Search results

Glyphosate-resistant sourgrass is difficult to control, particularly when perennial, and strategies that improve the control efficiency against this grass and preserve the useful life of graminicides are warranted. Therefore, the present study aimed to answer the following questions: (i) Does fractionating the doses of ACCase inhibitors improve the control of perennial sourgrass? (ii) Does alternating the chemical groups cyclohexanediones (DIMs) and aryloxyphenoxypropanoates (FOPs) improve the control of perennial sourgrass, and does the order of their application affect sourgrass control efficiency? (iii) Does the addition of glyphosate to ACCase inhibitors improve to the control of perennial sourgrass resistant to 5-enol-pyruvyl-shiquime-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors? Two field experiments (I and II) were performed in 2018 and repeated in 2019. In experiment I, the treatments included a single or fractional application clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (216 + 108 g a.i. ha-1), clethodim (216 g a.i. ha-1), and quizalofop-P-tefuryl (108 g a.i. ha-1), applied in the order of clethodim followed by quizalofop-P-tefuryl and vice versa, as well as a control treatment. In experiment II, the treatments included a single or fractional application of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (216 + 108 g a.i. ha-1) and clethodim (108 g a.i. ha-1), isolated or associated with glyphosate, as well as a control treatment. In both experiments, the interval between the fractional applications was 7 days. Percentage of control, number of tillers per plant, and height of sourgrass plants were determined. Compared with the unfractionated application, the fractionation of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl and clethodim increased control by respectively 20-24 and 25-30%. Fractionated clethodim has greater

Lolium rigidum is one the worst herbicide resistant (HR) weeds worldwide due to its proneness to evolve multiple and cross resistance to several sites of action (SoA). In winter cereals crops in Spain, resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides has become widespread, with farmers having to rely on pre-emergence herbicides over the last two decades to maintain weed control. Recently, lack of control with very long-chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFAS)-inhibiting herbicides has been reported in HR populations that are difficult to manage by chemical means. In this study, three Spanish populations of L. rigidum from winter cereals were confirmed as being resistant to ALS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, with broad-ranging resistance toward the different chemistries tested. In addition, reduced sensitivity to photosystem II-, VLCFAS-, and phytoene desaturase-inhibiting herbicides were confirmed across the three populations. Resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was associated with point mutations in positions Trp-2027 and Asp-2078 of the enzyme conferring target site resistance (TSR), while none were detected in the ALS enzyme. Additionally, HR populations contained enhanced amounts of an ortholog of the glutathione transferase phi (F) class 1 (GSTF1) protein, a functional biomarker of non-target-site resistance (NTSR), as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Further evidence of NTSR was obtained in dose-response experiments with prosulfocarb applied post-emergence, following pre-treatment with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor malathion, which partially reversed resistance. This study confirms the evolution of multiple and cross resistance to ALS- and ACCase inhibiting herbicides in L. rigidum from Spain by mechanisms consistent with the presence of both TSR and NTSR. Moreover, the results suggest that NTSR, probably by means of enhanced metabolism involving more than one detoxifying enzyme family, confers cross resistance to other SoA. The study further demonstrates the urgent need to monitor and prevent the further evolution of herbicide resistance in L. rigidum in Mediterranean areas. ; This research has been supported by the Spanish Government, through project AGL2017-83325-C4-2-R (AEI/FEDER/UE). JT acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant Ramon y Cajal RYC2018-023866-I).

Chemische Unkrautbekämpfung wird aufgrund von ökotoxikologischen Bedenken diskutiert. Um Landwirten zu helfen, die Ausbreitung von Unkräutern auch bei sinkender Verfügbarkeit von Herbiziden begrenzen zu können, wurden Projekte zu modifizierten Fruchtfolgen zur Reduzierung des Unkrautdruckes, digitale Ansätze für bessere Entscheidungen zum Herbizideinsatz und zur besseren Integration von nicht-chemischen Unkrautbekämpfungsmaßnahmen begonnen. In einem ersten Monitoring in den Rapsbeständen Luxemburgs wurden relativ weit verbreitete Arten wie Stellaria media, Viola arvensis, Polygonum aviculare sowie Poa annua, Elymus repens, und Apera spica-venti gefunden. Chenopodium album wurde neben den im Frühjahr keimenden Polygonum-Arten in moderater bis hoher Individuenzahl im Mais gefunden. Polygonum convolvulus wurde nach chemischer Bekämpfung in hoher Dichte am Standort Kuborn gefunden, wohingegen C. album schlecht von mechanischen Methoden bekämpft wurde. Alopecurus myosuroides-Pflanzen mit reifen Samen wurden nahezu ausschließlich im Süden Luxemburgs gefunden. Alle 35 bislang getesteten A. myosuroides Sämlingsproben waren resistent gegen Stomp® Aqua (mit dem K1 Hemmstoff Pendimethalin). Im Fall von Sigma® Maxx (mit den ALS-Inhibitoren Iodosulfuron+Mesosulfuron), waren jeweils 2 von 35 Proben sensitiv bzw. moderat resistent. 31 Proben waren resistent gegenüber Sigma® Maxx. 17 von 35 Proben waren sensitiv gegenüber Axial® (mit dem ACC-ase Inhibitor Pinoxaden), während 18 Proben resistent gegenüber Axial® waren. ; Due to ecotoxicological and environmental reasons, chemical treatments for weed control are under discussion. To help farmers in coping with challenges imposed by restricted herbicide availability, projects on using modified crop rotations for reducing weed pressure, digital approaches for better decision support, and a better integration of non-chemical weeding were initiated. First monitoring programs in winter oilseed rape in Luxembourg offered a preliminary overview about mainly widespread weed species like Stellaria media, Viola arvensis, Polygonum aviculare as well as Poa annua, Elymus repens and Apera spica-venti. Chenopodium album was found in moderate and high numbers in maize, as well as the spring-germinating Polygonum species. Polygonum convolvulus escaped from or re-emerged after the chemical control at location Kuborn, while C. album was poorly controlled by the mechanical treatments. Alopecurus myosuroides plants with mature seeds were almost exclusively found in the South of Luxembourg. All 35 A. myosuroides seedling samples tested so far were resistant towards Stomp® Aqua (containing the microtubule assembly inhibitor pendimethalin). In case of Sigma® Maxx (containing the ALS inhibitors iodosulfuron+mesosulfuron), 2 out of 35 samples were sensitive and moderately resistant, respectively. 31 samples were resistant to Sigma® Maxx. 17 out of 35 samples were sensitive to Axial® (containing the ACC-ase inhibitor pinoxaden), while 18 samples were resistant to Axial®.

Due to ecotoxicological and environmental reasons, chemical treatments for weed control are under discussion. To help farmers in coping with challenges imposed by restricted herbicide availability, projects on using modified crop rotations for reducing weed pressure, digital approaches for better decision support, and a better integration of non-chemical weeding were initiated. First monitoring programs in winter oilseed rape in Luxembourg offered a preliminary overview about mainly widespread weed species like Stellaria media, Viola arvensis, Polygonum aviculare as well as Poa annua, Elymus repens and Apera spica-venti. Chenopodium album was found in moderate and high numbers in maize, as well as the spring-germinating Polygonum species. Polygonum convolvulus escaped from or re-emerged after the chemical control at location Kuborn, while C. album was poorly controlled by the mechanical treatments. Alopecurus myosuroides plants with mature seeds were almost exclusively found in the South of Luxembourg. All 35 A. myosuroides seedling samples tested so far were resistant towards Stomp® Aqua (containing the microtubule assembly inhibitor pendimethalin). In case of Sigma® Maxx (containing the ALS inhibitors iodosulfuron+mesosulfuron), 2 out of 35 samples were sensitive and moderately resistant, respectively. 31 samples were resistant to Sigma® Maxx. 17 out of 35 samples were sensitive to Axial® (containing the ACC-ase inhibitor pinoxaden), while 18 samples were resistant to Axial®. ; Chemische Unkrautbekämpfung wird aufgrund von ökotoxikologischen Bedenken diskutiert. Um Landwirten zu helfen, die Ausbreitung von Unkräutern auch bei sinkender Verfügbarkeit von Herbiziden begrenzen zu können, wurden Projekte zu modifizierten Fruchtfolgen zur Reduzierung des Unkrautdruckes, digitale Ansätze für bessere Entscheidungen zum Herbizideinsatz und zur besseren Integration von nicht-chemischen Unkrautbekämpfungsmaßnahmen begonnen. In einem ersten Monitoring in den Rapsbeständen Luxemburgs wurden relativ weit verbreitete Arten wie Stellaria media, Viola arvensis, Polygonum aviculare sowie Poa annua, Elymus repens, und Apera spica-venti gefunden. Chenopodium album wurde neben den im Frühjahr keimenden Polygonum-Arten in moderater bis hoher Individuenzahl im Mais gefunden. Polygonum convolvulus wurde nach chemischer Bekämpfung in hoher Dichte am Standort Kuborn gefunden, wohingegen C. album schlecht von mechanischen Methoden bekämpft wurde. Alopecurus myosuroides-Pflanzen mit reifen Samen wurden nahezu ausschließlich im Süden Luxemburgs gefunden. Alle 35 bislang getesteten A. myosuroides Sämlingsproben waren resistent gegen Stomp® Aqua (mit dem K1 Hemmstoff Pendimethalin). Im Fall von Sigma® Maxx (mit den ALS-Inhibitoren Iodosulfuron+Mesosulfuron), waren jeweils 2 von 35 Proben sensitiv bzw. moderat resistent. 31 Proben waren resistent gegenüber Sigma® Maxx. 17 von 35 Proben waren sensitiv gegenüber Axial® (mit dem ACC-ase Inhibitor Pinoxaden), während 18 Proben resistent gegenüber Axial® waren.

Der Zeitpunkt der Aussaat kann die Entwicklung von Unkräutern und Ungräsern beeinflussen. Der vorliegende Beitrag prüft den Effekt des Saattermins auf die Intensität des Einsatzes herbizider Wirkstoffgruppen in Winterweizen und Wintergerste. Zu diesem Zweck werden Anbaudaten landwirtschaftlicher Praxisdaten in Norddeutschland über den Zeitraum 2012-2020 analysiert. Als Maßzahlen für die Pflanzenschutz-Intensität wird der Behandlungsindex verwendet. Herbizide Wirkstoffe werden mittels globaler HRAC-Klassifizierung gruppiert. Die Ergebnisse der Auswertungen belegen den Einfluss des Aussaattermins auf die Intensität des Herbizid- Einsatzes der Praxisbetriebe. Je später die Aussaat, desto geringer die Intensität der eingesetzten Herbizide. Der Aussaattermin reduziert signifikant die Intensität der HRAC-Gruppen 2 (ALS-Inhibitoren) und 15 (Zellteilungs- und Lipid-Synthese-Inhibitoren) in Wintergerste und Winterweizen. Die Einsatzintensität von ACCase-Inhibitoren (HRAC 1), EPSP-Inhibitoren (HRAC 9) und PDS-Inhibitoren (HRAC 12) wird darüber hinaus signifikant durch Spätsaaten in Winterweizen reduziert. Die Auswertungen der Anbaudaten deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass der Saattermin als Mittel des Integrierten Pflanzenschutzes in der Praxis nur gering genutzt wird. Wintergerste und Winterweizen werden in den Praxisbetrieben Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns überwiegend zu frühen bis mittleren Saatterminen gesät. Zunehmende Resistenzentwicklungen bedeutender Ungräser und Unkräuter sowie die politischen Forderungen, den Pflanzenschutzmittel-Einsatz zukünftig stärker in das Gesamtsystem Ackerbau zu stellen, mahnen zu Veränderungen der Saatzeit in der Praxis. ; The seeding date is often presented as an efficient management tool for controlling weeds. We investigated the contribution of the seeding date to the variability of herbicide active ingredient use. Data on crop management and herbicide applications from farms in Northern Germany were examined for winter wheat and winter barley between 2012 and 2020. We analysed herbicide use intensity described as Treatment Frequency Index. Herbicide active ingredient are classified using the global HRAC classification. Our results revealed that the seeding date had a strong impact on-farm herbicide use intensity. Late seeding dates resulted in a lower intensity of herbicide use. The seeding date significantly reduced influence the use intensity of HRAC groups 2 (ALS inhibitors) and 15 (cell division and lipid synthesis inhibitors) in winter barley and winter wheat. ACCase inhibitors (HRAC 1), EPSP inhibitors (HRAC 9) and PDS inhibitors (12) were also significantly reduced by late seeding dates in winter wheat. Nevertheless, the on-farm data indicate that the adoption of seeding dates as an Integrated Pest Management tool by farmers has been limited. The seeding dates in our analysis were most commonly classified as early to medium. Farmers are strongly encouraged to revise their seeding dates due to an increasing development of herbicide resistance in weeds and the political demands to reduce the input of chemical plant protection products in the overall cropping system.