"In the period following the country's independence in 1981, Kriol has risen to the level of a national language. While the prestige enjoyed by English and Spanish is indisputable, a range of historical and socio-economic developments has given Kriol an elevated status in the coastal districts at the potential expense of more vulnerable minority languages also spoken there. Using fieldwork, ethnographic observations, interviews, and surveys of language attitudes and use, Gómez Menjívar and Salmon show the attenuation of Mopan and Garifuna alongside the stigmatized yet robust Kriol language. Examin[es] how large-scale economic restructuring can unsettle relationships among minority languages" --
In Central America, several groups received political autonomy at the end of the 20th century. By granting autonomy to these groups, countries like Nicaragua acknowledged certain populations as members of distinct ethnic groups. This was not the case for every country in the region, and the lack of effective policy making ethno-racial considerations in politics across Central America has led to language attrition, loss of land and water rights, and the commodification of historic communities. Means' presentation focuses on Honduras as a unique site of ethno-racial and socio-cultural policy making, group identity making and unmaking, and group rights for the Garifuna.
In Central America, several groups received political autonomy at the end of the 20th century. By granting autonomy to these groups, countries like Nicaragua acknowledged certain populations as members of distinct ethnic groups. This was not the case for every country in the region, and the lack of effective policy making ethno-racial considerations in politics across Central America has led to language attrition, loss of land and water rights, and the commodification of historic communities. Means' presentation focuses on Honduras as a unique site of ethno-racial and socio-cultural policy making, group identity making and unmaking, and group rights for the Garifuna.
The Garifuna people today live all along the Caribbean littoral of Central America, from Belize, through Guatemala and Honduras down to Nicaragua, and also in some of the biggest cities of the United States. For more than two hundred years they have preserved their unique culture and language--the direct descendant of that spoken in the islands at the time of Columbus. All of them, however, trace their origin back to the island of St. Vincent--Youroumaÿn in their own language--where shipwrec
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El presente estudio trata de las tradiciones que configuran la identidad cultural de los garífunas/garinagu asentados actualmente en el territorio nicaragüense y tiene como finalidad apoyar a la revitalización de su lengua y cultura.
Se confirma la existencia de portadoras y portadores activos que contribuyen a la recopilación del conocimiento oral con quienes se abordan temas como: alimentación, vida cotidiana, juegos infantiles, organización social, relaciones de parentesco, economía, educación, fiestas y rituales, instrumentos musicales, manifestaciones artísticas, medicina tradicional, migraciones y vivienda.
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with the traditions that shape the cultural identity of the Gariphuna/Garinagu currently settled in Nicaraguan territory and are intended to support the revitalization of their language and culture.
It confirms the existence of active bearers that contribute to the collection of oral knowledge who covers topics like: diet, daily life, playgrounds, social organization, kinship, economy, education, festivals and rituals, musical instruments, artistic, traditional medicine, migration and housing.
English is the official language of Belize used in the conduct of official government business and as the standard in public education. However, English is not the primary language spoken in Belizean households nor in the conduct of local business transactions. Belize is a polyglot nation inclusive of European-based languages, native languages, and creole languages. In this paper, we demonstrate the economic returns to language acquisition and usage in Belize using census 2000 data.
Our results indicate that Belize primarily rewards the ability to communicate in English and Spanish. Other language skills are also important, such as the ability to speak German, to speak Maya and English or Spanish, and the ability to speak in combination Creole-Spanish-English. There is a severe wage penalty associated with the speaking of Maya and Garifuna. Other non-language endogenous and exogenous variables are also explored.
This article presents the results of research carried out on the linguistic and educational needs of Guatemala's national minorities and the responses given to those needs by Guatemala's central government. Specifically, the case of the Garífuna population on the Atlantic Coast is studied with a view to understanding the educational policy dynamics underlying Pre-Modern States towards the multicultural groups' lack of participation and incorporation into the national polity. Lastly, the specific educational claims of the Garífunas are studied, particularly in relation to Guatemala's other linguistic blocks, namely, Mayan and Spanish language speakers. ; Este artículo presenta los resultados de investigaciones cuyo objetivo principal fue el de analizar las respuestas del gobierno central guatemalteco frente a las necesidades lingüístico educativas de los habitantes pertenecientes al grupo Garífuna de la Costa Atlántica de Guatemala. La situación específica de los Garífunas se estudió con el propósito de observar las respuestas de un Estado Pre-Moderno frente a las aspiraciones de minorías nacionales en su seno. Tambíen se analiza en estas líneas, el lugar ocupado por los Garífunas en relación a los otros bloques lingüísticos de guatemala, a saber, las poblaciones de habla Maya y Castellano.
This article presents the results of research carried out on the linguistic and educational needs of Guatemala's national minorities and the responses given to those needs by Guatemala's central government. Specifically, the case of the Garífuna population on the Atlantic Coast is studied with a view to understanding the educational policy dynamics underlying Pre-Modern States towards the multicultural groups' lack of participation and incorporation into the national polity. Lastly, the specific educational claims of the Garífunas are studied, particularly in relation to Guatemala's other linguistic blocks, namely, Mayan and Spanish language speakers.
SummaryData from the 1991 Belize Family Health Survey show differentials in the use of maternal and child health services between ethnic groups (Creole, Mestizo, Maya/Ketchi and Garifuna). Multivariate analysis is used to explore whether such differentials can truly be attributed to ethnicity or to other characteristics that distinguish the ethnic groups. Health services considered are: family planning, place of delivery (hospital/other), postpartum and newborn check-ups after a birth, and immunisations for children. The language usually spoken in the household is found to be important for interpreting ethnic differentials. Mayan-speaking Maya/Ketchis are significantly less likely to use family planning services or to give birth in a hospital. Spanish-speakers (Mestizos and Maya/Ketchis) are less likely to use newborn and postpartum check-ups, after controlling for other characteristics. There are no ethnic differentials for immunisations. Programmatic implications of these results are discussed.
Cover -- Series List -- Title page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword: Indigenous Subjects and the Mastering of Science / Arturo Arias -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: No Static: Re-Indigenizing Technology / Jennifer Gómez Menjívar and Gloria Elizabeth Chacón -- PART I. PROBLEMATIZING TECHNOLOGY -- 1. (Re)Technologizing the Word: Recording, Knowledge, and the Decolonial Aesthetics of Maya Ts'íib / Paul M. Worley and Rita M. Palacios -- 2. Dule Molas: The Counterpoint- Counterplot Practice of the Traversable Cloth in (Non)Digital Realms / Sue P. Haglund -- 3. Using Technology to Revitalize Endangered Languages: Mixe and Chatino Case Studies / Emiliana Cruz and Tajëëw Robles -- PART II. CYBERSPATIAL NATION BUILDING -- 4. YouTubing Maya Rock: B'itzma Sobrevivencia's Aural Memory of Survival / Alicia Ivonne Estrada -- 5. Trafficked Babies, Exploded Futures: Jayro Bustamante's Ixcanul / Debra A. Castillo -- 6. Joysticks and Jaguars: Bribri- Inspired Games in Neoliberal Costa Rica / Mauricio Espinoza -- PART III. INDIGENIZING SOCIAL MEDIA -- 7. Digitizing Ancestral Memory: Garifuna Settlement Day in the Americas and in Cyberspace / Paul Joseph López Oro -- 8. In a Time of War and Hashtags: Rehumanizing Indigeneity in the Digital Landscape / Gabriela Spears-Rico -- 9. Tweeting in Zapotec: Social Media as a Tool for Language Activism / Brook Danielle Lillehaugen -- 10. From Facebook to Ixamoxtli: Nahua Activism through Social Networking / Adam Coon -- Contributors -- Index.
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