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[eng] The aim of this study is to examine cyclical evolution and patterns of tourist arrivals to Balearic Islands from two main destinations: the UK and Germany. This paper has examined the data of British and German tourists for the past 36 years (1980-2016) to measure tourism demand cycle. To effectively evaluate Tourism demand cycle, it has been divided into two components: monthly growth of tourist and tourist fundamental trend. Time-series method has been employed to measure the growth and turning points in the tourism demand cycle. The results showed an upsurge in the overall tourist arrivals from both UK and Germany; however, considerable fluctuation can be witnessed in the case of the UK, while the tourists flow from Germany increased smoothly. The results also highlighted that in 2016, tourism from Germany and the UK was at its peak with 31.3 % increase in German arrivals and up to 83.1 from the UK. The results presented in this study can be quite valuable for the different stakeholders in the Balearic tourism sector such as hotel and resort owners, tourists, travel agents, transportation companies and government policy and decision makers.

[esp] Este trabajo de final de grado se focaliza en el estudio y análisis de las consecuencias que tuvo la Primavera Árabe sobre el sector turístico tunecino. Para empezar, se presenta la ubicación geográfica del mundo árabe y que países se vieron afectados por estos acontecimientos. Se explican los principales cambios sociopolíticos mencionando cada país y centrándose especialmente en Túnez. Posteriormente, se resalta el turismo de Túnez; cómo este se vio afectado por las revueltas, las repercusiones de los atentados terroristas y de que manera el gobierno reaccionó adoptando medidas para cambiar la imagen del destino. Para terminar, se relata la situación actual de Túnez y su futuro como destino turístico. ; [eng] This paper focuses on the study and analysis of the consequences of the Arab Spring on the Tunisian tourism sector. To begin with, it presents the geographical location of the Arab world and the countries that were affected by these events. The main socio-political changes are explained by mentioning each country, with a special focus on Tunisia. Subsequently, Tunisia's tourism is highlighted; how it was affected by the uprisings, the repercussions of the terrorist attacks and how the government reacted by adopting measures to change the image of the destination. Finally, it looks at Tunisia's current situation and its future as a tourist destination.

[eng] Geopolitical risk is one of the factors that affects the decisions of consumption and investment, and it is regarded a business threat in the world. In this thesis, we test the effect of geopolitical risks on tourism in Hong Kong during 2010-2019 by applying a vector autoregressive (VAR) model between tourist arrivals in Hong Kong and a recently introduced index – the geopolitical risk (GPR) index – to measure geopolitical risks, with 3 control variables – oil prices, global economic policy uncertainty (EPU), and the US equity market volatility (VIX). Our results reveal that geopolitical risk has a long-lasting negative effect on tourist arrivals in Hong Kong, although this effect decreases over time. We also find that this negative influence is more moderate in Hong Kong in comparison with other regions such as Turkey and India. Therefore, tourism in Hong Kong has stronger resilience than tourism in emerging economies. Our findings provide potential implications by advancing our understanding of how geopolitical risk affects tourism in a developed economy. Policymakers and the government should recognize the adverse effects of geopolitical risk and monitor the GPR index to avoid possible decline of tourist arrivals caused by geopolitical risk.

[eng] Ecotourism theoretically consists of responsible travel to natural areas that confers environmental and social benefits. Despite those positive aims, there has been a scholar emphasis on the uneven results of ecotourism development, highlighting the gaps between its promised and observed outcomes. A growing number of academics assigns those failures to the capitalist nature of ecotourism and its role in sustaining neoliberalism expansion. They are calling for more research on this relationship, which this study is concerned with. The aim of the present paper is to understand and identify mechanisms preventing a fair and even application of ecotourism principles. In order to do so, cross-case study search for pattern methodology has been chosen, helping to assess ecotourism development in different contexts and scales as to identify common obstacles to the achievement of positive outcomes. The results accordingly allocate some of the negative impacts of ecotourism implementation to its intertwinement with neoliberal policies and practices, which triggers the following mechanisms: extension of neoliberal governance to the detriment of local population self-determination, modification of local culture towards market-driven logics and increased neoliberalization of nature under the form of commodification. In turn, those mechanisms ensue the studied negative social, political and environmental effects. To reduce those, locals should be empowered towards the decision to enter ecotourism and the way to conduct it, excluding dependency on external actors to avoid neoliberal hegemony.

[eng] Rural revitalization has been paid great attention in China in recent years, and officially established as a national strategy since 2018. Based on practical evidence and relevant literature, rural tourism is considered as a therapy to correct urban and rural imbalance and offer an alternative way of in place urbanization in rural areas. Meanwhile the rapid socio-economic development has driven evolution of Chinese tourists' needs and travel behaviors, entering the experience economy, the existing low-end homogeneous rural tourism products couldn't meet their growing needs. This research aims to propose tea tourism, as a form of special-interest rural gastronomic tourism, if could contribute to regional revitalization and meanwhile satisfying tourists' upgrading needs with diversified experiential activities, as China has rich tea resources and authentic tea culture. To achieve the research goals, a mixed method approach is adopted, in the field work of two chosen study areas of diffident development conditions, West Lake Longjing tea area and Damushan tea garden area, through in-depth interviews and observation to the main actor groups, public sectors and individual practitioners, and questionnaire survey to both domestic on-site tourists and international potential tourists. The main findings are, first of all, based on the significance of tea tourism from theoretical perspective, the actual tea tourism practice in case areas is shaped by its development conditions and operating capability. West Lake Longjing tea area is a revitalized case, benefiting from its favorable conditions such as reputed tea resources, good accessibility and tourism infrastructure. Damushan tea garden area is a to be revitalized case, the degree of individual participation and their understanding of tea tourism is lower, 'government incentives and subsidy' is a key motive, while practitioners in West Lake Longjing tea area mentioned 'lifestyle pursuit and self-interest' as main motive. Individual tea practitioners in both ...

[eng] The researcher focuses on two different timestamps in regard to the Decree 28/2016 initiated in 2016 by the Andalusian government aimed at requiring a certain standard for private homeowner to comply with regulation and register their property in the Tourism Register of Andalucía. The researcher focuses on the effect it has on the average listing price of the Apartments and houses listed on Airbnb, the revenue the listings made, the occupation rate of the listings and the overall rating. The researcher applied a Difference-in-Differences analysis over the time span of one year at two different points in time. First, for the shock in May of 2018 where Airbnb communicated that it would enforce the policy by removing all listings not registered with the tourism register until the end of September of 2018 and second, for the shock of Airbnb actually enforcing the legislation. The results obtained show that the shock in May 2018 had a negative impact on prices and revenue, a positive impact on the number of reservations and no impact on overall ratings. For the shock in October 2018, the results show a positive impact for prices, revenue, and the number of reservations while again showing no impact on ratings. Those results are explained with a variety of hypothesis that will require further testing in follow up research for a clear confirmation. However, they allow to evaluate the policy as at least somewhat successful in what it was trying to achieve, although that effect started over two years after the policy was initiated. As a conclusion, the researcher recommends the government of Andalucía to preferably collaborate with the private sector from the policy design stage onwards to prevent such delays between the initiation of a policy and its time of starting to be effective.

[eng] Historically human activities have unquestionably transformed the earth's surface. The seaside is probably the area that has suffered most from this process, due to the fact that great part of the world civilizations have settled in these regions. During the last decades, in which is also framed the study period of the present document (1900-2012), this alteration process has been intensified to never before seen levels, the produced land cover changes compromise or even destroy ecological values of the affected area. In the case of Spain, one of the main drivers of this process of transformation is the tourist industry with its consequent urban growth; which in many occasions is related to irregularities and corruption. As a response to this destruction, the scientific community reacted by creating the land system science in order to study the evolution and consequences of it; also the political sphere has tried to mitigate or at least limit this process with the creation of regulatory bodies, unfortunately without success.

Cover -- Quartino -- Indice -- Introduzione -- Introduzione alla prima Edizione (2015) -- Parte prima - Modelli, teorie e politiche -- Capitolo 1 - Economia politica e politica economica. I modelli macroeconomici -- Capitolo 2 - Teoria della politica economica -- Capitolo 3 - Tipologia delle politiche economiche -- Capitolo 4 - Le politiche economiche keynesiane -- Capitolo 5 - L'intervento pubblico in economia: teorie ed evidenze empiriche -- Parte seconda - Patologie e ruolo delle politiche economiche -- Capitolo 6 - Disoccupazione e mercato del lavoro -- Capitolo 7 - I monetaristi ed il dibattito sulle politiche di stabilizzazione -- Capitolo 8 - Inflazione e politiche disinflazionistiche -- Capitolo 9 - Le aspettative razionali e la credibilità delle politiche economiche -- Parte terza - Politica monetaria e politica fiscale -- Capitolo 10 - La politica monetaria: obiettivi, strategie e teorie sul central banking -- Capitolo 11 - La politica fiscale, la sostenibilità del debito pubblico e le politiche di rientro -- Capitolo 12 - Politiche macroeconomiche in economia aperta -- Parte quarta - L'economia mondiale: crescita e globalizzazione -- Capitolo 13 - Crescita e sviluppo nel mondo -- Capitolo 14 - Globalizzazione e politiche commerciali in economia aperta -- Parte quinta - L'integrazione economica europea -- Capitolo 15 - Il processo d'integrazione nell'UE: dall'unione doganale al mercato unico. Il bilancio dell'UE -- Capitolo 16 - Il Trattato di Maastricht e la "Unione economica e monetaria" europea -- Parte sesta - Le politiche economiche nell'Eurozona -- Capitolo 17 - La Bce e la politica monetaria europea -- Capitolo 18 - Regole sui bilanci pubblici: dal Patto di Stabilità e Crescita al Fiscal Compact -- Capitolo 19 - La crisi finanziaria, la crisi dell'Eurozona e le risposte dell'UE -- Parte settima - I problemi dell'economia italiana.

Teoría económica, política económica e ideología