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Policymakers and practitioners are boosting support for families in the most disadvantaged areas to help pre-school children develop the skills they need to thrive and reduce the attainment gap

This guide was prepared by the Early Learning Partnership (ELP) team at the World Bank as a resource for policy makers and development professionals interested in improving access to high-quality Early Childhood Development (ECD) services. It brings together a selection of approaches to ECD that have been implemented with promising results in low- or middle-income countries (or both). The list of programs and approaches highlighted here is by no means exhaustive; rather, those cited have been selected based on (i) some evidence of their positive impact or documentation of their results and (ii) their relevance to common needs and questions posed by governments and World Bank staff working in ECD.

The Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development presents a comprehensive summary of research into child development from age two to seven.Comprises 30 contributions from both established scholars and emerging leaders in the fieldThe editors have a distinguished reputation in early childhood developmentCovers biological development, cognitive development, language development, and social, emotional and regulatory developmentConsiders the applications of psychology to the care and education of young children, treating issues such as poverty, media, and the transition to schoolA valuable re

"Cover" -- "Half Title" -- "Title" -- "Copyright" -- "Dedication" -- "Contents" -- "TO OUR READERS AND THEIR INSTRUCTORS: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES" -- "PREFACE" -- "1 UNDERSTANDING EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT" -- "Chapter Objectives" -- "Vignette 1.1: "I Don't Believe in Child Development"" -- "Who Is a Child and What Is Child Development?" -- "Early Childhood Educators and the Need to Know About Development" -- "The Concept of Development" -- "Resiliency and Vulnerability" -- "Common Ground" -- "Typical and Atypical Development" -- "Developmental Milestones and Stages" -- "Individual Differences" -- "Vignette 1.2: The Story of the Pie Man" -- "Developmental Delay and Disability" -- "Cultural Diversity" -- "Theories of Early Development" -- "Heredity and Maturation: An Emphasis on Internal Processes" -- "Maturational Theory" -- "Psychoanalytic Theory" -- "Environment and Behavior: An Emphasis on External Factors" -- "Classical Conditioning" -- "Operant Conditioning" -- "Social Learning Theory" -- "Interactive Theories" -- "Synactive Theory" -- "Cognitive Development Theory" -- "Transactional Theory" -- "Ecological Theory" -- "Origins of Developmental Problems" -- "Prenatal Influences" -- "Perinatal Influences" -- "Postnatal Influences" -- "Developmental Screening" -- "Translating Theory Into Practice: Common Principles" -- "Extending Your Learning" -- "Vocabulary" -- "Internet Resources" -- "Reading Resources in Developmental Psychology" -- "References" -- "2 INFANCY: FROM CRADLE TO PLAY GROUP" -- "Chapter Objectives" -- "Vignette 2.1: What's Wrong With Cara?" -- "Family Context" -- "The Newborn" -- "Physical Growth and Motor Development During Infancy: Reflexive and Rudimentary Movement" -- "Reflexive Movement and Brain Development" -- "Survival Reflexes" -- "Primitive Reflexes" -- "Brain Development

Early childhood development centres (ECDC) are vitally important government units responsible for taking care of preschool children age 3-6. However, ECDCs throughout the country are facing the problem in management that affects the development of children. In order to investigate the managerial problems, the researcher collected the data from 3,966 ECDCs nationwide. The four aspects of problem are standards problem, evaluation problem, leadership problem, and caretakers' problem. The research found that the standards and administration guidelines should be immediately improved. The evaluation process is still flawed and parent reporting is a useful indicator. The leadership is not perfect; the problem is higher in Subdistrict Administrative Organisations (SAO) than in municipalities. The caretakers' problem can be relieved if there are more caretakers looking after the children. And finally, the level of aggregated managerial problem in ECDCs is strikingly high in the ones in the Northeastern region and the ones with low annual budget.