The basic principles of the profession of lawyers -- Burden of reasonableness in the office of lawyers -- International frame of justice within the profession of lawyers -- Duty of the defence team to present the bare truth -- Defending international crimes through the absence of apparent motive -- Conundrums facing international criminal lawyers -- Massive violation of morality by lawyers -- Cross-examination of the position of lawyers -- Conclusion.
The paper contributes to the historiography of the domestic science of International Relations, observed through its processing of the nonalignment in the socialist Yugoslavia period. The author has analysed the relevant academic literature that deals with the nonalignment as a concept, a movement and an interplay of social relations. Initially, the paper presents a short sketch of the development of the science of International Relation within Yugoslav social sciences, and then the development of the part of the IR science that had nonalignment as its object. The author has shown the strong threads of the Marxist approach to the International Relations in the analyses of the nonaligned movement and its genesis, but also flexibility and eclecticism in the analyses of various related topics. The author has also displayed a wide focus of such a science on the analysis of the role of internal factors in defining the foreign policy and of the importance given to the historical experience and subjectivity in action, which are characteristics of more contemporary theories like constructivism and liberalism. In that sense, the author concludes the theoretical production of that era should be evaluated in more detail, in light of the actual state of play in the science of International Relations.
This analysis indicates that energy, and environmental friendly energy especially, has increased in importance within social science publishing and also in terms of Norwegian participation in national and international research projects. This heightened research interest reflects a stronger focus on environmentally friendly energy in general, in an international context and nationally. The requirements of deploying new energy technologies, reducing energy consumption and building effective and socially sustainable energy markets have to be addressed by politicians, but are also quite visible in international public debate. Social science studies actively contribute to such debate.
The book explores how, to what extent and with what consequences the international crisis of 2007-2008 and the recession which followed have affected European SMEs (small and medium enterprises) in both the well established market economies of the old member countries and in the post-transformation new member countries, and what can be done at the institutional and political level to uphold them
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Auf dem Hintergrund des Umbruchs in der DDR wurde auf dem internationalen Kolloquium in Jena über das Thema "Konservatismus und Fortschritt" diskutiert. Die Referate und Diskussionen zeigten, daß die Konservatismusforschung für die weitere wissenschaftliche Arbeit und Zusammenarbeit mit westlichen Kollegen die Klarlegung dessen zur Voraussetzung hat, was sich als fehlerhaft erwiesen hat und was die Forschung behinderte. Aus dieser Prämisse wurden folgende Gesichtspunkte genannt: die gescheiterte Sozialismuskonzeption, die durch den Stalinismus und seine Nichtbewältigung verursachte substantielle Aufgabe eines kosmopolitischen und humanistischen Menschen- und Gesellschaftsbildes, die einseitige Charakteristik des zeitgenössischen Konservatismus als eine Spielart des Antikommunismus und die sich auf der Grundlage der Sozialismusauffassung aufbauende Einengung des Blickes auf die soziale Basis der konservativen Denk- und Handlungsweisen. (GF)
Forward guidance is one of the policy tools that a central bank can implement if it seeks to provide additional monetary stimulus when it is operating at the effective lower bound (ELB) on interest rates. It became more widely used during and after the global financial crisis. This paper reviews the international experience, based on the six central banks that have used forward guidance when operating at the ELB, in order to assess its effectiveness and the potential risks associated with its implementation. We distinguish between three distinct types of forward guidance (qualitative, time contingent and state contingent) and discuss the channels through which forward guidance operates. Overall, we find that forward guidance can be an effective tool at the ELB when clearly communicated and perceived as credible. Though evidence from the literature is somewhat mixed - since the specific effects vary across economies, episodes and type of guidance - it has generally been found to be effective in (1) lowering expectations of the future path of policy rates, (2) improving the predictability of short-term yields over the near term and (3) changing the sensitivity of financial variables to economic news. However, as with other monetary policy tools, the benefits of forward guidance need to be weighed against the costs. Those costs are mainly associated with potential loss of credibility and increased financial stability risks. Moreover, the international experience with forward guidance under conditions of negative ELBs and interest rates is limited to date. ; Les indications prospectives font partie des instruments de politique monétaire qu'une banque centrale peut mettre en place si elle souhaite procéder à un nouvel assouplissement de la politique monétaire dans un contexte où le taux directeur se situe à sa valeur plancher. Leur utilisation s'est généralisée durant et après la crise financière mondiale. Les auteures dressent un bilan de la situation à l'échelle internationale : afin d'évaluer l'efficacité des ...
"Offering a different stance from most of the current literature on the subject, International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law makes an important contribution to our knowledge of the international dimensions of democratization. This book will be of importance to scholars, students and policy-makers with an interest in the rule of law, international relations theory and comparative politics."--Jacket
This study delves into the pivotal role of international law in combatting transnational organized crime. This phenomenon has significantly evolved and expanded in its scope and complexity. The paper begins with an introduction to transnational organized crime and the critical importance of international law in addressing these challenges. It then provides a historical background, tracing the evolution of these crimes and the corresponding development of international legal frameworks. Further, the paper categorizes various types of transnational organized crime. A comprehensive analysis of key international laws and treaties, including the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and various regional treaties, forms a crucial part of the study. The role of international organizations like the United Nations, Interpol, and regional entities in enforcing these laws and promoting cooperation is critically evaluated. The paper addresses the significant challenges in implementation, including jurisdictional issues, disparities in national legal systems, and political and economic barriers. Through case studies, the paper analyzes successful international cooperations as well as notable failures, providing a real-world perspective on the effectiveness of current strategies. The emerging trends and future challenges section looks at the impact of technology and changing political landscapes on transnational crime. Finally, the paper proposes potential solutions and policy recommendations, focusing on strengthening international legal frameworks and enhancing global cooperation and intelligence sharing. The conclusion summarizes the findings and reflects on the future of international law in effectively tackling transnational organized crime within the evolving global landscape.
Summary: Recent events in Ukraine related to Russia's impact on some regions of this country, raised concerns in the international security environment, not only focused on this region, but in a broader, international aspect. Complex internal situation of Ukraine, as well as Kremlin's aspirations to constant strengthening its position as a major player on the international politics stage, caused a stalemate in a resolution of such serious problem that is jeopardizing the security of not only Ukraine, but international as well.
