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AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThe method introduced to the corporate governance literature by this paper captures the construct of corporate governance in a small number of attributes, using responses made by directors and shareholders to an adaptive conjoint analysis questionnaire.Research Findings/InsightsWe demonstrate how to identify the key attributes of corporate governance from directors' and shareholders' relative preferences among a set of corporate governance attributes. The dominance of CEO duality as a relatively more important attribute is a key finding.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsAdaptive conjoint analysis is a useful technique for research into governance issues characterized by constrained choice. For future researchers seeking to capture governance in a limited number of measures, we have identified four attributes considered by directors and shareholders to comprise effective corporate governance, with the single measure of CEO duality being the most important.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis parsimonious set of attributes can guide the design of future corporate governance regulations, to avoid costly over‐regulation. We do not suggest that restrictions on multiple directorships or an appropriate board size should be added to current requirements, and the surprisingly low perceptions of audit partner tenure and audit committee size as important to good corporate governance suggest that these attributes could be excluded from future regulations.

We develop a quarterly time-series measure of citizen trust in the US national government from 1980 to 1997 & conduct the first multivariate time-series examination of public trust in government. We find that negative perceptions of the economy, scandals associated with Congress, & increasing public concern about crime each lead to declining public trust in government. Declining trust in government in turn leads to less positive evaluations of Congress & reduced support for government action to address a range of domestic policy concerns. These results provide new evidence of the influence of public concern about crime & the centrality of Congress in understanding public evaluations of the national government & new evidence of how declining levels of trust in government may influence elections & domestic policy making. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 50 References. Adapted from the source document.

This study aimed to find out which countries around the world require psychosocial hazards and workplace violence to be assessed by employers through a mandatory occupational risk assessment process and to compare the type of legislation between countries. We systematically searched the International Labour Office (ILO) &ldquo ; LEGOSH&rdquo ; database for documents published during the period between December 2017 and February 2018. The search included 132 countries, of which 23 were considered as developed and 109 as developing according to the United Nations. Our review showed that most countries (85, i.e., 64%) have not included mandatory psychosocial risk assessment and prevention in their national occupational safety and health legislation. Moreover, we found differences between developed and developing countries, showing that developed countries more frequently have legislative measures. Within developed countries, we also found differences between countries following the Scandinavian model of workplace health and safety culture and other countries. Moreover, in many countries, workplace violence was prohibited only if it involves an offence to moral or religious customs. In conclusion, the marked difference in psychosocial hazards and workplace violence regulations among countries leads to unequal levels of workers&rsquo ; protection, with adverse effects on global health.

In order to understand the expenditures of tourists in Taiwan regarding tea and local famous specialty products, it is essential to examine the demographic nature of the inbound tourists. In this study, information was gathered from the 2015 Annual Survey Report on Visitors' Expenditures and Trends in Taiwan of the Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), which included 6277 respondents, and analyzed by using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression methods. The analysis shows that gender, age, education, income, country of origin, travel purpose, travel type, and number of days stayed in Taiwan were the most significant factors to forecast the level of purchasing of tea and specialty products. With a greater understanding of these factors, the tourism industry in Taiwan will be able to increase revenue and improve their products and services. Meanwhile, as a reference for Taiwanese government can re-examine its tourism market to establish new policies and marketing plans to boost local economy. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.42.12481261 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

This paper examines the framework and cooperation mechanisms set up by Regulation (EU) 2019/452 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union. The Regulation merely gives a framework for the coordination of national legislations, member states can still decide if they want to set up screening mechanisms and to screen foreign direct investments. The pandemic has accelerated these processes, and more and more European Union member states enacted legislation related to the screening of foreign direct investments in strategic branches of the economy. The Commission has also issued a Guidance at the end of March 2020, in which it warns about the risk that the Coronavirus related economic shock might have on strategic industries, especially on healthcare related industries. At the same time, recognizing the importance of foreign direct investments for the economy, it pointed out in the Guidance the necessity to find a balance between the need for foreign capital and the protection of European Union strategic industries using appropriate screening tools.

AbstractStudies of inequality in China typically ignore cost of living differences between areas. Under the Balassa–Samuelson effect, nontradeables cost more in richer areas, so nominal inequality exceeds real inequality. This especially matters in China, where spatial cost of living differences should grow with recent development of urban housing markets. We use new data on apartment prices in 104 cities in China to develop housing‐related spatial deflators. The level of spatial inequality in urban China is overstated by 27% if cost of living differences are ignored. Our hedonic analysis of 41,000 individual apartment sales shows that most price variation is between areas, rather than from features of individual apartments. The dominant trend in the reform era is for regional inequality in China to decline, contrary to the common perceptions. In nominal terms, the Theil index for interprovincial inequality in 2016 is just 46% of its 1978 level. The current results imply that the fall in inequality in real terms would be even greater.

The authorities in a number of advanced countries have produced intergenerational reports that seek to determine the fiscal sustainability of current policy parameters. The Australian government will publish its Intergenerational Report in May 2002. This paper attempts to place these reports in analytical perspective. We examine the notion of intergenerational equity, the conceptual basis for generational accounting, Australian efforts at constructing generational accounts, and then review the intergenerational reports of several other countries. The paper concludes with a brief synoptic discussion of various policies that can help Australian governments achieve intergenerational balance in future.

Perceptions, attitudes and anticipated behavior represent very useful information for decision and policy makers before they implement proposed new policies. Road safety is one of the most critical fields in the built environment. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, women started driving in 2019. There is a huge shortage of studies that investigate users' attitudes and behavior, particularly women, in Saudi Arabia. It is very timely therefore, to assess their perceptions, attitudes and raise their awareness towards road safety. In this paper, the perceptions and attitudes towards road safety and relevant policies and programs were assessed and compared using two approaches: analytical and a fuzzy logic system. By means of a questionnaire, a total of 17 road safety policies, including engineering, enforcement programs, education programs and legislation programs, were presented to the participants and assessed. These policies were assessed from the viewpoint of Saudi women. The engineering policies included the use of road signs and marking, improving road network alignment, monitoring driver speed and engineering speed reduction measures. The assessment was in terms of the usefulness of the policies to reduce traffic accidents and improve road safety in Riyadh. A total of 375 participants were surveyed. Using a Likert scale response system to report the Saudi female participants' opinions, two sets of indices were calibrated to evaluate the perceived usefulness and acceptability of the safety policies. A MATLAB simulation of a fuzzy logic system was utilized to assess, investigate and compare travel attitudes and perceptions of road safety. The results indicate overall encouragement for the safety programs and policies by the participants. Most of the support seems to be for the engineering program. The physical presence of traffic police was observed to have scored the highest. This is an interesting result that shows that enforcement policies are still perceived to be the most effective. In this category, the policy of enforcing speed limits showed high support, amongst the other policies. While a fuzzy logic analysis is typically used in hard engineering assessments and investigations, such as mechanical engineering and system design applications, the results obtained in this investigation show that the efficacy and adequacy of the proposed fuzzy logic control system in assessing attitudinal data was sufficiently good to be recommended for future research. The outcomes from both sets of approaches, the analytical and the fuzzy logic, showed comparable results, which also demonstrates the potential benefits of using the fuzzy system in many attitudinal and behavioral studies.

Tung Yan Wah. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-87). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; 摘要 --- p.ii ; Acknowledgement --- p.iii ; Table of Contents --- p.iv ; List of Tables --- p.v ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- History of education financing --- p.2 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Fiscal system and the financing of rural education --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Purpose of this study --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Problems and issues --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Disparity in education provision --- p.14 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Factors explaining variations in education expenditure: regression analysis --- p.19 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Financing arrangement --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Concluding remarks --- p.26 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.28 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Estimation of degree of provision --- p.28 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Regression analysis --- p.35 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Education transfer mechanism --- p.39 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Concluding remarks --- p.42 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.43 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Degree of provision --- p.43 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Regression results --- p.47 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Education transfer mechanism --- p.49 ; Chapter 4.4 --- Concluding remarks --- p.53 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.55 ; Appendix 1 Box 1 --- p.59 ; Appendix 2 Tables --- p.60 ; References --- p.83

"Sylvia Kritzinger und Irina Michalowitz zeigen wie die Erforschung komplexer Politikzusammenhänge im Mehrebenesystem der EU von der Zusammenführung qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden profitieren kann. Ausgangspunkt ihrer Überlegungen zur methodischen Triangulation bildet die Beobachtung, dass die europäische Policy-Forschung trotz vielfacher Lippenbekenntnisse zum Methodenmix immer noch unter der methodischen Engführung des Entweder-oder leidet. Dabei zeigen die Autorinnen, dass die jeweiligen Instrumente der beiden Methodenstränge nur eingeschränkte Analysen liefern können. Der Tiefenstruktur des Policy-Wandels im europäischen Mehrebenensystem ist ihnen zufolge nur durch die Triangulation qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden beizukommen. Anhand der exemplarischen Anwendung des vorgeschlagenen Methodenpluralismus auf zwei fiktive Fallstudien werden die Synergieeffekte dieser Vorgehensweise veranschaulicht. Dabei wird deutlich, dass dieser insbesondere mit Blick auf schwierige empirische Forschungsgegenstände, wie beispielsweise die 'Informalisierung der Politik', zielführend sein kann." (Autorenreferat)

As climate change becomes more pressing with each day and as we scramble to slow down the challenges it poses, adapting the means of operation within our cities will become an invaluable tool for reducing humanity's carbon footprint. This paper seeks to study the ways in which green infrastructure in global cities can be used to do just that—adapting to and mitigating the effects of challenges resulting from climate change. In order to provide a broad overview of the effectiveness of such green infrastructure systems across the globe, this research will focus on two cities that vary greatly in their geographic, political, and social conditions: Paris, France and Shanghai, China. Today, large, global cities like Shanghai and Paris "are home to over half of the world's population and generate 70% of greenhouse gas emissions," making them an indispensable location of and means for responding to climate challenges (Mairie de Paris 2015, 5). Cities are feeling the effects of climate change just as much as they are contributing to their perpetuation, however, and the problems they are facing are becoming more similar, regardless of their geographic location. In order to counter the threats climate change is posing on their communities, cities are looking toward the things they can control, with one of the most wide-reaching of these solutions being a reimagination of their infrastructural systems to include more green, eco-friendly design. Eco-friendly city design and infrastructure can take several forms, with some of the most prominent approaches being new means of supplying green and renewable energy, sustainably built structures and communities which aim to make use of existing and natural resources, and a reimagination of public transportation systems. Paris, France and Shanghai, China are only two among several global cities that are beginning to work in the direction of city development with green technologies in mind, attempting to change their current, polluting methods while converging on similar policy and urban techniques. As will be explored in the first chapter of this research, Shanghai and Paris are two historically different places, with very different developmental histories. However, these developmental patterns which have lasted into the present day are slowly converging, as the two cities look toward similar techniques to respond to climate change, showing us how different corners of the globe might make strides in saving their communities in the years to come.