then religious blasphemy, and later sexual indulgence; and the countermovement that eventually suppressed them. Uncovering the facts behind the Hell-Fire legends, this book also opens a window on the rich contradictions of the Enlightenment period