The information and views set out in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the company (British American Tobacco). ; The objective of this article is to present an overview, the advantages and disadvantages of the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid System. With over 1.3 million trade marks registered, the Madrid System is the top choice for international trade mark registration among multinational companies. There are three possible routes that traders might take to register a trade mark: national, European or international. A national registration system for trade marks provides protection at a national level only. Registration at the EU level through a single application to the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) in Alicante, Spain provides protection in all 28 EU Member States. International registration of marks under the Madrid System, administered by the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland enables traders to obtain protection in a number of different jurisdictions via a single application. This article will focus on the description of the main features of international registration of marks under the Madrid System, its advantages and disadvantages which should be considered by traders before deciding which route to take in order to protect their trade mark. ; agnieszkaprzygoda@gmail.com ; Assistant Trade Mark Counsel (British American Tobacco, London), Chartered UK Trade Mark Attorney, Professional Certificate in Trade Mark Practice, Nottingham Trent University, Certificate in Trade Mark Law and Practice, Queen Mary University of London, Master in Intellectual Property, University of Alicante. ; British American Tobacco, London, United Kingdom ; Bently, L., & Sherman, B. (2014). Intellectual Property Law 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Birkbeck, C. D. (2016). The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): A Reference Guide. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Cohen Jehoram, T., Van Nispen, C., & Huydecoper, T. (2010). European Trademark Law: Community Trademark Law and Harmonized National Trademark Law. Kluwer Law International. ; Davis, R. D., St Quintin, T., & Tritton, G. (2018). Tritton on Intellectual Property in Europe. 5th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; Dinwoodie, G. B., & Janis, M. D. (2008). Trademark Law and Theory. A Handbook of Contemporary Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Eastaway, N., Gallafent, R., Dauppe, V., & Kimber, J. (2013). Intellectual Property Law and Taxation. 8th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part B Examination Section 4 Absolute Grounds for Refusal Chapter 4. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-B/04-part_b_examination_section_4_absolute_grounds_for_refusal/part_B_examination_section_4_chapter_4/part_B_ex. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part D Cancellation Section 2 Substantive Provisions. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-D/02-part_d_cancellation_section_2_substantive_provisions/part_d%20cancellation_section_2_substantive_provision. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part M International Marks. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-M/01-part_m_international_marks/part_m_international_marks_en.pdf. ; Gilson, J., & Gilson Lalonde, A. (2003). The Madrid Protocol: A Slumbering Giant Awakens at Last. Newark, San Francisco: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. ; Jacob, R., Alexander, D., & Fisher, M. (2014). Guidebook to Intellectual Property. Sixth Edition. Hart Publishing. ; Keeling, D., Llewelyn, D., Mellor, J., Tom Moody-Stuart, Q., Berkeley, I., Chantrielle, A., & Duncan, W. (2018). Kerly's Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names 16th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; Liss, E., & Adin, D. (2012). Intellectual Property Law and Practice in Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Merges, R. P., & Haiyan Song, S. H. (2018). Transnational Intellectual Property Law: Text and Cases. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Michaels, A., & Norris, A. (2014). A Practical Guide To Trade Mark Law Fifth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Seville, C. (2009). EU Intellectual Property Law and Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Von Mühlendahl, A., Botis, D., Maniatis, S., & Wiseman, I. (2016). Trade Mark Law in Europe. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; WIPO. (2013). Protecting your Marks Abroad. The Madrid System. Retrieved from WIPO: https:// www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/marks/1039/wipo_pub_1039.pdf. ; WIPO. (2016). The Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks. Objectives, Main Features, Advantages. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_418_2016.pdf. ; WIPO. (2017). Madrid Yearly Review 2017. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_940_2017.pdf. ; WIPO. (2017). WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2017. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_943_2017.pdf. ; WIPO. (2018). Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/madrid/en/guide/guide.pdf. ; WIPO. (2018). Madrid Yearly Review 2018. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_940_2018.pdf. ; WIPO. (2018). Special Edition of the Madrid Highlights. The Japan Patent Office (JPO) as Designated Contracting Party (DCP). Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/madrid/en/highlights/2018/madrid_highlights_1_2018.pdf. ; WIPO. (2019). How to Manage your International Registration: Change in Ownership. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/how_to/manage/ownership.html ; WIPO. (2019). How to Manage your International Registration: Overview. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/how_to/manage/ ; WIPO. (2019). How to Use the Madrid System: Benefits of the Madrid System. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/how_to/use/benefits.html ; WIPO. (2019). Madrid Member Profiles. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/memberprofiles ; WIPO. (2019). Members of the Madrid Union. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/members/ ; 3 ; 1 ; 67 ; 79
Para desarrollar política con la infancia y juventud debemos tener capa-cidades intelectuales y técnicas que nos permitan enfrentar los desafíos que la sociedad va proporcionando. El cuidado de los mecanismos de participación, depende en gran medida de un pensamiento educativo que favorezca la gestión operativa en cuestiones socioambientales que afectan a la infancia en su vida cotidiana y que estimule un equilibrio entre el pen-sar y el hacer. Por ello, en este artículo valoramos el impacto positivo del ejercicio de la participación sobre los beneficiarios finales de las políticas de infancia y juventud. Los términos "infancia" y "juventud" hacen referencia al ciclo de la vida en que las personas pasan desde la niñez, a la etapa adulta, y durante el cual, se producen importantes cambios biológicos, psicológicos, sociales y culturales, que varían según las sociedades, culturas, grupos étnicos, clase social y género. Sin embargo, nos cuestionamos en qué momento comienza los límites de estas primeras etapa, en relación con el período adulto. Este grupo de población sufre una oscilación de la edad en función a los contextos concreto, ya que no es igual ser un adolescente en Europa ue ser un adolescente en algunas zonas de Asia o Sudamérica. General-mente la infancia va desde los 0 a los 14 años y la juventud o adolescencia se sitúa entre 15 y 24 años de edad.Tal y como describe la UNESCO, los jóvenes suman más de mil millones en todo el mundo si además sumamos de la infancia podemos decir que la infancia y la juventud son casi la mitad de la población del mundo. Desde este punto de vista, resulta llamativo que la mitad de la población del mundo en un modelo democrático de sociedad, no tenga reconocidos derechos para tomar decisiones en determinados aspectos que les afectan. Desde esta perspectiva, la participación de la infancia y la juventud es una herramienta que posibilita la asunción de deberes y derechos cuando se desarrolla por canales educativos que lo sustentan y nutren para que se desarrollen procesos de participación.La participación, es un componente sustantivo de una democracia, la democracia necesita el consenso de la mayoría de los ciudadanos pero también "necesita" la diversidad y el antagonismo. Por ello, la propuesta que mostramos necesita abordarse desde la institución educativa; es de-cir, de trabajo docente para la participación y la democracia con una idea metodológica que parta de la pedagogía del diálogo y participación.El presente artículo presenta resultados teóricos fruto de una investigación participativa realizada en Sevilla, España; cuyo objetivo fue empoderar a la infancia y la juventud de la ciudad a través de la participación directa, sobre cuestiones que les afectaban en sus vidas. Los resultados fueron significativos en cuanto a la transformación social y personal de los partici-pantes, si bien describimos determinados aspectos claves para un cambio en la concepción de los derechos y deberes ciudadanos desde los primeros niveles educativos. ; To develop policy to children and youth must have intellectual and technical capabilities enable us to meet the challenges that society is providing. Ca-ring for participatory mechanisms depends largely on educational thinking that favors the operational management in social and environmental issues that affect children in their daily lives and encourages a balance between thinking and doing. Therefore, in this article we value the positive impact of exercise participation on final beneficiaries of policies for children and youth.The terms "children" and "youth" refers to the cycle of life in which people pass from childhood to adulthood, and during which, important biological, psychological, social and cultural rights, which is changing diferents socie-ties, cultures, ethnic groups, social class and gender.However, we wonder at what point begins the limits of these early stage, in relation to the adult period. This group of population suffers an oscillation of age according to specific contexts, it is not like being a teenager in Europe to be a teenager in parts of Asia or South America. Childhood usually ranges from 0 to 14 years or adolescence and youth is between 15 and 24 years old. As described UNESCO, youth are more than one billion worldwide if you also add the children can say that childhood and youth are almost half the world's population. From this point of view it turns out to be showy, it is stri-king that half of the world's population in a democratic model of society has not recognized right to make decisions on certain issues that affect them.From this perspective, the participation of children and youth is a tool that allows the assumption of duties and rights when developing educational channels that sustain and gives developing participatory process.The participation, it is a substantive component of a democracy, the de-mocracy needs the consensus of the majority of the citizens but also "he" "needs" the diversity and the antagonism. Therefore, the proposal that show needs to be addressed from the school, ie teachers working for participation and democracy with a methodological idea that stems from the pedagogy of dialogue and participation.For it, the offer that we show needs to be approached from the educational institution; it is to say, of educational work for the participation and the de-mocracy with a methodological idea that should depart from the pedagogy of the dialog and participation.The present article presents theoretical results fruit of a participative inves-tigation realized in Seville, Spain; whose gives strong to the infancy and the youth of the city across the direct participation, on questions that were affecting them in his lives.
La tesis doctoral titulada "La enseñanza de la Historia de España y el desarrollo de las competencias ciudadanas. El conocimiento del alumnado al finalizar el Bachillerato", tiene como objetivo general conocer la contribución de la materia de Historia en la formación ciudadana de los jóvenes. La creciente necesidad de formar a la juventud en el conocimiento del sistema democrático en el que viven y del que deben participar activamente está constituyendo un nuevo contexto de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La evolución de una sociedad democrática pasa porque sus ciudadanos conozcan y valoren su sistema y sean capaces de participar activamente tanto desde el plano político como desde la realidad social. En esta coyuntura, la enseñanza de la Historia de España en segundo curso de Bachillerato, se presenta como una importante materia para el desarrollo de la formación personal y social de la juventud, tal y como queda reflejado en sus finalidades y objetivos, donde la adquisición de competencias que fomenten su formación ciudadana y democrática aparece como una de sus finalidades principales. Así, la consideración de la Historia como vehículo a través del cual formar en los valores propios de nuestra sociedad permite establecer una estrecha relación entre su función educativa, sus propósitos y finalidades, con la formación ciudadana. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación hemos contado con la participación de cincuenta alumnos de primero de grado de una representación de todas las ramas de conocimiento (Artes y Humanidades, Ciencias, Ciencias de la Salud, Ciencias Sociales e Ingenierías) de siete universidades españolas (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Universidad de Alicante, Universidad de Murcia, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Universidad de Almería, Universidad de Sevilla y Universidad Pablo Olavide). El instrumento de recogida de datos ha sido una entrevista semiestructurada donde se hace referencia tanto al conocimiento de Historia de España y su vinculación con el desarrollo ciudadano, como a una metareflexión sobre su aprendizaje. El análisis de la información se ha realizado a partir de un sistema de categorías, con cinco variables divididas en tres niveles que actúan como hipótesis de progresión del conocimiento (García Díaz, 1999). La codificación y el tratamiento informático de las 1690 unidades de información se ha realizado a partir del programa de análisis cualitativo Atlas.ti. Estos datos nos han permitido realizar diversos tipos de análisis de los que hemos podido concluir que los estudiantes presentan dificultades para extrapolar el conocimiento histórico aprendido en las aulas de Historia a situaciones reales que les afectan como ciudadanos. Dos de las teorías que barajamos residen en la presentación fragmentada que se hace del contenido histórico y la desconexión de esta enseñanza con los problemas que actualmente vive la sociedad y de la que son partícipes nuestros alumnos. Proponemos, ante estos resultados, algunas estrategias didácticas referidas a la organización curricular de la materia en torno a problemas relevantes, fomentar la participación de los estudiantes en el aula, tomar como base las concepciones previas del alumnado y formar a un docente comprometido con su labor de educador de ciudadanos activos, participativos y democráticos. The doctoral thesis called "The education of the History of Spain and the development of the citizen competitions. The knowledge of the students finish the Secundary school", general objective is to know the contribution of the subject of History at the civic education of young. The growing need to train youth in the knowledge of the democratic system in which they live and who should participate actively is developing a new teaching and learning context. The evolution of a democratic society is because the students must know and value your system and be able to participate actively both from the political and social reality. In this situation, the teaching of the History of Spain in the High school is very important area for the students, its developing personal and social education. This objectives of democratic citizenship education appears as one of its main purposes. Therefore, the History is considered as a vehicle through which form in the values of our society can establish a close relationship between their educational role, its aims and objectives, with civic education. To carry out this research, we had the participation of fifty students from first grade of a representation of all branches of knowledge (Arts and Humanities, Science, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Engineering) from seven Spanish universities (University of Rovira I Virgili, University of Alicante, University of Murcia, University Polytechnic of Cartagena, University of Almería, University of Seville and University Pablo Olavide). The data collection instrument was a semistructured interview which refers both to the knowledge of History of Spain and its relationship to citizenship development, and a meditation on their learning. The data analysis was performed from a system of categories, with five variables divided into three levels which act as progression of knowledge hypothesis (García Díaz, 1999). The coding and computer processing units of the 1690 information has been made from the Atlas.ti program. These data have allowed us realise diverse types of analysis of which have been able to conclude that the students present difficulties to extrapolate the historical knowledge learnt in the classrooms of History to real situations that affect them like citizens. Two of the theories that lie in the shuffle are done piecemeal presentation of historical content and the disconnection of this teaching with the problems that society currently lives and our students are participating. We propose to these results, some teaching strategies related to curriculum organization of matter around relevant issues, encourage participation of students in the classroom, to build on student's preconceptions and become a teacher committed to his work of educating active citizens, participatory and democratic.
El capítulo 1 contiene una justificación del hilo conductor de esta tesis doctoral (el papel de la sociedad civil), junto con las hipótesis y objetivos principales: destacar la importancia de las redes sociales, matizar la supuesta desmovilización vecinal en los años ochenta, explicar la movilización social autonomista en base a la difusión de determinados discursos sobre el autogobierno y cómo el proceso autonómico influyó en los discursos del PCE, PSA y PSOE. En el segundo capítulo, planteamos la perspectiva teórica que guía la tesis, basada en la construcción social de la realidad, la teoría de marcos y los contextos de micromovilización. Seguidamente, el capítulo tercero está dedicado a la metodología. Atendiendo a la problemática de las fuentes (estado, localización, tipología), tratamos las dificultades del acceso a los archivos, la importancia de la historia oral y una visión general de las entrevistas recogidas. En cuarto lugar, desarrollamos un estado de la cuestión doble. Por un lado, analizando la literatura científica existente sobre movimientos sociales urbanos en Europa (concretamente Portugal) y América Latina (Chile). También, exponiendo el caso de España y sus diferentes territorios. Por otro lado, explicando de qué manera se ha abordado el movimiento andalucista y su relación con el proceso autonómico. Tras explicar la historiografía tanto sobre los movimientos sociales urbanos como sobre el movimiento andalucista, empezamos a analizar las condiciones materiales de existencia (migraciones, transformaciones urbanas, etc) que favorecieron la aparición del asociacionismo vecinal. En este capítulo 5, tratamos además el papel de las redes sociales, el asociacionismo y la contribución al mismo de la Iglesia de base y fuerzas políticas antifranquistas, con su discursos y formas de actuación. A continuación, analizamos las alianzas, los repertorios de protesta y la defensa de la cultura popular por parte de las asociaciones vecinales. Finalmente, exponemos el desarrollo del movimiento vecinal en seis ciudades (Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Linares, Motril y Sevilla). En el capítulo 6, destacamos la contestación que sufren los últimos ayuntamientos franquistas, el papel de los concejales demócratas y el desgaste de alcaldes y concejales. A continuación, analizamos las elecciones municipales de 1979 y el grado de trasvase de activistas vecinales a los nuevos ayuntamientos. Para concluir, exponemos la evolución del movimiento vecinal en los años ochenta, con viejos y nuevos retos: problemática urbana en general, movilización a favor del Sí en el referéndum andaluz del 28 de febrero de 1980, defensa de los consumidores, movilizaciones anti OTAN e influencia en las políticas de participación ciudadana. Finalmente, en el capítulo 7, abordamos el movimiento andalucista y el proceso autonómico, desde la perspectiva de la construcción de una identidad andaluza en la esfera semipública (partidos políticos andalucistas, labor de intelectuales y periodistas, asociaciones culturales, colectivos andalucistas, iniciativas culturales, etc) y la esfera pública (movilizaciones de diciembre de 1977 y 1979, la campaña del referéndum del 28-F de 1980 y el desbloqueo del proceso autonómico). ; SUMMARY The first chapter contains a justification of the thread running through this doctoral thesis (the role of civil society), together with the hypotheses and main objectives: to underscore the importance of social networks, nuance the supposed neighbourhood demobilisation in 1980s, explain how certain discourses on self-government conditioned social mobilisation in favour of autonomy and how the autonomic process influenced the discourses of the PCE, PSA and PSOE. The second chapter outlines the theoretical perspective guiding the thesis, based on the social construction of reality, the theory of frameworks and micro-mobilisation contexts. The third chapter is devoted to the methodology. In accordance with the problems in the sources (condition, location and typology), it studies the difficulties in the access to archives and the importance of oral history and gives an overview of the interviews made. A double state of the art is developed in the fourth chapter. On one hand it analyses scientific literature on urban social movements in Europe (comissões/associações of the population in Portugal) and Latin America (people's movements in Chile). It also describes the case of the different regions in Spain. On the other hand, it explains how the Andalusianist movement has been approached and its relationship with the process of obtaining autonomy. After explaining the historiography both of urban social movements and the Andalusianist movement, the necessary material conditions (migration, urban changes, etc.) that favoured the emergence of neighbourhood associations will be analysed. The fifth chapter also discusses the role of social networks, associationism and the contribution of the ground-level Church and anti-Francoist political forces, with their discourses and ways of working. It goes on to study the alliances, repertoire of protests and the defence of popular culture by the neighbourhood associations. Finally, it describes the neighbourhood movement in six towns and cities (Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Linares, Motril and Seville). The sixth chapter highlights the opposition to the last Francoist town corporations, the role of democratic councillors and the wearing down of mayors and councillors. It then analyses the 1979 local elections and the degree of transfer of neighbourhood activists to the new corporations. To conclude, it describes the evolution in the neighbourhood movement in the 1980s, with old and new goals: urban problems in general, mobilisation in favour of the Yes vote in the Andalusian referendum on February 28th 1980, consumer protection, anti-NATO mobilisations and influence in policies of citizen participation. Finally, seventh chapter addresses the Andalusianist movement and the autonomic process, from the viewpoint of the construction of an Andalusian identity in the semi-public sphere (Andalusianist political parties, the work of intellectuals and journalists, cultural associations, Andalusianist collectives, cultural initiatives, etc.) and in the public sphere (mobilisations in December 1977 and 1979, the campaign for the referendum on February 28th 1980 and unblocking the autonomic process). ; Tesis Univ. Granada.
Zusammenfassung Der Iran besitzt zwölf UNESCO-Biosphärenreservate, die reich an einmaligen Natur- und Kulturschätzen und hohem menschlichen Potenzial aus verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen sind. Die ersten neun Biosphärenreservate wurden frühzeitig mit den ersten Biosphärenreser-vaten der Welt im Jahr 1976 gegründet, die auch gleichzeitig andere Kategorien der Schutz-gebiete im Iran wie Nationalparks, geschützte Lebensräume für Wildtiere und Naturschutzge-biete beinhalten und bis heute unter ihrem alten Status verwaltet werden. Damit entsprechen sie nicht den aktuellen internationalen Anforderungen an Biosphärenreservate und besteht die Gefahr, dass diese Gebiete in baldiger Zukunft ihre natürlichen und kulturellen Werte verlie-ren und irreversibel beschädigt werden. Diese Studie untersucht und bewertet die zwei exemplarisch ausgewählten iranischen Bio-sphärenreservate Golestan und Dena unter Berücksichtigung der UNESCO-Kriterien, unter anderem die Ziele und Grundlagen der Sevilla-Strategie und der Internationalen Leitlinien für das Weltnetz der Biosphärenreservate (1995). Das Biosphärenreservat Golestan wurde im Jahr 1976 gegründet und ist somit eines der ältesten Biosphärenreservate des Irans. Bei dem im Jahre 2010 gegründeten Biosphärenreservat Dena, handelt es sich um das jüngste Biosphä-renreservat im Iran zu Beginn der Studie. Beide Schutzgebiete sind gebirgig und beinhalten die wichtigsten Waldökosysteme mit einer großen Biodiversität. Das Biosphärenreservat Golestan befindet sich im Nordosten des Irans im östlichsten Teil des Elburs-Gebirge und Dena liegt im zentralen Zagros-Gebirge im Westiran. Für den methodischen Ansatz dieser Studie wurde ein Methodenmix aus qualitativen Elemen-ten: Oral History, Interviews, offenen Fragen und Teilnehmender Beobachtung und quantita-tiven Elementen: SWOT-Analyse (engl. Akronym für Strengths (Stärken), Weaknesses (Schwächen), Opportunities (Chancen) und Threats (Bedrohungen) und Auswertung der Fra-gebögen mit Hilfe des statistischen Programms SPSS20 angewendet. Die untersuchten Gruppen bestanden gemäß der jeweiligen Analyse aus Experten des De-partments für Umwelt (DoE) in Teheran, den Provinz-Umweltschutzbehörden von Golestan und Kohgiluye und Boyer Ahmad, Akademikern, der Nationale Commission for UNESCO in Teheran, Zeitzeugen, lokaler Bevölkerung, Rangern, Umwelt-NGOs (engl. Non-Governmental Organization), dem Tourismus-Sektor und den Umwelt-Medien. Die Ergebnisse in dieser Studie zeigen, dass die Entwicklung der iranischen Biosphärenreser-vate seit ihrer Gründung 1976 bis heute von den Veränderungen der wirtschaftlichen, politi-schen und gesellschaftlichen Situation des Irans und demzufolge von den Veränderungen in der Organisationsstruktur des Departemants für Umwelt (DoE) und der Prioritätensetzung in Bezug auf die Gesetze zu Umwelt- und Naturschutz beeinflusst wurden. Überdies stellen die Ergebnisse dar, dass in den beiden untersuchten Biosphärenreservaten Golestan und Dena hinsichtlich der internationalen UNESCO-Kriterien und Richtlinien ver-gleichsweise ähnliche Defizite und Mängel bestehen: • fehlende nationale Rechtsstruktur für die Biosphärenreservate im Iran, • fehlender Managementplan für Biosphärenreservate und somit auch schwaches Mana-gementsystem der Biosphärenreservate, • Mangel an Kenntnissen über Biosphärenreservate, • beschränkte Beteiligung an den Angelegenheiten der Biosphärenreservate seitens aller untersuchten Gruppen – von der lokalen Bevölkerung bis hin zu den staatlichen Ent-scheidungsträgern und • ungenügende Zusammenarbeit zwischen Staat und Interessengruppen in diesen Gebie-ten. Ebenso wurde in dieser Studie versucht, konkrete Lösungsansätze zur Verwirklichung der Ziele der Biosphärenreservate bzw. der Verbesserung ihrer aktuellen Situation zu empfehlen. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es erforderlich, dass Gesetze für die Biosphärenreservate auf nationaler Ebene definiert und die vorhandenen Biosphärenreservate im Iran gründlich nach internationalen Kriterien untersucht und mit einem systematischen Managementplan auf wis-senschaftlicher Grundlage verwaltet werden. Des Weiteren benötigen diese Gebiete für ihre Funktionalität eine Erhöhung und Verbesserung der Kenntnisse über die Biosphärenreservate der aktiven Personen, sowie der Kooperation und Kommunikation zwischen allen zuständigen Behörden und Interessengruppen. Hiermit soll allen sozialen, kulturellen, geistigen und wirt-schaftlichen Anliegen der Interessengruppen, vor allem aber der lokalen Bevölkerung, Rech-nung getragen werden, entsprechend dem weltweiten Ansatz der UNESCO-Biosphärenreservate. ; Summary Iran consists of twelve UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, rich in unique natural and cultural treasures, with high human potentials of various ethnic groups. The first nine biosphere re-serves were established along with the world's first biosphere reserves in 1976. These reserves included other categories of protected areas in Iran, such as national parks, wildlife refuge and conservation areas, and are still managed under their old status. As a result, these areas do not comply with the current international requirements for biosphere reserves, while posing a risk of losing their natural and cultural values, and being irreversibly damaged in the near future. This study examines and evaluates the two exemplarily selected Iranian biosphere reserves Golestan and Dena, taking into account the UNESCO criteria, including the objectives and foundations of the Seville Strategy and the International Guidelines for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (1995). The biosphere reserve Golestan was founded in 1976, and is thus one of the oldest biosphere reserves in Iran, while the biosphere reserve Dena, founded in 2010, was the youngest biosphere reserve in Iran when this study was initiated. Both of these protected areas are mountainous and rich in important forest ecosystems with a high biodiversity. The biosphere reserve Golestan is located in northeastern Iran, on the east of Alborz Mountain Chains; and the biosphere reserve Dena is located in Zagros Mountain Chains in western Iran. For the methodological approach of this study, a mix of qualitative and quantitative analysis was used. Qualitative elements include: oral history, interviews, open questions and partici-pant observation, while quantitative elements contain: SWOT analysis (Strengths -Weaknesses -, Opportunities and threats ) and evaluation of the questionnaires using the statistical program SPSS20. According to the analysis, the groups studied were experts from the Department of the Envi-ronment in Tehran (DoE), the Provincial Environmental Protection Authorities of Golestan and Kohgiluye and Boyer Ahmad, academics, the Tehran National Commission for UNESCO, eyewitnesses, local people, rangers, the environment NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization), the tourism sector and the environmental media. The results of this study show that the development of the Iranian biosphere reserves since its establishment in 1976, has been influenced by changes in Iran's economic, political and social situation, and consequently, by changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Environment (DoE) and the priorities of Environmental and Nature Conservation Legislation. Moreover, the results show that in the two biosphere reserves under review, Golestan and Dena, there are comparatively similar deficiencies as well as deficits regarding the Interna-tional UNESCO Criteria and Guidelines: • Absence of a national legal structure for the biosphere reserves in Iran; • Missing management plan and thus weak management system of biosphere reserves; • Lack of knowledge about the biosphere reserves; • Limited participation in the affairs of the biosphere reserves by all groups studied —from the local population to the state decision-makers; and • Insufficient cooperation between the state and interest groups in these areas. Likewise, this study attempts to recommend concrete solutions for achieving the goals of the biosphere reserves in order to improve their current situation. In this context, it is necessary for biosphere reserve laws to be defined at the national level and for existing biosphere reserves in Iran to be scrutinized according to the International Cri-teria and managed on a scientific basis using a systematic management plan. Furthermore, these areas need to improve their knowledge of biosphere reserves, increase their active persons, as well as the cooperation and communication between all competent authorities and stakeholders, in order to become more functional. This is intended to respond to the social, cultural, spiritual and economic concerns of stakeholders, and especially those of the local population, in line with the global approach of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.
El origen de esta reflexión escrita es un curso de doctorado impartido en la ETSA de Sevilla desde el año 1994 hasta la actualidad, por la profesora Dra. M.Cruz Aguilar y por la autora de este artículo, y que se trazó como objetivo encontrar relaciones de afinidad entre las Artes Plásticas y la Arquitectura a lo largo del s.XX. Es necesario aclarar, antes de seguir adelante, que, además de nuestras habituales sesiones teóricas, el curso se ha venido enriqueciendo todos estos años con la participación de numerosos invitados de diversas procedencias, artistas casi todos ellos en activo y que con su testimonio personal nos han ilustrado de una manera fehaciente la evidencia de estas relaciones arte-arquitectura. Así, y entre otros, Enric Miralles y Juan Lacomba nos visitaron por separado en el bienio 1994-5, Juan Navarro Baldeweg lo hizo en 1998, en el año 1999 estuvo en nuestras tertulias Guillermo Pérez Villalta y, por último, en Enero de este año estuvo con nosotras la escultora vienesa Eva Lootz. Por otro lado, el soporte teórico del curso se ha planteado a modo de recorrido, que pretendía ser crítico y reflexivo, por los principales acontecimientos del panorama artístico del siglo XX. Es evidente que son los procesos de pensamiento que subyacen en cualquier hecho artístico, materializado en una obra de arte concreta, los encargados, en última instancia, de justificarlo. En este sentido, tan válida sería la obra de enfoque objetivo-racionalista (cubistas, puristas, suprematistas, neoplasticistas, constructivistas,. hasta los high-tech) como las aparentemente más subjetivas o irracionales (fauves, expresionistas, dadaístas, surralistas, organicistas, . incluso postmodernos y deconstruccionistas). Un segundo gran capítulo abordado en el curso ha sido el relativo a las denominadas vanguardias históricas, es decir, a todas las tendencias artísticas o -ismos acontecidos básicamente hasta mediados de los años treinta. Esta etapa supuso un enriquecimiento mutuo de los diferentes artistas y de sus respectivos lenguajes plásticos; el agruparse en asociaciones los llevó a reflejar sus conclusiones en manifiestos cuyo objetivo último era una auténtica transformación de la sociedad. Al buscar relaciones, en esta etapa postbélica, entre arte y arquitectura, no podemos dejar de mencionar el Guggenheim Museum de Wright del 1959, auténtica arquitectura escultórica, pero tampoco y en la misma línea, la iglesia de Notre-Dame-du-Haut (1950-1955) de Le Corbusier. Lo mismo sucede con la obra más emblemática de Louis I. Kahn, el Parlamento de Dhaka en Bangladesh (1962-83), con sus extraordinarios efectos de luz, o con el Ayuntamiento de Säynätsalo (1952) de Aalto, donde la poética del paisaje y los materiales convierten a la obra en algo diferente y distante de la "modernidad radical"; algo parecido a lo que sucede con Eero Saarinen, Hans Scharoun o Utzon. Se trata de una etapa en la que en las artes plásticas se experimenta una evolución del expresionismo abstracto (Escuela de N. York) al Informalismo europeo y a la abstracción post-pictórica, para desembocar después en el Op Art y el Arte Cinético, y todo ello habiendo desaparecido por completo la estrecha vinculación entre artistas que se produjo en las vanguardias históricas de los años veinte y quedando, sólo, un sustrato cultural común que sirve de alimento para cualquier manifestación artística. ; The origin of this written reflection is a doctoral course given at the ETSA of Seville from 1994 to today, Dr. professor. M.Cruz Aguilar and the author of this article, and charted the goal of finding relations affinity between the fine arts and architecture along the s.XX. It is necessary to clarify, before proceeding, which, in addition to our usual theoretical sessions, the course has been enriched all these years with the participation of numerous guests from various sources, most of them artists active and with his personal testimony us They have been illustrated in a consistent manner the evidence of these relationships art-architecture. Thus, among others, Enric Miralles and Juan Lacomba we visited separately in the biennium 1994-5, Juan Navarro Baldeweg did in 1998, in 1999 it was in our gatherings Guillermo Pérez Villalta and finally, in January this year was with us Viennese sculptor Eva Lootz. On the other hand, the theoretical support of the course has been raised as a tour, pretending to be critical and reflective, for the main events of the twentieth century art scene. Clearly they are the thought processes that underlie any artistic fact, materialized in a concrete work of art, managers, ultimately, to justify it. In this sense, the work would be as valid goal-rationalist approach (Cubist, purist, Suprematist, neoplasticists, constructivist, . to the high-tech) as the apparently subjective or irrational (Fauves, Expressionists, Dadaists, surralistas, organismic, . even postmodern and deconstructionist). A second great chapter addressed in the course has been on the so-called historical avant-garde, that is, to all artistic trends isms occurred or basically until the mid-thirties. This stage was a mutual enrichment of different artists and their respective artistic languages; The grouped in associations led them to reflect their findings manifest whose ultimate goal was a true transformation of society. When looking for relationships, in this postwar period, between art and architecture, we can not fail to mention the Guggenheim Museum Wright 1959, authentic sculptural architecture, but also in the same line, the church of Notre-Dame-du-Haut ( 1950-1955) of Le Corbusier. The same applies to the most emblematic work of Louis I. Kahn, the Parliament of Dhaka in Bangladesh (1962-1983), with its extraordinary light effects, or the City of Säynätsalo (1952) Aalto, where the poetic landscape and materials make the work into something different and distant from the "radical modernity"; something like what happens with Eero Saarinen, Hans Scharoun or Utzon. It is a stage in the visual arts an evolution of abstract expressionism (School of N. York) Informalismo European and post-painterly abstraction to then flow into the Op Art and Kinetic Art is experienced, and all it having disappeared completely close link between artists that occurred in the historical vanguards of the twenties and being only a common cultural substrate that serves as food for any art form.
Hasta los años 90 del siglo pasado, la historiografía arqueológica del Suroeste de la Península Ibérica estuvo dominada por la tradición Histórico-Cultural, basada en el concepto normativo de Cultura, en explicaciones apoyadas en fósiles-directores, en derivaciones difusionistas, en inventarios descriptivos de objetos descontextualizados y en un discurso pautado por un normativismo de corte decimonónico. En este sentido, la cerámica, de lejos el registro arqueológico con mayor presencia, fue presentada en la literatura arqueográfíca como el fósil director más verosímil y como el principal referente arqueológico para la caracterización de horizontes culturales y cronológicos que desde el VI al II Milenio A.N.E. definían arqueográficamente lo que se denominaba Neolítico, Calcolítico y Edad del Bronce. Así pues, se desarrolló una línea de investigación alternativa mediante una propuesta teórica y metodológica que permitiese evaluar el ciclo económico de la cerámica, desde el aprovisionamiento hasta su desecho, en tres formaciones sociales coetáneas del III Milenio A.N.E.: Cabezo Juré (Alosno, Huelva), La Junta (Puebla de Guzmán, Huelva) y Valencina de la Concepción (Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla). En términos generales, los resultados de la investigación han puesto de manifiesto la existencia de dos modelos autónomos de organización económica y social de la actividad productiva alfarera en el Suroeste de la Península Ibérica durante el III Milenio A.N.E. En Cabezo Juré y La Junta, los datos apuntan a la existencia de un modelo alfarero realizado en el ámbito local, con una producción autosuficiente destinada a cubrir las necesidades básicas, y donde la dedicación al trabajo nunca sobrepasó la esfera del tiempo parcial. La producción alfarera en estos asentamientos debió ser una actividad al alcance de todos los miembros de la comunidad y el acceso a las materias primas no debió estar restringido, formando parte de unos recursos del entorno que serían apropiados de forma colectiva. Ello supone que esta actividad nunca alcanzó niveles de especialización e intensificación y que jamás se organizó bajo una división técnica y social del trabajo. No obstante, por el contrario, en Valencina de la Concepción, el estudio de las diferentes etapas del proceso productivo ha permitido plantear la posibilidad de la existencia de un modelo económico y social alternativo, organizado alrededor de unidades supradomésticas que evidencian ya un cierto grado de especialización económica. El análisis de la cerámica de Valencina de la Concepción muestra una lenta y paulatina tendencia hacia una mayor estandarización y especialización de sus procesos de producción, consecuencia de una mayor inversión de tiempo, trabajo y recursos en las tareas productivas, lo que provocó la homogeneización de los procedimientos técnicos, principalmente en los recipientes de mayor demanda. Asimismo, el surgimiento de la cerámica campaniforme en el repertorio ceramológico del poblado no presenta una ruptura completa en relación a la cerámica común, aunque muestra innovaciones en la tecnología (decoraciones con relleno de pasta blanca) y en el repertorio formal de los recipientes. Su valor social hace pensar que su producción ha obedecido a mecanismos de control político e ideológico, ya que surge asociada a contextos de consolidación y exhibición del poder de las elites que vivieron en Valencina de la Concepción. La existencia de varias tendencias productivas está asociada a la consolidación de un modelo de progresiva complejidad social y económica que adquiere su máxima expresión a partir de mediados del III Milenios A.N.E., caracterizado por el incremento de la producción y consecuente especialización de varios sectores artesanales. ; In order to evaluate the relationship between two complementary economic activities, pottery and metallurgy, we developed a theoretical and methodological approach for assessing the entire economic cycle of ceramic, from their procurement to consumption/use/discard, in three archaeological sites: Cabezo Juré (Alosno, Huelva), La Junta (Puebla de Guzmán, Huelva) and Valencina de la Concepción (Seville). . Methodologically, three complementary techniques from materials science were used: compositional analysis by ICP-MS and ICP-OES, petrographic analysis of ceramic thin-sections and mineralogical analysis by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). In specific cases, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with system of X-ray Energy Dispersive Microanalysis (EDS-SEM), electron microprobe analyser (EPMA) and porosity analysis were performed. The results of the investigation have revealed the existence of two autonomous models of economic and social organization of the pottery production in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula during the third millennium B.C.E. Specific data provided by Cabezo Juré and La Junta shows that the whole technological process was done at the local level, with a self-sufficient and expeditious production to meet the basic needs and where labour force never surpassed part-time intensity. The information available seems to indicate that pottery production would be an activity open to all community members and the access to raw materials would not be restricted, as part of the resources of the territory would be appropriated collectively. This means that this activity never reached levels of specialization and intensification and wasn't organized under a technical and social division of labour. This economic and social model of pottery production seems to have been widespread in the Iberian Peninsula from the beginning of the production economy. In Valencina de la Concepción the analysis of the different operational sequences of pottery production have allowed to raise the possibility of the existence of an alternative economic and social model. Apparently, during the first half of the third millennium B.C.E. a technological tradition was consolidated in Valencina de la Concepción that involved the incorporation of new technical innovations. In response to increased consumption demand, the production units had adopted uniform production processes that are reflected in the preferential selection of raw materials, standardization profiles, standardized manufacturing process, surface treatment and firing. The analysis of pottery shows a slow and gradual trend towards greater standardization and specialization of production processes, due to greater investment of time, labour and resources in productive tasks, which caused homogenization of technical recipes, mainly in vessels of greater demand. The emergence of bell beaker pottery in ceramic assemblage doesn't show a complete breakdown in relation to the utilitarian pottery since for its production the same areas of supply are used. However, the minor presence of bell beaker around Valencina de la Concepción leads us to consider that there was not such an intensive and full-time production but rather should be thought of as an extraordinary production, oriented exclusively for use in ceremonial moments. Its social value suggests that production has resulted from political and ideological mechanisms of control sponsored and managed by elites.
I loved La Man of La Mancha musicalso loved this statue in Madrid andthe Dulcinea stores on the road Turns out Spain is hot in mid/late June. Who would have thought it? Today's 109F in Seville may not be a new high for me--I forget if it ever got to 110 in ye olde Lubbock. But like Lubbock, it was not a very wet heat, so not nearly as unpleasant as a summer in NY in between college and grad school. Helps that the hotels and car have been nicely air conditioned unlike the apartment I stayed and unlike half of the subway cars. Anyhow, I am in Spain with Mrs. Spew on a long delayed anniversary trip/EISS conference. At the end of the road, I go to the European Initiative on Security Studies annual meeting. I have been to the ones in Lisbon and Paris, so, yeah, networking can be pretty terrific. And the aim is to build bridges between the CDSN and European defence/security folks. And to eat really, really well. So, before the conference, we started in Madrid, went to Toledo, Cordoba, and now Sevilla. We go to Ronda, Malaga, Granada, and Valencia before the conference in Barcelona. Surprisingly, this is our first Euro trip together. Parenthood and pethood and other stuff kept my wife from joining me on most work trips, although she did join me in Japan for part of my last sabbatical. I had a taste of Spain thanks to a week in between two Euro conferences in 2019, including the EISS in Paris. My wife's college Euro trips skipped Spain, so this is all new to her. So, what have we learned thus far? I will break it up into the cities we have seen thus far.Madrid:Maybe four museums in one day is a bit much? Prado had a lot of older art, Reina Sofia had some great Picassos and especially Dalis. The Naval Museum was interesting--not much mention of 1588, but I did learn that the Spanish Navy opted for the 100 duck-sized horses--small torpedo boats when dreadnoughts were becoming the fashion, and this helps to explain why they lost in 1898. The archeology museum was interesting, but man, were we tired.Some great food neighborhoods--just tapas place after tapas place after tapas place. I also went on a sangria run as I drank that stuff for every non-breakfast meal for a few days. We couldn't figure out how to get a metro card--the machines to load them were easy to figure out, but getting a card was not. So, we cabbed a lot. Toledo Do not drive in Toledo's old city. The roads are super narrow, so going in was a bit scary and leaving was positively nerve-wracking. We had to get a lot of help from the manager at the hotel to direct our compact but not tiny rental car into the garage. The next morning, every alarm on the car was blaring as we eked past a tight spot without scraping the mirrors. Yowza.I am pretty sure Inigo Montoya's father is from Toledo as knives and swords were the most popular tourist items. We went to a shop that made the real things, yet I still bought a touristy dagger, as the real thing would cost 1000 Euros. I will be unprepared for the zombies as a result. The Predator here was just one example of old artisan work--sharp steel stuff--meeting pop culture as Assassin's Creed dude was also in a window plus ohters.For a small old study, it had a lot of cobblestones and a lot of hills--I wore out Mrs. Spew as I tried to see the town from all the angles. Our hotel had a lovely terrace at the top, where I got to chat with a nice couple from Guatemala/Mexico. The husband offered me some wine, and it would have been rude to refuse. It was a very nice conversation, and I am glad I wandered up there.Right now, Toledo may be my favorite Spanish city, edging out my memories of Barclona.CordobaI was reminded that rival religions would put their new religious spot directly on top of the previous one to make theirs supreme.. for the moment. I learned that in Israel, and it applies here as well. Mezquita is a former Mosque where a cathedral was built over it. I wondered how the Muslim tourists felt about this. It was a beautiful and very different cathedral--more square, for one thing, and just amazing tiles and arches and design.Spain has its own French toast--torrejas! Yum. Not quite Hoshinos level, but outstanding.Lots and lots of olive groves and maybe orange tree groves in between the cities. Once I got out of Toledo, the driving got much less stressful. SevilleI forgot that Flamenco dancers are so very serious. I saw a show four years in Barcelona. This show here was much smaller and improvised apparently (Mrs. Spew didn't think it was as improvised as they said it was.)A dry heat is not as bad as a wet one--109 today was not great, but not awful. We did ok, and, yes, we did siesta. the Royal Alcazar had more and more gardens so much so that we got turned around. Good thing we had peacocks, peahens, and peakids to entertain us. Oh and tile, heaps and heaps of tile. Mrs Spew was expecting displays of armor, but we got heaps of tile instead. Had perhaps the best meal thus far. All of the food has been excellent, but the meal tonight competes well with the lunch we had at the place around the corner from our Toledo hotel. Just a special dinner of very small, very tasty dishes. Oh and silly names. So far, we have found great food, friendly people, beautiful art, and a lot of heat. Oh and some very true words:
L'oggetto di questa tesi è la peculiare comparsa del termine imperator in un numero esiguo, ma comunque significativo di documenti provenienti dal regno di Asturia e León e dalla Britannia del X secolo. Se già di per sé questa sorta di "incongruenza storica" cattura l'attenzione, il fatto che i due fenomeni imperiali siano praticamente contemporanei e si sviluppino in due contesti molto distanti nello spazio, senza un apparente collegamento, evidenzia l'opportunità di uno studio comparativo. Ad una più attenta analisi, non si può fare a meno di notare come, in entrambi gli ambiti, il secolo immediatamente precedente sia stato caratterizzato da un momento particolarmente favorevole per la cultura – el renacimiento asturiano e the alfredian renaissance – reso possibile dall'azione attiva di due monarchi, Alfonso III di Asturia e León (866-910) e Alfred di Wessex (871-899). Nelle corti di questi sovrani vennero redatte delle cronache (le Crónicas Asturianas e la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) nelle quali si proponeva una chiave di lettura della storia tesa a ricercare una nuova identità per i rispettivi popoli e si sottolineava il ruolo centrale delle rispettive dinastie regnanti. L'obiettivo della tesi è pertanto duplice: da una parte si desidera comprendere in quale modo e in quale senso sia stato utilizzato il termine imperator nella documentazione presa in esame, dall'altra si prova a capire quale peso ebbero le nuove identità etniche, religiose e territoriali, elaborate nelle già citate cronache, all'interno di questi fenomeni imperiali. Per una miglior resa dell'argomentazione si è deciso di dividere la tesi in due blocchi, il primo dedicato alle cronache del IX secolo e il secondo ai documenti in cui compare il titolo imperiale, risalenti al secolo successivo. A sua volta ciascun blocco si divide quindi in due capitoli, all'interno dei quali le tematiche vengono declinate nel caso ispanico e in quello anglosassone. La tesi si apre con la presentazione dei criteri impiegati nella selezione del corpus di "documenti imperiali" (Cap. 1) – nome con cui si definiscono i diplomi al cui interno compare il titolo di imperator – che ammontano ad un totale 38, di cui 20 asturiano-leonesi (privati e pubblici) e 18 anglosassoni (esclusivamente pubblici). A seguire viene fornito il contesto storico (Cap. 2) e lo status quaestionis (Cap. 3). Nel primo capitolo del primo blocco (Cap. 4) vengono trattate le tre cronache prodotte nella corte asturiano-leonese alla fine del IX secolo: conosciute anche come Crónicas Asturianas, sono intitolate rispettivamente Crónica Albeldense, Crónica Profetica e Crónica de Alfonso III. Per rendere il quadro qui esposto il più completo possibile si inizia trattando il patrimonio librario a disposizione degli autori delle cronache. A seguire si delineano i profili delle tre opere, soffermandosi in particolar modo sulla loro paternità e datazione. Si forniscono quindi indicazioni sulla tradizione manoscritta di queste cronache per poi tracciare un percorso tra le fonti. In questa parte si chiariscono concetti come quello di identità (etnica, religiosa e geografica), e si assiste alla comparsa di temi storiografici come quelli della Reconquista e del neogoticismo. Questi elementi costituiscono il punto di partenza per un ragionamento teso a far emergere il background ideologico comune a tutte e tre cronache. Nel corrispettivo capitolo inglese (Cap. 5) si delinea un profilo della produzione letteraria, in particolare storiografica, che ha caratterizzato le ultime due decadi del IX secolo anglosassone. Si inizia inquadrando gli uomini che formarono parte della cosiddetta alfredian reinassance per poi analizzare il ruolo avuto, all'interno di questo momento di rinascita culturale, dalle traduzioni in Old English delle grandi opere storiografiche. Infine, si propone una rilettura dell'unica opera storiografica scritta ex novo – l'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – dalla quale emerge come fil rouge il concetto di overlordship. Questo è il nome che gli studiosi moderni hanno dato all'autorità che alcuni re anglosassoni poterono esercitare al di sopra degli altri regni dell'isola: si trattava di una supremazia principalmente militare che portava un re, per periodi spesso brevi, ad imporre la propria sovranità – e talvolta dei tributi – a popolazioni diverse dalla propria. Questa idea di sovranità sovrapposta era già presente in Beda e viene recuperata dai cronisti anglosassoni che la ricollegano, in maniera evidente, alla dinastia dei re del Wessex, coniando per quei re che la detennero la parola bretwalda. A conclusione del primo blocco è presente un capitolo di confronto (Cap. 6) che permette di tirare le somme della prima metà della tesi. Si ribadiscono alcuni punti in comune tra i due casi di studio qui definiti "macrocongruenze": sia la Britannia che la Spania erano parte dell'impero romano, ma non di quello carolingio e subirono un'invasione durante l'Alto Medioevo (danesi/norvegesi la prima e islamici la seconda); in entrambi i casi la produzione di cultura scritta durante il IX secolo orbitava attorno alla figura del monarca; le cronache del periodo celebrano la dinastia regnante come elemento cardine della storia "nazionale" e così facendo ne legittimano l'autorità; fra le pagine di queste cronache vengono proposte nuove identità per entrambe le popolazioni. Tuttavia, al di là di queste evidenti somiglianze, si è notato come, all'interno della cronachistica, si sia arrivati a due modi particolari di rappresentare sé stessi, il proprio regno, il proprio popolo e il proprio contesto geografico. Sono queste differenze a suscitare un particolare interesse dal momento che, come è stato chiaro sin dalla sua fase embrionale, in nessun modo lo scopo di questa ricerca è l'omologazione: non si sta cercando di uniformare la storia inglese del IX e X secolo con quella spagnola dello stesso periodo, per quanto esse abbiano sicuramente dei punti in comune. Nel capitolo di confronto si riflette quindi sulle particolari soluzioni autorappresentative soluzioni a cui sono giunti i cronisti asturiani e anglosassoni riguardo a tre punti chiave: il recupero del passato, la concezione territoriale dell'ambiente geografico e la questione identitaria. Non si può infatti trascurare il differente peso che ebbero nei relativi ambiti il ricordo del regno visigoto e quello dell'Eptarchia anglosassone e dunque, rispettivamente, le opere di Isidoro di Siviglia e Beda il Venerabile. Sarebbe inoltre sbagliato non sottolineare le differenze tra le due nuove proposte identitarie: quella inglese su base spiccatamente etnica (Angelcynn) e quella ispanica su base principalmente religiosa (regnum Xristianorum). Non poteva infine mancare un paragrafo dedicato ai differenti rapporti tra i due ambiti studiati e il mondo carolingio contemporaneo. Nel secondo blocco vengono sviscerati i fenomeni imperiali. Il capitolo dedicato all'ambito ispanico (Cap. 7) si apre con una riflessione sulle varie figure di scriptores del regno di León e sul peso avuto dai formulari visigoti nella documentazione altomedievale. Al principio del corrispettivo capitolo inglese (Cap. 8) vengono invece presentati due casi di utilizzo del termine imperiale precedenti il X secolo: quello di sant'Oswald di Northumbria (634-642) nella Vita Sancti Columbae di Adomnano di Iona e quello di Coenwulf di Mercia (796-821) nel documento S153. Seguono due paragrafi dedicati alla documentazione di Edward the Elder (899-924) e Æthelstan (924-939) che mettono in luce un sostanziale sviluppo della titolatura regia, indice di un progressivo ampliamento dell'autorità di questi monarchi. Il centro di entrambi i capitoli del secondo blocco consiste nella dettagliata analisi dei documenti imperiali e nelle riflessioni che da questa scaturiscono. Nel caso spagnolo è possibile affermare con una certa sicurezza che l'uso del titolo imperator ebbe inizio con il figlio, Ordoño II, che lo attribuì al padre per rafforzare la propria posizione di re di León. Tra la morte di Ordoño II (924) e l'ascesa al trono di Ramiro II (931) il titolo cominciò ad essere adoperato anche nella documentazione privata, senza per questo scomparire da quella regia. Non è purtroppo possibile cercare di ricondurre il fenomeno imperiale ispanico alla figura di uno scriptor in particolare – a differenza del caso inglese –; va però fatto presente che alcuni testi risalenti alla seconda metà del secolo differiscono dai documenti di Ordoño II nell'impiego del termine, poiché questo viene usato in riferimento al re vivente, anziché al padre defunto. Il titolo, almeno all'inizio del X secolo, non sembra riflettere un'autorità superiore (per l'appunto imperiale), ma richiama la sua più antica accezione, quella di "generale vittorioso" e costituisce una prerogativa dei sovrani leonesi. Per quanto riguarda il fenomeno imperiale inglese, invece, è possibile individuare un punto di inizio nei famosi alliterative charters, probabilmente redatti da Koenwald di Worcester (928/9- 957), sulla cui paternità si discute lungamente nella tesi. Sembra chiaro che imperator altro non sia che la traduzione latina di quello che gli storici hanno definito overlord. Tramite l'impiego di tale titolo i sovrani anglosassoni hanno voluto rappresentare la loro crescente egemonia sugli altri regni dell'isola, rivendicando così un'autorità più territoriale che etnica. Occorre però far presente che l'uso della terminologia imperiale forma parte di quel più ampio processo di evoluzione della titolatura regia già iniziato con Edward the Elder. Queste riflessioni vengono poi messe in relazione con quelle del primo blocco e sviluppate nelle conclusioni (Cap. 9). Esse vertono su quattro punti fondamentali: l'uso del documento e della lingua latina nei due ambiti; la Britannia e la Spania come universi a sé; il significato di imperator nei due contesti documentari; la concezione territoriale come presupposto teorico e geografico di questo utilizzo. La lettura delle fonti ci permette di affermare che entrambi i contesti rappresentavano per i rispettivi sovrani degli universi idealmente a sé stanti. I sovrani leonesi e anglosassoni ereditarono dai loro predecessori non solo una "missione" politica – di riconquista per i primi e di controllo per i secondi –, ma anche una specifica concezione – diversa per ciascun caso – dell'ambiente geografico in cui si trovavano a operare. La Britannia del re-imperatore anglosassone è la Britannia di Beda, frammentata e divisa, eppure tutto sommato unita. La Spania dei re leonesi è la Spania di Isidoro, unita, omogenea, ma drammaticamente perduta. Tuttavia, per il caso spagnolo e nel periodo qui preso in esame, al titolo non venne mai accostato un riferimento spaziale che rimandasse ad un dominio su tutta la penisola. In quello inglese, invece, tale accostamento ci fu, ma il riferimento geografico alla Britannia non fu un'esclusiva del titolo imperiale. Possiamo quindi dire che, nel caso inglese, il titolo nacque per il bisogno di tradurre in latino un'autorità indiretta ed egemonica (come quella di un rex regum), e perse poi questo significato – e quindi l'uso –, quando la situazione politica del regno si modificò; nel caso spagnolo invece, avvenne un'elaborazione quasi simmetricamente opposta. Il titolo, inizialmente usato nel suo significato più antico di "generale vittorioso" o "signore potente", venne poi reinterpretato quando nell'XI e XII secolo cambiarono gli equilibri politici della penisola. In questo periodo troviamo infatti sovrani come Alfonso VI e Alfonso VII impiegare titolature quali imperator totius Hispaniae. In entrambi i casi, l'imperator venne inteso come sinonimo di rex regum, ma in due momenti diversi: ovvero quando ve ne fu effettivamente bisogno. La tesi è provvista di mappe e della bibliografia, divisa tra fonti e studi. Inoltre si è considerato utile aggiungere in appendice i testi dei documenti imperiali. ; The subject of this thesis is the peculiar presence of the term imperator in a small, but still significant, number of 10th century documents from the reign of Asturia and León and from Britain. The fact that these two "imperial phenomena" coexisted and developed in two very distant contexts, without an apparent connection, makes a comparative study necessary. Also, in both areas the previous century was characterized by a particularly favorable moment for culture - el renacimiento asturiano and the alfredian renaissance - made possible by the action of two monarchs, Alfonso III of Asturia and León (866-910) and Alfred of Wessex (871-899). In these sovereigns' courts, chronicles were drawn up (the Crónicas Asturianas and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle), proposing an interpretation of history which tend to seek a new identity for the respective peoples, highlighting the central role of the respective ruling dynasties. The aim of the thesis is therefore twofold: on the one hand, to understand in what way and in what sense the term imperator was used in the documentation examined; on the other hand, to estimate what weight the new ethnic, religious and territorial identities had within these imperial phenomena. For a better performance of the argument, it was decided to divide the thesis into two parts, the first dedicated to the chronicles of the 9th century and the second to the documents of the following century in which the imperial title appears. In turn, each part is divided into two chapters focused on Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon cases. The thesis opens with the presentation of the criteria used in the selection of the corpus (Ch. 1), which amounts to a total of 38 imperial documents, of which 20 Asturian-Leonese (private and public) and 18 Anglo-Saxon (exclusively public). The historical context (Ch. 2) and the status quaestionis (Ch. 3) are provided below. The first chapter of the first part (Ch. 4) deals with the three chronicles produced in the Asturian-Leonese court at the end of the 9th century. Also known as Crónicas Asturianas. they are respectively entitled Crónica Albeldense, Crónica Profetica and Crónica de Alfonso III. This chapter starts treating the Asturian library, available to the authors of the chronicles, and follows with the description of each chronicle, focusing on their paternity and dating. It then provides information about the manuscript tradition of each chronicle and it finally ends with an overall reading of the sources. Here, concepts such as identity (ethnic, religious and geographic) are clarified, and we observe the origin of historiographic themes such as those of the Reconquista and neo-Gothicism. These elements constitute the starting point for a reflection aimed at bringing out the ideological background common to all three chronicles. In the corresponding English chapter (Ch. 5) is outlined a profile of the literary production, in particular historiographic, which characterized the last two decades of the 9th century in England. We start by framing the men who formed part in the so-called alfredian reinassance and then analyze the role played in this moment of cultural rebirth by the translations in Old English of the great historiographic works. Finally, we propose a rereading of the only historiographic work written ex novo, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, where the concept of overlordship emerges as a common thread. Overlordship is the name that modern scholars have given to the authority that some Anglo-Saxon kings were able to exercise over other kings in the island. It is a predominantly military supremacy which leads a king, for often short periods, to impose his sovereignty - and sometimes tributes - on populations other than his own. This idea of overlapped sovereignty was already present in Beda and is recovered by the Anglo-Saxon chroniclers who relate it, explicity, to the dynasty of the kings of Wessex, coining for those kings who held it the term bretwalda. At the end of the first part there is a comparison chapter (Ch. 6) that draws the conclusions of the first half of the thesis. Some points in common (here called "macrocongruenze") between the two case studies are reiterated: both Britain and Spania formed part of the Roman Empire, but not of the Carolingian Empire and both suffered an invasion during the Early Middle Ages (Danes / Norwegians and Muslims); in both cases the production of written culture, during the 9th century, orbited around the figure of the monarch; the chronicles celebrate the reigning dynasty as the centre of "national" history to legitimize its authority; among the pages of these chronicles new identities are proposed for both populations. However, beyond these obvious similarities, it has been noted that the chronicles adopted two different ways of self-representing themselves, their kingdom, their people and their geographical context. The comparison chapter therefore reflects on three key points: the recovery of the past, the territorial conception of the geographical environment and the identity issue. In fact, we cannot neglect the different importance that the memory of the Visigoth kingdom and of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (and therefore, respectively, the works of Isidore of Seville and the Venerable Bede) had. It would also be wrong not to underline the differences between the two new identity proposals: the English one had a distinctly ethnic base (Angelcynn), while the Hispanic base was mainly religious base (regnum Xristianorum). The last paragraph if finally dedicated to the different relationships between the two areas studied and the contemporary Carolingian world could not be missing. In the second block imperial phenomena are examined. The chapter dedicated to the Hispanic context (Ch. 7) opens with a reflection on the various figures of scriptores of the kingdom of León and on the weight of Visigoth formulae in the early medieval documentation. At the beginning of the corresponding English chapter (Ch. 8) are presented two cases of a use of the imperial term preceding the 10th century: that of Saint Oswald of Northumbria (634-642) in the Adomnan of Hy's Vita Sancti Columbae of and that of Coenwulf of Mercia in the charter S153. These cases are followed by two paragraphs dedicated to Edward the Elder's and Æthelstan's documentation, which highlight a substantial development of the royal title, pointing out an expansion of the authority of these monarchs. The center of both the chapters of the second block consists in the detailed analysis of the imperial documents and in the reflections that arise from it. In the Spanish case, it is possible to affirm with some certainty that the use of the imperator title began with his son, Ordoño II, who attributed it to his father to strengthen his position as king of León. Between the death of Ordoño II (924) and the ascent to the throne of Ramiro II (931), the title also began to be employed into private documentation, without disappearing in the public one. Unfortunately, it is not possible, as it is in the English case, to trace the Hispanic imperial phenomenon back to a particular scriptor. However, it should be noted that some texts dating from the second half of the century differ from the charters of Ordoño II in the use of the term, adopting it in reference to the living king, rather than the deceased father. The title, at least at the beginning of the tenth century, does not seem to reflect a superior (or imperial) authority, but recalls its most ancient meaning, of "victorious general" and constitutes a prerogative of the Leonese sovereigns. As for the English imperial phenomenon, however, it is possible to identify a starting point in the famous alliterative charters, probably drawn up by Koenwald of Worcester (928/9- 957), whose authorship is largely discussed in the thesis. It seems clear that imperator is nothing but the Latin translation of what historians have called overlord. Through the use of this title, the Anglo-Saxon rulers wanted to represent their growing hegemony over the other kingdoms of the island, thus claiming a more territorial than ethnic authority. However, it should be noted that the use of imperial terminology forms part of the broader process of evolution of the royal title that started with Edward the Elder. These reflections are then related to those of the first part and developed in the conclusions (Ch. 9). They focus on four fundamental points: the use of the documentation and the Latin language in the two areas; Britain and Spania as self-contained universes; the meaning of imperator in the two documentary contexts; the territorial conception as a theoretical and geographical assumption of this use. Reading the sources allows us to affirm that both contexts represented universes ideally self-contained for their respective sovereigns. The Leonese and Anglo-Saxon rulers inherited from their predecessors not only a political "mission" - reconquering for the former and control for the latter -, but also a specific conception - different for each case - of the geographical environment in which they found themselves operate. The Britannia of the Anglo-Saxon king-emperor is Bede's Britannia, fragmented and divided, but spiritually united. The Spania of the Leonese kings is Isidoro's Spania, united, homogeneous, but dramatically lost. However, for the Spanish case in the period examined here, the imperial title was never related to a geographical reference; in the English one, the geographical reference to Britannia existed, but was not exclusive to the imperial title. We can therefore say that, in the English case, the title was born out of the need to translate into Latin an indirect and hegemonic authority (like that of a rex regum), and then lost this meaning - and therefore the use - when the political situation of the kingdom changed. In the Spanish case, conversely, an almost symmetrically opposite processing took place. The title, initially used in its oldest meaning as "victorious general" or "powerful lord", was reinterpreted in the 11th and 12th centuries, when the political balance of the peninsula changed. In this period, we find in fact rulers like Alfonso VI and Alfonso VII employing titles such as imperator totius Hispaniae. In both cases, the emperor was intended as a synonym for rex regum, but in two different moments - always when it was more needed. The thesis is equipped with maps and bibliography, divided between sources and studies. Furthermore, it was considered useful to add a final appendix with the texts of the imperial documents. ; El tema de esta tesis es la aparición peculiar del término imperator en un número pequeño, pero significativo, de documentos del siglo X procedentes de los reinos de Asturias y León y de Inglaterra. Si en sí mismo este tipo de "coincidencia histórica" capta la atención, el hecho de que los dos fenómenos imperiales sean prácticamente contemporáneos y se desarrollen en dos contextos muy distantes en el espacio, sin una conexión aparente, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de un estudio comparativo. Tras una ulterior búsqueda, no pasa desapercibido cómo, en ambas áreas, el siglo inmediatamente anterior se caracterizó por ser un momento particularmente favorable para la cultura – el renacimiento asturiano y the alfredian reinassence –, hecho posible por la acción de dos monarcas, Alfonso III de Asturias y León (866-910) y Alfred de Wessex (871-899). En los entornos de estos soberanos, se elaboraron crónicas (las Crónicas Asturianas y la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) que proponían una lectura de la historia destinada a buscar una nueva identidad para los respectivos pueblos, subrayando el papel central de las respectivas dinastías gobernantes. El objetivo de la tesis es, por lo tanto, doble: por un lado, se quiere entender de qué manera y en qué sentido se utilizó el término imperator en la documentación examinada y, por otro lado, tratamos de comprender qué peso tenían las nuevas identidades étnicas, religiosas y territoriales, dentro de estos fenómenos imperiales. Para una mejor presentación de los argumentos, se decidió dividir la tesis en dos bloques: el primero dedicado a las crónicas del siglo IX y el segundo a los documentos del siglo siguiente en los que aparece el título imperial. A su vez, cada bloque se divide en dos capítulos donde se desarrollan las temáticas en los casos hispanos y anglosajones. La tesis comienza con la presentación de los criterios utilizados para la selección del corpus de "documentos imperiales" (Capítulo 1) – los diplomas donde aparece el título de imperator –, que asciende a un total de treinta y ocho, veinte de los cuales son asturianos-leoneses (privados y públicos) y dieciocho anglosajones (exclusivamente públicos). El contexto histórico (Capítulo 2) y el status quaestionis (Capítulo 3) se proporcionan a continuación. En el primer capítulo del primer bloque (Capítulo 4) se presentan las tres crónicas producidas en la corte asturiano-leonesa a finales del siglo IX. También conocidas como Crónicas Asturianas, estas son la Crónica Albeldense, la Crónica Profética y la Crónica de Alfonso III. Para conseguir una visión lo más completa posible, comenzamos viendo los libros que los autores de las crónicas tenían a su disposición. A continuación, se analizan las tres obras, con una particular atención a su autoría y datación. Finalmente, proporcionamos indicaciones sobre la tradición manuscrita de estas crónicas y trazamos un camino entre las fuentes. En esta parte se van perfilando cuestiones cruciales, como la identidad (étnica, religiosa y geográfica), y temas historiográficos, como la Reconquista y el neogoticismo. Estos elementos constituyen el punto de partida para un razonamiento destinado a resaltar el trasfondo ideológico común a las tres crónicas. En el capítulo sucesivo (Capítulo 5) se traza un perfil de la producción literaria, en particular historiográfica, que caracterizó las últimas dos décadas del siglo IX anglosajón. Se comienza enmarcando a los hombres que formaron parte del llamado alfredian reinassance y analizando sucesivamente el papel desempeñado por las traducciones en Old English de las grandes obras historiográficas en este momento de renacimiento cultural. Finalmente, proponemos una nueva lectura de la única obra historiográfica escrita desde cero, la Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a partir de la cual el concepto de overlordship emerge como un hilo conductor. Este es el nombre que los eruditos modernos le han dado a la autoridad que algunos reyes anglosajones pudieron ejercer sobre los otros reyes de la isla. Es una supremacía predominantemente militar que lleva a un rey – a menudo por períodos cortos – a imponer su soberanía, y a veces tributos, a poblaciones distintas de la suya. Esta idea de soberanía superpuesta ya estaba presente en Beda y es recuperada por los cronistas anglosajones que la relacionan, evidentemente, con la dinastía de los reyes de Wessex, acuñando para aquellos reyes la palabra bretwalda. Al final del primer bloque hay un capítulo de comparación (Capítulo 6) que permite resumir las conclusiones de la primera mitad de la tesis. Se reiteran algunos puntos en común entre los dos estudios del caso: tanto Britannia como Spania formaron parte del Imperio Romano, pero no del Imperio Carolingio y sufrieron una invasión durante la Alta Edad Media (Daneses / Noruegos e islámicos); en ambos casos, la producción de cultura escrita durante el siglo IX orbitaba alrededor de la figura del monarca. Las crónicas resultantes de este período celebran la dinastía reinante como la piedra angular de la historia "nacional" y al hacerlo legitiman su autoridad; entre las páginas de estas crónicas se proponen nuevas identidades para ambas poblaciones. Sin embargo, más allá de estas similitudes obvias, se ha observado que dentro de las crónicas ha habido dos formas particulares de representación de sí mismos, de su reino, de su gente y de su contexto geográfico. Son estas diferencias las que despiertan un interés particular, ya que, como ha quedado claro desde el principio, no hay absolutamente ningún intento de homologar la historia inglesa de los siglos IX y X con la historia española del mismo período, aunque sin duda tienen puntos en común. Por lo tanto, el capítulo de comparación reflexiona sobre las particulares formas de auto-representación proporcionadas por los cronistas asturianos y anglosajones y se centra en tres puntos clave: la recuperación del pasado, la concepción territorial del entorno geográfico y la cuestión relativa a la identidad. De hecho, no podemos descuidar el peso diferente que tuvo el recuerdo del reino visigodo y el de la Heptarquía anglosajona y, por lo tanto, respectivamente, las obras de Isidoro de Sevilla y de Beda la Venerable. También sería un error no subrayar las diferencias entre las dos nuevas propuestas de identidad: la inglesa, con una base claramente étnica (Angelcynn) y la hispana, con una base principalmente religiosa (regnum Xristianorum). Finalmente, no podía faltar un párrafo dedicado a las diferentes relaciones entre las dos áreas estudiadas y el mundo carolingio contemporáneo. En el segundo bloque se examinan los fenómenos imperiales. El capítulo dedicado al contexto hispano (Capítulo 7) comienza con una reflexión sobre las diversas figuras de los scriptores del reino de León y sobre el peso de las fórmulas visigodas en la documentación altomedieval. Al comienzo del capítulo correspondiente en inglés (Capítulo 8) se presentan dos casos de uso del término imperial anterior al siglo X: el de San Oswald de Northumbria (634-642) en la Vita Sancti Columbae de Adomnano de Iona y el de Coenwulf de Mercia (796-821) en el documento S153. Siguen dos párrafos dedicados a la documentación de Edward the Elder (899-924) y Æthelstan (924-939), donde se destaca un desarrollo sustancial del título real que indica una expansión de la autoridad insular de estos monarcas. El centro de ambos capítulos del segundo bloque consiste en el análisis detallado de los documentos imperiales y en las reflexiones que surgen de esto. En el caso español se puede concluir que, aunque hay rastros de un empleo del título imperial en la documentación de Alfonso III, es posible afirmar con cierta certeza que el uso del título imperator comenzó con su hijo, Ordoño II (914-924), quien lo atribuyó a su padre para fortalecer su posición como rey de León. Entre la muerte de Ordoño II (924) y el ascenso al trono de Ramiro II (931), el título también pasó a la documentación privada, sin desaparecer de la pública. Desafortunadamente, no es posible, como en el caso inglés, tratar de rastrear el fenómeno imperial hispano hasta la figura de un escritor en particular. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que algunos textos que datan de la segunda mitad del siglo difieren de los documentos de Ordoño II en el uso del término, ya que se emplea en referencia al rey vivo y no al padre fallecido. El título, al menos a principios del siglo X, no parece reflejar una autoridad superior (precisamente imperial), pero recuerda su significado más antiguo, el de "general victorioso" y constituye una prerrogativa de los soberanos leoneses. En cuanto al fenómeno imperial inglés, por otro lado, es posible identificar un punto de partida en los famosos alliterative charters, probablemente producidos por Koenwald de Worcester (928/9- 957), cuya autoría se discute extensamente en la tesis. Parece que imperator no es más que la traducción latina de lo que los historiadores han llamado overlord. Mediante el uso de este título, los gobernantes anglosajones querían representar su creciente hegemonía sobre los otros reinos de la isla, reclamando así una autoridad más territorial que étnica. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que el uso de la terminología imperial forma parte de ese proceso más amplio de evolución del título real que ya comenzó con Edward the Elder. En las conclusiones (Capítulo 9) se relacionan estas reflexiones con las del primer bloque desarrollándolas. Se centran en cuatro puntos fundamentales: el papel del documento y del idioma latino en las dos áreas; Britannia y Spania como universos en sí mismos; el significado de imperator en los dos contextos documentales y, por último, la concepción territorial como una premisa teórica y geográfica de este empleo de la terminología imperial. Tras leer las fuentes podemos afirmar que ambos contextos representaban, a los ojos de sus respectivos soberanos, universos dentro del universo. Los gobernantes leoneses y anglosajones heredaron de sus predecesores no solo una "misión" política – de reconquista para los primeros y de control para los segundos – sino también una concepción específica, diferente para cada caso, del entorno geográfico en el que se encontraban. La Britannia del rey-emperador anglosajón es la Britannia de Beda, fragmentada, dividida y, sin embargo, unida. La Spania de los reyes leoneses es la Spania de Isidoro, unida, homogénea, pero dramáticamente perdida. Sin embargo, para el caso español, en el período examinado aquí, nunca se encuentra el título imperial en relación a una referencia territorial que evoque un dominio sobre toda la península. En el inglés, sin embargo, existía este uso, pero la referencia geográfica a Britannia no era exclusiva del título imperial. Por lo tanto, podemos decir que, en el caso inglés, el título nació de la necesidad de traducir al latín una autoridad indirecta y hegemónica (como la de un rex regum), y luego perdió este significado – y su uso – cuando la situación política del reino cambió. En el caso español, sin embargo, tuvo lugar un procesamiento casi simétricamente opuesto. El título, utilizado inicialmente en su significado más antiguo como "general victorioso" o "señor poderoso", fue reinterpretado más tarde cuando el equilibrio político de la península cambió en los siglos XI y XII. En este período encontramos, de hecho, gobernantes como Alfonso VI y Alfonso VII que emplean títulos como imperator totius Hispaniae. En ambos casos, imperator fue concebido como sinónimo de rex regum, pero en dos momentos diferentes; cuando realmente se necesitaba. La tesis está provista de mapas y bibliografía, dividida entre fuentes y estudios. Además, se consideró útil agregar los textos de los documentos imperiales al apéndice.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la arqueología virtual como una de las metodologías empleadas en los proyectos desarrollados en el marco de la línea de investigación "Arqueología de las órdenes militares" y que desde hace unos años se lleva a cabo desde la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha en colaboración con la Fundación Castillo de La Estrella. Su objetivo es el estudio de estas instituciones en el marco de la Edad Media y desde la perspectiva de la cultura material aunando el análisis del patrimonio arqueológico y de las fuentes documentales. En este sentido, la arqueología virtual, entendida como la "aplicación de la visualización asistida por ordenador a la gestión integral del patrimonio arqueológico" ha sido incorporada como una metodología más con el fin no sólo de servir como herramienta de difusión y comunicación, tanto para especialistas como para el público general; sino también como un medio a partir del cual orientar y complementar el proceso de investigación. Presentamos el proceso metodológico en la aplicación de la arqueología virtual a varios casos de estudio de elementos patrimoniales relacionados con las órdenes de Santiago, Calatrava y San Juan, como son el Castillo de la Estrella (Montiel, Ciudad Real), la fortaleza y el convento de Uclés (Uclés, Cuenca) y el hospital santiaguista de Alarcón (Alarcón, Cuenca), entre otros. Así mismo, plantearemos las dificultades y ventajas de la aplicación de la arqueología virtual, especialmente en el sentido de herramienta en el proceso de investigación para el desarrollo del debate; el planteamiento de preguntas y búsqueda de soluciones; la plasmación de hipótesis; y la orientación de proyectos futuros.Lo más destacado:Planteamiento de la arqueología virtual como metodología útil en la investigación interdisciplinar del patrimonio de las órdenes militares: pros y contras, problemas y soluciones.Proceso y resultado de la aplicación de la arqueología virtual en varios estudios vinculados a las órdenes militares: castillos, conventos, hospitales o explotaciones rurales.Desarrollo de la investigación a través del uso de la arqueología virtual: generando interrogantes y buscando respuestas. ; Extended Abstract:The objective of this paper is to show the virtual archaeology as one of the methodologies applicated in the research line "Archaeology of the military orders" developed for some years by the University of Castilla-La Mancha in collaboration with the Fundación Castillo de la Estrella.The military orders are very important institutions for the study of the Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula. Because of that, there is a rich literature which approaches many aspects of these institutions: their origins and evolution; organisation; economic dimension; social reality. In contrast, the studies which have focused on the heritage linked to these orders have not had the same degree of development. This lack has motivated the creation of this important research line, where several specialists from different disciplines such as history, archaeology, architecture or restoration try to focus on the research of the military orders heritage, mainly in the region of Castilla-La Mancha. Thus, our research line is based on an interdisciplinary methodology, combining traditional practice with new technologies, like the virtual archaeology, which is described as the "using computer-based visualisation for the comprehensive management of archaeological heritage" (Principios de Sevilla, 2012).Virtual archaeology as a research methodologyThere are several applications for the virtual archaeology, but we could summarize them in three: research, conservation and restoration, and communication. In this paper, we focused on the first of them. We have worked with virtual archaeology in several cases such as the Castle of La Estrella (Montiel, Ciudad Real), the fortress and priory of Uclés (Uclés, Cuenca) or the hospital of Santiago of Alarcón (Alarcón, Cuenca), and we can say that this methodology has contributed to progress in the knowledge of all the elements which have been recreated. In the creation process of a virtual model, it is necessary to collect all information and data as are possible of the element on which we work. In this process, a lot of questions about several aspects appears, and we must try to find responses. In this way, we discover things which probably never would have been approached without this process. Furthermore, the virtual archaeology is an excellent method to sketch and discuss different hypothesis. It is a visual language with whom the specialists could show their ideas as support of the traditional text formats or other graphics sources as photos or plans.WorkflowOur workflow is similar toot her projects of virtual archaeology. Before to start to work, is important to think about the objective of the model. For example, there are a lot of differences between a simple model to sketch the possible spatial disposition of a building in the research discussion, and a recreation to show to the public. Then, we can start to work in a process which can be summarized in these steps:Compilation of all the documents, information and data as are possible about the element to recreate.Discussion about several aspects of the model as the plan, materials, constructive technics, decoration, landscape, etc. Is interesting to use sketches or drawings before starting to work in the 3D model.Design of the 3D model starting with the general aspects as the spatial disposition of the different elements, its size or the main details, and after that, work with the specific elements, decorations or contextual items (in recreations).Texturize the different objects of the model. It is important to work with the correct materials. In this way, we try to use the real textures of the archaeological elements when we have them.Integrate the model in a correct context: topography, landscape, people and animals, furniture, etc. These aspects will be present with a different degree of detail depending on the objective of the virtual model.The last step is the creation of various sources as images, videos, interactive application, etcTo preserve the scientific transparency is important to show the degree of evidence of the different elements of the model. An option is to use a colour scale like the one which has been developed by Aparicio Figueiredo (2016) which reflects the origin of the data and the degree of historical and archaeological evidence that we have.It is important to point out that the discussion between the specialists must be present in all these steps.ConclusionsThe virtual archaeology is a growing methodology in the heritage management sphere. As a communication tool, it is an excellent language to show ideas to the general and the specialised public. But this has many possibilities in other fields such as conservation and restoration, and research. As with any other methodology, it is necessary to create scientific criteria and rules for it use, a process which has already started with the creation of the Seville Principles. Now, is the turn of the researches and heritage specialists to do a correct use of this tool and develop its multiple possibilities.
In: The economic history review, Volume 11, Issue 2, p. 322-379
ISSN: 1468-0289
Books reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINMargaret Gay Davies. The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship 1363–1642.Maurice Cranston. John Locke, a biography.Desmond Clarke. Arthur Dobbs Esquire 7689‐/765.Donald Read. Peterloo. The'Massacre'and its Background.Berisfords. The Ribbon People. The Story of 100 Years 1858–1958.Julian Symons. The General Strike.Julian Symons.The General Strike.Richard Jones. An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation.FRANCEMIDDLE AGESGeorges Duby and Robert Mandrou. Histoire de la civilisation frangaise.Henri Rolland. Monnaies des comtes de Provence, Xlle–XVe siècles, Histoire monétaire, économique et corporative, description raisonnee.Edouard Salin. La civilisation mérovingienne ? après les sépultures, les textes et le laboratoire, Hie partie, Les techniques.Francois de Fontette. Rechetches sur la pratique de la vente immobilière dans la région parisienne au Moyen âge.P. Lemerle. 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Tome VII, Construction Graphique.Gentil da Silva. Stratégie des Affaires à Lisbomu entre et 1607. Lettres Mar‐chandes des Rodrigues ? Evora et Veiga.Robert Paris. Histoire du commerce de Marseille. Tome V. De 1660 à 1789. Le Levant.Albert Louonon. Vile Bourbon pendant la Régence.Alexandre Chabert. Structure économique et théorie monétaire. Essai sur le comportement monétaire dans les pays sous‐développés.Robert Ricard (Ed.). Mazagan et le Maroc sous le règne du Sultan Moulay Zidan (1608‐1627). D'après le'Discurso'de Gonçalo Coutinho, gouverneur de Mazagan (1629).Bernard Schnapper. Les rentes au XVIe siêcle. Histoire d'un instrument de cridit.Marcel Giraud. Histoire de la Louisiane Francaise. Vol. II. Années de Transition (1715–1717)Leopold Chatenay. Vie de Jacques Esprinchard, Rochelais, et Journal de ses voyages au XVIe siècle.Pierre Jeannin. Les marchands au XVle siècle.A. E. Mankov. Le Mouvement des Prix dans ľ Etat Russe du XVIe Siècle.UGO Tucci. 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Approches, essais ? histoire êconomique et sociale de la Gascogne.Jean Labasse. Le Commerce des soies à Lyon sous Napoléon et la crise de 1811.Jean Vidalenc. Ľ industrie dans les départments normands à la fin du Premier Empire.Paulette Seignour. La vie économique du Vaucluse de 1815 à 1848.Patricia van der Esch. La deuxième internationale (1889–1923).Jacques Chastenet. Histoire de la troisième république, vol. IV, Jours inquiets et sanglants (1905–1918).H. Calvet. La société frangaise contemporaine.Henri Brunschwig.Ľ expansion allemande outre‐mer du XVeme siède à nos jours.Philippe Pinchemel. Structure sociale et dépopulation rurale dans les campagnes picardes de 1836 it 1936.MODERN AGRARIAN HISTORYGERMANYH. Brugger. Die schweizerische Landwirtschaft in der ersten Hälfte des 19 Jahr hunderts.Theo Keller. Leu & Co. 1755–1955‐ Denkschrift zum zweihundert jährigen Bestehen der Aktiengesellschaft Leu & Co. Zurich.Walter Kuhn. 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Umemura, M. Ito, and T. Noda. The Growth Rate of the Japanese Economy since 1878.F. C. Jones. Hokkaido. Its Present State of Development and Future Prospects.Hans Gerth (Edited & translated). The First International: Minutes of the Hague Congress of 1872 with related documents.
A joint political project between al-Ghazālī and his Andalusian pupil, Abū Bakr Ibn al-'Arabī concerning the government of Spain can be uncovered from the documentary evidence and some reasoning about the chronology. The idea was apparently to gain a foothold for al-Ghazālī with the Almoravid ruler Yūsuf Ibn Tāshufín. Our conclusions about the existence of a political project are supported by documents which have been available for some time: the fatwā al-Ghazālī wrote in support of Yūsuf, the letter he wrote to Yūsuf praising Abū Bakr Ibn al-'Arabī and the letter he obtained from the caliph, all of which can be compared with al-Turtushī's letter to Yūsuf on the same subjects. The connecting idea is that this is part of a political project which would rely on a power base in the peninsula, most notably the Sufi militants and the previous ruling elite of the Taifa kings (Ibn 'Arabī's father had served Al-Mu'tamid, Prince of Seville). Al-Ghazālī's writings provide an ideological cement for this political alliance in that they praise sufism and criticize taqlīd, which was the standard approach to law used by the jurists who staffed the Almoravid hierachy. Because al-Ghazālī's discourse is far above the intellectual level of the ordinary jurist, either because they provided no immediate profit or because of the practical difficulty for simple people to get books and teachers on these subjects. Hence al-Ghazālī's discourse remains the property of an intellectual elite which is at the same time a social and economic elite, fluent in literary Classical Arabic and distilling the intellectual gains of many generations of educated Andalusians. To confront this group, the Almoravid jurists represented the urban middle class and could arouse the urban mob in their favor. Motivated by fear that the combination of Ibn al-'Arabī and al-Ghazālī could replace him in power, the most prominent among them, Ibn Hamdīn of Cordoba, was able to orchestrate the official burning of Al-Ghazālī's Iḥyā' throughout the realm. Thus we find that the conflict between these two groups was well defined even before Almohad rebellion in North Africa provided the intellectual elite a military champion. The intellectual elite in turn provided the North African Almohads with administrators and an ideology. Al-Ghazālī was identified as an enemy of the Almoravid regime even before Ibn Tūmart, the founder of the Almohad movement, returned from the East to launch his rebellion against the Almoravids from the Atlas mountains. We propose some changes in the previous picture of Al-Ghazālī's whereabouts at different times. Scholars have already accepted a basic modification of the idea that he left Baghdad definitively after he stopped giving his lectures to huge audiences at the Nizāmiyya school because they noticed that Abū Bakr Ibn al-'Arabī says he was tutored by Al-Ghazālī for two years in Baghdad after that period. Now we would like to draw attention to the fact that Ibn Khallikān says that Al-Ghazālī stayed in Alexandria, Egypt waiting for an answer from Yūsuf Ibn Tāshufīn. In the context of a shifting picture of the chronology of Al-Ghazālī's travels, the notion that Ibn Tūmart might have seen the famous scholar seems possible and even probable. ; A través de la documentación conservada y de una reflexión sobre la cronología, es posible descubrir la existencia de un proyecto político de al-Ghazālī y su discípulo andalusí, Abū Bakr Ibn al-'Arabī, con el propósito de ganar para al-Gazālī el favor del príncipe almorávide Yūsuf b. Tāšufīn. Los documentos que prueban la existencia de este proyecto se conocían desde hace algún tiempo: la fatwà que al-Gazālī escribió en apoyo de Yūsuf, la carta que le escribió en alabanza de Abū Bakr Ibn al-'Arabī y la carta que obtuvo del califa, todo lo cual puede compararse con la carta de al-Ṭurṭūšī a Yūsuf sobre los mismos asuntos. La idea que pone todo esto en conexión es que se trataba de un proyecto político con apoyo en la Península, sobre todo de los sufíes y de la elite de los reyes de Taifas (el padre de Ibn 'Arabī había servido a al-Mu'tamid de Sevilla). Los escritos de al-Gazālī suministraron una base ideológica a esta alianza política, puesto que alaban el sufismo y critican el taqlīd, la forma usual de interpretar la ley entre los juristas de la jerarquía almorávide. El discurso de al-Gazālī, muy por encima del nivel intelectual del jurista medio, se aceptó finalmente por la elite de los periodos califal y taifa que tenía interés en las ciencias naturales, la filosofía griega y la lógica. Estos temas eran innacesibles para el jurista medio, bien porque no procuraban un provecho inmediato, bien por la dificultad práctica de encontrar libros y profesores expertos en ellos. Por tanto, fue una elite intelectual (también social y económica) conocedora del árabe clásico y heredera de las adquisiciones intelectuales de muchas generaciones de andalusíes la que se apropió del discurso gazaliano. Frente a ese grupo, los juristas almorávides representaban a las clases medias urbanas y podían movilizar a su favor a las masas urbanas. El más importante de esos juristas, Ibn Ḥamdīn de Córdoba, temeroso de que la combinación de Ibn al-'Arabī y al-Gazālī le expulsara del poder, orquestó la quema oficial del Iḥyā' de al-Gazālī por todo el país. Así es posible observar que el conflicto entre esos dos grupos estaba bien definido incluso antes de que la rebelión almohade en el Norte de África proporcionase a la elite intelectual un adalid militar. A cambio, esa elite suministró a los Almohades una ideología y una clase administrativa. Al-Gazālī fue identificado como un enemigo del régimen almorávide incluso antes de que Ibn Tūmart, el fundador del movimiento almohade, volviese de Oriente para lanzar su rebelión contra los almorávides desde el Atlas.Proponemos algunos cambios en el panorama de las estancias de al-Gazālī en diferentes momentos. Se ha aceptado ya una modificación básica de la idea de que abandonó Bagdad definitivamente tras dejar de dar clases a gran número de personas en la Nizāmīya, al observarse que Abū Bakr Ibn al-'Arabī afirma haber estudiado con él en Bagdad dos años después. Aquí querríamos llamar la atención sobre el hecho de que Ibn Jallikān dice que al-Gazālī estuvo en Alejandría esperando una respuesta de Yusuf b. Tāšufīn. En el contexto de un panorama cambiante de la cronología de los viajes de al-Gazālī, la posibilidad de que Ibn Tūmart estuviera en contacto con él se convierte en una probabilidad.
El fenómeno migratorio de España a América ha sido clave para la evolución histórica de ambos territorios, provocando importantes cambios sociales, económicos, demográficos, políticos y culturales, en las dos orillas del Atlántico. Esta tesis doctoral analiza este proceso a lo largo del siglo XVII, contribuyendo así a llenar un hueco temporal aún no tratador y prestando especial atención al colectivo femenino para hacer visible su participación Para su realización se han empleado tres grupos de fuentes documentales: las licencias de embarque a Indias permiso indispensable para poder pasar de forma legal a Ultramar- custodiadas en el Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla, la correspondencia privada inserta en ellas y, por último, los expedientes de procesos inquisitoriales iniciados por el Santo Oficio Novohispano, ubicados en el Archivo General de la Nación de México; estos últimos con la finalidad de localizar a emigrantes españolas ya establecidas en el continente. Hemos recurrido al empleo de una metodología doble, cuantitativa y cualitativa, que nos ha permitido acceder no solo a la evolución de las migraciones en cifras sino también al lado más humano de estos movimientos poblacionales. Con este trabajo ha quedado constatado el importante número de desplazamientos que tuvo lugar a lo largo del Seiscientos, al haber contabilizado 39.897 emigrantes (33,20% respecto a todo el periodo colonial), especialmente durante las tres primeras décadas, alcanzando cifras nunca experimentadas con anterioridad. Los datos reflejan que la coyuntura de crisis experimentada en la mayoría de las áreas españolas, en contraposición al desarrollo de las colonias americanas, actuó como factor de expulsión. Asimismo, los cambios habidos en las relaciones y el tráfico comercial entre ambos continentes también tuvieron repercusiones en el caudal migratorio. Entre los capítulos tratados, hemos dado importancia al origen de los emigrantes. Estos fueron mayoritariamente andaluces, seguidos de extremeños, como venía ocurriendo en los siglos precedentes, y los destinos mayoritarios continuaron siendo Nueva España y Perú. Nos ha interesado, también, conocer el carácter colectivo de esta emigración; así sabemos que entre los años 1600-1630, la emigración tuvo un importante rasgo familiar: resultado de ello fue el traslado de gran cantidad de mujeres; en efecto, una cuarta parte del total de los emigrados en el siglo XVII fueron de sexo femenino, siendo su papel fundamental en las colonias americanas: destacó la presencia de solteras, debido al significativo número de hijas que viajaron junto a sus padres, así como de nodrizas y criadas. El estudio cualitativo nos ha permitido conocer en profundidad las motivaciones femeninas para partir, así como los temores experimentados por quienes se arriesgaron a afrontar tamaña aventura, temores superados, en la mayoría de ocasiones, gracias a la intervención y ayuda de familiares o conocidos establecidos previamente en Indias. Sin dejar de lado motivos particulares, las mujeres que se decidieron a atravesar el Atlántico lo hicieron por necesitar encarecidamente mejorar su situación -el amplio mercado matrimonial habido en los territorios americanos les facilitaba conseguir dicho fin-, solventar determinados problemas o reencontrarse con personas ya instaladas allí. Sin embargo, aunque América les ofrecía un escenario donde alcanzar determinados sueños, ha quedado visibilizado que no todas las desplazadas gozaron de la misma for-tuna, viéndose involucradas en complejas circunstancias. Claro ejemplo de ello fue el número de procesadas por la Inquisición en Nueva España. En su conjunto, no obstante, hemos podido apreciar que estas mujeres cambiaron radicalmente el rumbo de sus vidas; que muchas consiguieron mejorar significativamente sus realidades, mejorando sus situaciones y, a veces, experimentando mayores libertades que sus contemporáneas peninsulares. ; The migration phenomenon from Spain to America has been key for the historical evolution of both territories, implying important social, economic, demographic, political and cultural changes, in both Atlantic shores. This PhD analyses this process throughout the 17th century, contributing to fulfil a time space unexplored, and paying special attention to women in order to make their part visible. In order to do that, three groups of sources have been used: India boarding licences — an essential permit to be able to cross legally to Ultramar — watched over at the General Archive of the Indies, Seville, the private correspondence attached to them, and, finally, the process inquisitorial records initiated by the Novohispanic Holy Office, located in the General Archive of Mexico; the latter with the aim of locating Spanish emigrants settled in the continent. We have used a quantitative and qualitative double methodology, that has allowed us access to not only to the evolution of migrations in numbers, but also to the most human side of these populational movements. With this project, it has been confirmed the significant number of journeys that took place throughout the 600s, since it has been counted 39,897 emigrants (33.20% in the whole colonial period), specially during the first three decades, achieving numbers never experienced before. Data reflects that the situation of crisis experienced in most of the Spanish territory, contrary to the American colonies' development, acted as a factor of expulsion. Besides, the changes in the relationships and the commercial traffic between both continents had an impact in the migratory volume. Among the chapters treated, we have given more importance to the origin of the emigrants. These were mainly Andalusian and from Extremadura, as it had also been happening in the precious centuries, and the destinations were mostly New Spain and Peru. We have also been interested in knowing the collective character of this emigration; so we know that between 1600 and 1630, emigration had an imporcant family feature, resulting in the move of a great number of women; indeed, a quarter of the total emigrants in the 17th century was women, having an essential role in the American colonies. There were numerous single women, due to the number of daughters that travelled along with their parents, as well as nursemaids and maids. The qualitative study has allowed us to deeply know the female motivations to move, as well as the fears experienced by those who risked themselves in that adventure, most of them overcome thank to the intervention and help from the families and acquaintances previously settled in Indies. Without leaving aside the particular reasons, the women who decided to go across the Atlantic Ocean had to do it because they needed to improve their situation — the huge matrimonial market in the American territories enable them to improve it -, solve some problems or meet again with people already settled there. However, although America offered them a place where they could achieve their dreams, it has been proven that not all the women who went there were that lucky, since they found themselves involved in difficult situations. A clear example is the number of women who were prosecuted because of the Inquisition in the New Spain.
Throughout 2023,I kept being sarcastic about being post-pandemic, knowing that COVID was still a major problem, even as we stopped acting as if it was. And then, of course, I got it the last week of the year. The year started with COVID--my wife and her family got it when she went down to help her mother when she was hospitalized--as well, so it was a strange year of acting like it was not a thing while it was very much a thing. Since I am not going to be productive today due to my current bout, I thought I would post about the year so that I could remember now and down the road the non-covid-y parts to the year. I can't help but start with the longest stretch of single-dom since college. Mrs. Spew first went to help her hospitalized mother, but that became a three month or so effort to get my MIL moved out of a four floor townhouse and into a senior apartments facility. What did I do as a single dude for three months? Mostly plot and scheme about the kitchen renovation. While Mrs. Spew was back for the demolition and renovation, all of the decisions were made while she was away. I did consult via texted pics of counter tops and the like, but as she put it, since I do most of the cooking, it was up to me for most of it. And it worked out great. I had two great ski trips to Banff, one with a friend's family and an anniversary trip sans my wife. Instead, my sister and my daughter joined me. The most notable part of the first trip was that I did a face plant on a relatively flat part of Lake Louise, proving that my new goggles are tough and leading to my first visit to the Ski Patrol hut for a bandaid. It was the first time I skied with my daughter in quite some time. I had skied with my sister the previous year as she was re-learning the sport. In 2023, she was much improved and kept up with me nicely. The Minister of National Defence, Anita Anand, once again visited my Civ-Mil class by zoom. This was the second, and, alas, last time, she did that as she got shuffled to a different ministry over the summer. Last year, it was a last minute thing. This year, I had the chance to prompt the students to ask civ-mil questions as opposed to just big IR questions, and it went really well. A highlight of the year was going to Florida for my cousin's daughter's Bar Mitzvah. One of the patterns of the year was bad chair dancing--the guys holding up the various victims here and at other events tended to tilt the chairs forward. They did better with Samantha than with her sister. We got to spend the next day at my cousin's house, including their gator-proximate pool. I hadn't had a chance to play with all four of my cousins' kids at the same time in quite a while, and it was my first time using my old kid-pool skills in sometime. It was probably appropriate that it was in Florida since 2023 was the 40th anniversary of my family living in Miami--just for one year, but I spent a lot of that year in the pool we had.Speaking of blasts from the past, I went to my first rock concert in ... decades? Journey came to Ottawa, and since their music was a big part of my teen soundtrack, I got a ticket and went. No Steve Perry although his replacement sounded good and had lots of energy. But still a good show. It reminded me why I don't go to concerts--I just don't find watching people make music all that interesting. I have always enjoyed going to conferences, and this year's ISA was far more normal than last year's. The previous year was underattended and held in a strange resort in Nashville. 2023's was held in Montreal, a very familiar locale, and most of the folks I like to see at these things were there. Two highlights were the Presidential speech and an award panel. I always blow off the Presidential speech except when the President is a friend. Debbi Avant, who started at UCSD a few years before me, has always impressed me with her sharp insights about international relations, and her speech was Debbi at her finest. The other highlight, also UCSD related, was the lifetime achievement panel for Miles Kahler, my supervisor way back when. He bristled at the attention a bit about all of this fuss, but it was great to see so much appreciation for his work and for his Miles-ness. He is retiring... for the second time and I think this one will stick. So, it was great to see him get all of the love and appreciation. As I get closer to retirement myself, with two of my friends retiring this year (mine is still about eight years away), I am more committed to telling people how much they have meant to me. Losing a few friends during the pandemic also is compelling me to make clear to folks how much I appreciate them. There are few people in this business who supported me and shaped my views than these two, so it was great to see them both celebrated.I joke often about the military-industrial-academic complex, and this year, I got to experience it pretty directly. Well, the first two parts--there were not many academics nor anything academic going on at CANSEC--the annual show for defence contractors. The big surprise was not so much how much room the biggest contractors took up but the range of stuff being presented there--from artillery and ammo to drones to uniforms to cables to medical stuff and on and on. Note in this pic that the firm was promoting gear for pregnant soldiers. I have rarely gone to the graduation ceremonies, but with one of my PhDs graduating and having finally purchased a spiffy cap and gown, it was time to go. Marshall finished his dissertation in record time, and he didn't cut any corners along the way--it was an award-winning project. Of all the students I supervised, his work required the fewest comments, so much so that I felt guilty. I am just glad I don't have the action shot of me messing up his hooding since he is so very tall. June was also a month of much travel. First, a DND-organized trip to Riga to chat with NATO folks, Canada's contingent, the Latvian defence folks, and the Strategic Communications conference. I learned a lot, had a fair amount of excellent beer, and even hung out with the kids from the NATO Field School--an effort run by CDSN Co-Director Alex Moens to teach undergrads and newly graduated folks about NATO. It was my second time to Riga and my second time to the base where the Canadians are operating. Going with this group meant more high level briefings, more sharp questions asked by my colleagues that I would not have thought to ask, and, yeah, more beer.The highlight of the year was the delayed anniversary trip with my wife to Spain. I had a conference in Barcelona, so we flew into Madrid and then drove throughout hot southern Spain: Toledo, Cordoba, Seville, Granada, and Ronda. My fave was Toledo despite the scariest extended driving experience of my life--the old city streets were so very narrow the proximity alarms in my rental car were going off--all of them. Along the way, we learned a lot of history, saw some amazing art and architecture, ate really well, and had a lot of sangria.Did I mention it was hot? Cordoba was probably our second favorite place although Granada was also pretty amazing. And Ronda had the best tapas in a random bar. Oh, and Barcelona is just terrific.Great view of Alhambra in Granada with excellent food. Ronda has a bridge over a beautiful gorge. It also has an historic bullring. Seville was also pretty terrific. Just an amazing trip.The summer family vacation was once again in Philly since my mother can't travel much. We found new and old things to do. I had not realized my older sister is so sharp at scrabble--a shark! I dominated the axe throwing until the final throws, where Mrs. Spew took the crown! My sabbatical started in July, and Dave and Phil and I managed to finish our book and submit it in the fall. Glossy picture of book cover? Not yet. Still need to get the reviews and past the editorial board. As Tom Petty said, the waiting is the hardest part. Actually, in this case, the writing was the hardest part.The fall was also marked by something I had never experienced before: being the subject of an op-ed. I had written more than a few, but to have someone else dedicate an entire piece to moi? Oh my. The background is: in the fall of 2022, a retired general, Michel Maisonneuve was given an award by a veteran's association and used that speech to blast pretty much everyone. I blogged about it since I found it to be very problematic. When I heard that he was going to appear at the Conservative Party convention, I wrote an op-ed arguing that this was a dangerous politicization of the Canadian military. Maisonneuve responded by targeting me, a dual citizen, gasp, in his op-ed. It was all very strange to be on the other side of an op-ed, especially one filled with ad hominens and straw men. But I guess this means I am an influencer?The APSA was strange due to a hotel strike, but I had to go as LA is where my daughter lives. So, I had a good time conferencing and a better time hanging out with her. The poker game was a bit different as we used a big table in the lobby (my room was way too small). We were not as rowdy as the table nearby, so it was all good. I also drove with Mrs. Spew on Mulholland Drive for as far as we could--got lots of great looks at LA and the valley. Jon cleaned up better than I did.Yet more travel as I went to DC with Mrs. Spew for a civ-mil conference and ... the 100th anniversary of the summer camp that was so important to me growing up. The conference was terrific--I hadn't been to this specific one before--the Inter-university Seminar on Armed Forces and Society. Definitely going back since it is chock full of smart, sweet folks working on fascinating stuff. The anniversary gala happened to be the same weekend so I drove up to Baltimore and had a blast seeing old friends and meeting other folks who had similar experiences out in the hinterlands of Maryland.I should note that we had a great CDSN year--each of our events went really well, and we feel we are making a difference. I am so grateful for the team that does all of the heavy lifting. And at one event, they let us use the patio! The people, the location, the season all make this one quite special. The Meeting of the MINDS event, where we brought together the nine networks funded by DND plus DND's Policy group, was a terrific opportunity to learn what the other networks are doing, what has been working for them, and also what DND wants from us. Our Year Ahead event addressed timely issues: how to respond to China's aggression, what the 2024 US election campaign will do to incite extremism, evacuations from conflict zones, and taking a look at the Balkans. And it was in a funky new location for us. It even had a slide!The aforementioned conference in DC kicked off a series of trips that is not going to stop until May of 2024. I went to Seoul to research their civ-mil for the next book--what role do defence agencies think they have? I learned a lot in those two weeks--still trying to figure that case out--and had a good time seeing more of Korea, including Busan. Busan had the most beautifully located temple as well as the memorial for UN troops who died in the Korean war.I went directly from Seoul to Copenhagen for a different civ-mil conference. I had been there a couple of times before, but hadn't seen their war museum, their art museum or their Christmas markets. The latter showed me that Zurich's smelly gluhwein is not representative of mulled wine, so I had some of that and then made some over winterfest. Those trips then lead to a quick trip to Toronto for a workshop and then Thanskgiving with the Saideman folks. Much food was made and consumed. The highlight of this week was Milo, my niece's dog. Super sweet. Oh and seeing my daughter.Since my sister had crashed my anniversary ski trip, I felt it was only fair to crash her ski clinic at Alta. I had been there about 22 years ago on a Saideman family vacation (my segment, from Lubbock, arrived a day or two late thanks to snow removal challenges in Texas). I am a much better skier now thanks to all the skiing near Montreal and now my habit of hitting the Canadian rockies on a regular basis. So, it was fun to see how much more of the place I could do with confidence. The skies each day were so clear and blue. Just amazing views at all times. I came home from Alta to deliver cookies near and far. Each year, I make more (the new kitchen definitely helped), and each year, more people join my nice list. So, I spent two days driving around Ottawa seeing folks and giving bits of sweet joy. This started in the first winter of the pandemic when this was the first chance to interact with people in person since the start of the quarantine. It is a great way to end the year--eating sweets and sharing them. And meeting a few dogs along the way.We ended the year as usual--in the greater DC area--to celebrate winterfest with my wife's family. Since my mother-in-law no longer has a townhouse, we had to rent an airbnb near her retirement facility. Which meant we hosted the festivities--first time our family had anything to do with a tree in a couple of decades. I have been making the big dinner for the past few years, so that was not so different. It was great to see these folks--twice this year for me as I saw most of them in October when I was in the area for the IUS conference. A drink mydaughter gotmy spectacular sister-in-law LizI hope you had a great 2023, and you have a happy new year. I will be on the road for most of the first half of the year, so many more pics of fun places and good food. Oh, and some research.
