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У статті здійснено семантичний аналіз термінів, що позначають явище "транснаціональна вища освіта" з огляду на особливості їхнього використання у наукових працях дослідників у галузі соціальних наук, документах міжнародних організацій, урядових і неурядових освітніх структур країн, залучених до процесів міжнародної інтеграції у сфері освіти, з метою виявлення сутності досліджуваного феномена. З'ясовано, що термін "транснаціональна вища освіта", як правило, вживається для означення реального або віртуального пересування студентів, педагогів, академічних програм та знаннєвих потоків з однієї країни в іншу. The article devotes to semantic analysis of terms for "transnational higher education" determining due to the peculiarities of their usage in scientific research works in the social fields (sociology, philosophy, political science, economics, cultural studies), documents of international organizations, governmental and non-governmental educational institutions of different countries involved in the process of international integration in education, in order to identify the nature of the phenomenon under investigation. Usually the term "transnational" is used in research on higher education to emphasize the importance of "between" or "on" territorial boundaries, so the emphasis is on what is happening in the "transnational space" rather than at the level of formal cooperation between nations. It is founded that the term "transnational higher education" is usually used to refer to real or virtual movement of students, faculty, and academic programs from one country to another. The study of semantic meaning of key term "transnational higher education" shows that it is often used with respect to educational and scientific initiatives and partnerships at the institutional level, rather than at the level of individual mobility of teachers and students. Development of transnational higher education as an active and effective international cooperation for the purpose of cross-fertilization and exchange of experience in education becomes an important part of education policy in developed countries, including Great Britain, Australia, Canada and USA. After all its indisputable advantages include increased availability of higher education universalization of knowledge, the development of international standards for quality and innovation, increase higher education participation by students and teachers in the international exchange of knowledge, expansion and strengthening of international cooperation in education and research sector, diversification and growth of financial flows by attracting foreign students to pay learning, expanding international network of higher education institutions for the effective use of their resources.

Cyber warfare and hackback by private companies is a hot discussion topic for its potential to fight cybercrime and promote cybersecurity. In the shadow of this provocative discussion, Microsoft has led a concerted, sustained fight against cybercriminals by using traditional legal theories and court actions to dismantle criminal networks known as botnets. This article brings focus to the role of the private sector in cybersecurity in light of the aggressive civil actions by Microsoft to address a thorny and seemingly intractable global problem. A botnet is a network of computers infected with unauthorized code that is controlled from a distance by malicious actors. The extent of botnet activity is staggering, and botnets have been called the plague of the Internet. The general public is more commonly aware of the damaging results of botnet activity rather than its operation, intrusion, or infection capabilities. Botnet activity may result in a website being unavailable due to a denial-of-service (DoS) attack, identity theft can occur because the botnet collects passwords from individual users, and bank accounts may be emptied related to botnet activity. Spam, fraud, spyware, and data breaches are all the result of botnet activity. Technical remedies for stopping botnet attacks and damages are ongoing, but technical solutions alone are inadequate. Law enforcement is active in tracking down criminal activities of botnets, yet the number and sophistication of the attackers overwhelm it. In a new development, multiple civil lawsuits by Microsoft have created the legal precedent for suing botnet operators and using existing law to dismantle botnets and decrease their global reach. This article reviews the threats created by botnets and describes the evolution of legal and technical strategies to address botnet proliferation. The distinctive aspects of each of the cases brought by Microsoft are described and analyzed and the complex questions surrounding a botnet takedown are identified. Discussion of the details of the lawsuits are important, because over a relatively short period of time, government and private sector roles have evolved considerably in the search for a methodology to deal effectively with botnets. Theoretical and international questions surrounding the sustainability and policy ramifications of private sector leadership in cybersecurity are examined, and questions for future research are identified.

Most European e-book markets are currently being created. Publishers are going through a transitional phase and together with the printed content creators becoming the designers of e-content. The integration of technology into business processes is becoming an important business challenge together with the creation of new publishing products. All this is possible only through mutual work of other sectors in the creative industries. The paper tries to show the possibilities a small publisher has and identify the obstacles to the development of such markets. It discusses the advantages of a traditional publisher compared to new entrants, the skills that a traditional publisher develops and implements. One of the obstacles for the development of a small market is a high VAT rate for e-books throughout Europe. A special emphasis will be put on the Croatian market, which upon the entrance to the European Union had to apply a new tax policy regarding books.KEYWORDS: e-book, electronic publishing, VAT/GST/Sales Tax Rate, Single European digital market, small market, innovative publishing products, Croatia. ; Department of Information Sciences, University of Zadarntomasev@unizd.hr Ivona Despot Ulica Dr. Franje Tuđmana 24i, 23 000 Zadar, Croatiaivona.despot@zg.t-com.hr Daugelis elektroninės knygos rinkų Europoje šiuo metu formuojasi. Leidėjai išgyvena pereinamąjį laikotarpį; kartu su spausdinto turinio kūrėjais jie perima ir elektroninio turinio dizainerių vaidmenį. Technologijos integravimas į verslo procesus bei naujų leidybos produktų kūrimas tampa svarbiu verslo iššūkiu. Visa tai įmanoma tik dėl bendro darbo su kitais kūrybinių industrijų sektoriais. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti mažo leidėjo galimybes ir kliūtis tokių rinkų plėtrai. Autorės aptaria tradicinio leidėjo privalumus lyginant su naujais rinkos dalyviais bei nagrinėja naujus gebėjimus, kuriuos tradiciniai leidėjai turėtų išsiugdyti ir įgyvendinti praktikoje. Viena iš kliūčių mažos rinkos plėtrai – aukštas PVM tarifas elektroninėms knygoms visoje Europoje. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas Kroatijos rinkai. Šaliai įstojus į Europos Sąjungą, knygoms buvo pradėta taikyti nauja mokesčių politika.Remiantis Kroatijos pavyzdžiu straipsnyje teigiama, kad technologijų plėtra ir susiklosčiusios skaitmeninės rinkos ypatumai, nemokamo skaitmeninio turinio populiarumas ir naujų skaitymo priemonių reklamavimas nesukels pokyčių elektroninės knygos rinkoje ir neskatins leidėjų įeiti į naują rinką. Leidėjai stengiasi išlaikyti pozicijas šioje rinkoje tiesiogiai bendraudami su skaitytoju socialiniuose tinkluose. Sekdami jo elgseną skaitmeniniame pasaulyje, leidėjai kuria naujus leidybos produktus.

La plaine de Ghriss couvre une vaste étendue d'une superficie d'environ 1185 Km2. Elle est située dans la wilaya de Mascara avec une altitude moyenne de 585,03 m. Avec un climat semi-aride et une sècheresse récurrente, cette région n'a enregistré qu'une pluie annuelle moyenne de 257,81 mm entre 1994 et 2004 alors qu'elle était située entre les isohyètes 400 et 500 mm. La plaine de Ghriss est une région à vocation agricole avec un maraîchage dominant. Le niveau moyen des eaux des puits ou forages dans cette plaine est estimé à 70 m et plusieurs puits d'observations du réseau piézométrique sont secs. Le volume d'eau extrait est estimé à 88 hm3/an alors que l'apport des nappes n'est que de 66 hm3/an soit un déficit de 32 hm3/an. Cette plaine souffre d'une surexploitation due à la pratique agricole et à la croissance démographique à travers l'AEP. En espérant un retour rapide des conditions météorologiques favorables, une politique de gestion de l'eau est inévitable pour sauver cette plaine qui est la plus riche de l'oranie du point de vue agricole. The plain of Ghriss covers vast wide of a surface of approximately 1185 km 2. It is located in the wilaya of Mascara with an average altitude of 585.03 m. With a semi-arid climate and a recurring secheress, this area recorded only one mean annual rain of 257.81 mm between 1994 and 2004 whereas it was located between isohyets 400 and 500 mm. The plain of Ghriss is an area with agricultural vocation with a truck farming dominating. The mean level of water of the wells or drillings in this plain is estimated at 70 m and several wells of observations of the piezometric network are dry. The volume of water extracted is estimated at 88 hm 3 / year whereas the contribution of the tablecloths is not that 66 hm 3 / year is a deficit of 32 hm 3 / year. This plain suffers from an overexploitation due to husbandry and the demographic growth through the AEP. By hoping for a fast return of the favorable weather conditions, a policy of management of water is inevitable to save this plain which is richest of the oranie from the agricultural point of view.

Convergence of macroeconomic aggregates and subsequent synchronization of the cyclical features affecting these aggregates have been at the heart of economic debate for quite a while. Especially with the recent developments concerning the creation and crisis of a European common currency area, the question whether counties are similar enough to be targeted by uniform policy rules has been a crucial one. Beyond this relevance to an economist, the phenomena are also interesting from an econometric perspective. This thesis contains three self-contained chapters that contribute to the understanding of convergence and synchronization in various ways. Chapter 1 evaluates a novel approach to capture economic convergence as a process of transition. It considers the framework from Phillips and Sul (2007) that explicitly allows for periods of transitional divergence by separating a common component from idiosyncratic fluctuations and investigates its performance in a classical setting of time series convergence, considering both asymptotic results and Monte Carlo simulation methods. It turns out that in a setting where the time dimension considerably exceeds the cross-sectional dimension, the performance of the regression test is inferior to that of the standard cointegration tests. Chapter 2 considers a different way of incorporating transitory periods into convergence analysis. It argues that convergence is a dynamic process that can better be captured by considering changes in persistence. Tests for changes in persistence are applied for interest rate differentials on long-term government bonds for a broad set of countries. Overwhelming evidence for convergence in interest rates can be found when considering countries now using the Euro, while very little evidence can be found for previously stable relationships beginning to diverge. Chapter 3 puts the focus on comovement between output series and considers various concepts based in either the time or the frequency domain to detect and describe cyclical comovements in output data. The use of multivariate wavelet analysis and a modification of the cohesion statistic from Fourier analysis is suggested to simultaneously assess comovement at the frequency level and over time. The main finding is that synchronization does indeed vary with cycle length and that it has been affected by events during the time span of the sample.

IT Il Movimento OA, nato all'interno del mondo accademico, facilita la condivisione e la crescita della conoscenza scientifica mediante il libero accesso ai risultati della ricerca. Tra le due strategie principali volte a garantire pubblicazioni ad accesso aperto, la Green road è pienamente rappresentata dagli Institutional Repositories. In Italia la storia degli archivi istituzionali è fortemente caratterizzata e guidata dall'attività dalla CRUI, in particolare dal Gruppo di lavoro per l'OA nato con lo scopo di dare attuazione ai principi della Dichiarazione di Berlino, punto cardine del movimento Open Access. In questo contesto, la LUISS partecipa al progetto di sperimentazione di harvesting automatico delle tesi di dottorato da parte delle Biblioteche Nazionali Centrali di Firenze e di Roma – Magazzini Digitali - ed attua una precisa politica di archiviazione per garantire il rispetto della normativa vigente in tema di Deposito legale. I suoi archivi istituzionali, LUISSearch e LUISSThesis, riguardano la descrizione e la documentazione rispettivamente della ricerca scientifica d'ateneo ad accesso aperto - con particolare riguardo per la collezione delle tesi di dottorato - e degli elaborati discussi nelle sedute di laurea dell'Università, offrendo l'accesso al testo integrale qualora consentito dai candidati.EN The purpose of OA movement, born within the academic world, is to facilitate the sharing and the growth of scientific knowledge through open access to research results. Between the two main strategies meant to ensure open access publishing, the Green road is fully represented by the Institutional Repositories. In Italy the history of institutional repositories is strongly characterized and driven by the activity of CRUI, in particular by the Working Group for OA formed with the purpose of giving effect to the principles of the Declaration of Berlin, cornerstone of the Open Access movement. In this context, LUISS participates in the research project of automatic harvesting of doctoral theses by the Central National Libraries of Florence and Rome - Digital Stacks - and implements a specific storage policy to ensure compliance with the legislation in force regarding legal deposit. Its institutional repositories, LUISSearch and LUISSThesis, concern the description and documentation respectively of scientific research of university open access - particularly with regard to the collection of doctoral theses - and the papers discussed in the University's degree sessions, providing access to the full text if allowed by the candidates.

Tingkat produksi minyak mentah yang cenderung mengalami penurunan sedangkan tingkat konsumsi terus mengalami peningkatan menjadi alasan bagi pemerintah untuk mengimpor minyak mentah dari luar negeri. Jika membiarkan impor minyak mentah terus meningkat maka akan berdampak pada defisitnya neraca perdagangan yang akan berdampak pada perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh produksi minyak mentah, konsumsi minyak mentah dan harga minyak internasional terhadap impor minyak. Jenis Penelitian ini menggunakan data runtut waktu dari tahun 1980-2012. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Error Correction Model (ECM). Pengujian secara parsial digunakan uji t-statistik dan pengujian secara serempak digunakan uji F-statistik. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa produksi minyak mentah, konsumsi, minyak mentah dan harga minyak mentah internasional secara serempak berpengaruh signifikan. Produksi minyak mentah berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Konsumsi minyak mentah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Harga minyak mentahinternasional berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Saran penelitian ini pemerintah menempuh kebijakan yang mendorong untuk pengembangan energi alternatif pengganti minyak mentah secara komprehensif dari hulu sampai hilir dan masyarakat mampu mengurangi konsumsi minyak atau meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan minyak mentah agar ketergantungan minyak mentah dapat dikurangi. The level of oil production tends to decrease while the level of consumption continues to increase the reason for the government to import oil from abroad. If allow the import of crude oil continues to increase it will have an impact on the trade balance deficit which will have an impact on the Indonesian economy. The study aims to determine the effect of oil production, oil consumption and international oil prices on oil imports. This study uses the data type of time series or time series data from 1980-2012. The analytical method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM). Partial test used statistical t-test and test simultaneously used the F - statistic test. The results showed that the oil production, oil consumption and international oil prices has significant simultan effect. Oil production has negative effect and significant.Oil consumption has positive impact and significant International oil prices has negative effect and significant. Suggestions of this study encourage the government to take a policy for the development of alternative energy in a comprehensive oil from upstream to downstream and communities to reduce the consumption of oil or oil in order to improve the efficiency of utilization of oil dependence can be reduced.

In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L?irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec ; Wastewater use in agriculture is a complex phenomenon since it transcends typical sectoral and geographical policy and planning boundaries, and is influenced by opinions and perceptions. Planning for wastewater use typically requires the involvement of a number of government agencies covering health, water, sanitation, agriculture and irrigation, as well as researchers, community groups and the private sector. Where wastewater use is already taking place spontaneously and unofficially, how can these stakeholders come together to improve the management of the system to maximize the livelihoods benefits while minimizing impacts on health and the environment? One option is the formation of multi-stakeholder platforms, which provide a space for stakeholders to share opinions and seek negotiated solutions in an open and ?level? environment. How effective these are, what outcomes can be expected, and how they can be improved are all questions that are still being asked. This chapter presents three case studies in which multi-stakeholder processes were used to improve wastewater management for urban agriculture. Although differences were observed, there were several cross-cutting lessons. A critical factor is the starting point, including an agreed definition of the problem to be addressed, negotiated goals and a management structure that is acceptable to all stakeholders. When multi-stakeholder processes are externally initiated, as with those reviewed here, it is essential that project priorities are commensurate with local priorities. Finding an institutional home and anchor agency an improve long-term sustainability but care must be taken in considering how this impacts on existing power structures. Participation and representation greatly influence the effectiveness of the process and much may need to be done to support this, for example by strengthening local community groups. A factor that appears to significantly improve participation and engagement is having tangible outputs, which demonstrate to stakeholders the potential of multi-stakeholder platforms.

Au terme d'une enquête de dix mois sur la vie politique à Naples, nous avons repris une belle invitation de Jean-François Bayart à regarder au-delà d'Eboli (dans sa réflexion sur le sens des énoncés politique) sur l'idée que les rouages de la domination politique échappaient, pour partie, aux théories univoques de la modernisation et du développement politique. Dans cette optique, nous avons pris au sérieux tout à la fois les récits sur le chaos politique comme ceux sur les passions identitaires, en cherchant à comprendre comment les désenchantements politiques sur la violence et la corruption côtoyaient en permanence des élans passionnels sur le syndicalisme, les élections et les mobilisations citoyennes. Il semble que ces deux formes d'énonciation du politique, contradictoires et imbriquées, révèlent une texture démocratique qui est sans doute beaucoup plus universelle qu'il n'y paraît de prime abord. C'est le résultat principal présenté dans cet article : non seulement la démocratie ne s'est pas arrêtée à Napoli, mais les ressorts de sa dramaturgie donnent à voir des traumatismes, des promesses et des stéréotypes qui sont au coeur de tous les systèmes d'action publique locale. D'une certaine façon, la façade narrative d'une faillite généralisée du pouvoir politique local masque un rapport dialectique tout à fait contemporain à l'autorité et à la domination politiques, rapport dans lequel le rejet des politiques publiques cohabite avec un engouement passionnel pour la chose publique. Pour étayer ce diagnostic paradoxal, une première partie présente quelques résultats saillants sur le mistero napoletano concernant les premières émotions politiques des futurs élus, la façon dont les leaders incarnent le pouvoir, l'omniprésence des mobilisations collectives dans la ville et la mise en scène théâtrale des joutes politiques. La seconde partie tente de tirer des enseignements à portée plus générale en connectant ces résultats aux schémas d'analyse présentés dans les travaux de science politique dans les champs de l'action publique locale, de la compétition politique et des mobilisations sociales. Le cas de Naples, où les dynamiques collectives de résistance, de défiance et d'adhésion à la politique et aux politiques publiques sont particulièrement entrecroisés, permet de mobiliser conjointement les approches des Cultural Studies et de la Narrative Policy. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que ces passerelles éclairent utilement la compréhension des ressorts passionnels et discursifs de la politique.

Показаны принципиальные направления совершенствования методологии долгосрочного регионального планирования, обеспечивающие взаимосвязь императивов устойчивого и инновационного развития экономики. Выявлена сущность модернизаций в системе планирования и ее перспективы, требующие интеграции социально-экономической и территориально-пространственной его подсистем в отличие от традиционного разделения и обособления этих сфер регионального управления. ; System of creating long-term plans of regional development, currently in force in Russia, with singling out the subsystems of socioeconomic planning and territorial planning and the levels in the current context, defined by the imperatives of sustainable and innovative development in it is investigated in the paper. Increasing the role of institutional factors of the development of regions requires their stipulation in complex of conceptual and legislative planning provisions, ensuring improved living standards. In order to solve the complex of problems, associated with the underestimation of regional planning, with the inconsistency of plans with conceptual development directives, with the disagreement of socioeconomic and territorial-spatial planning components, with an incomplete exploration of the real prerequisites in the regions for the implementation of innovative initiatives. The consistency of the spatial approach to regional planning, expressed in the dominant of transformational function, synchronization configuration and RES parameters with modern development imperatives was proved. Transition to the adaptive-spatial model of regional planning, ensuring completeness of accounting internal and external development factors of RES was justified. New elements of regional planning, determining the content of the planned activities and the specifics of the subjects of the regional economy were found. It was shown that innovation infrastructure defines a new design of socioeconomic space of the region, which requires recognition of its elements as special objects of regional policy. The proposed modeling of long-term planning, based on a synthesis of its socioeconomic and territorial components, provides the best adaptation of plans to the innovation development imperatives, taking into account the real possibilities of a particular region. Due to the unity of planning principles, the consistency of regional development decisions, developed at the federal and regional levels of public authority is reached, the system of regional administration is optimized, efficiency of the modernization processes in the regions is increased, disparities in living standards are reduced through rational and integrated use of resources.

El objetivo del artículo es analizar el concepto y estrategias oficiales del «Buen Vivir» a través del filtro de las principales definiciones de ideología de las tradiciones marxista, psicoanalítica y cognitiva, como falsa conciencia, programa movilizador o discurso hegemónico y como mecanismo cognitivo de reducción de la complejidad. Para ello se contrapone el discurso oficial del «Buen Vivir» (recogido en la Constitución de 2008, los Planes Nacionales para el «Buen Vivir» 2009-2013 y 2013-2017, y en la publicística e intervenciones públicas de las máximas autoridades políticas del Ecuador) con la orientación y resultados de las políticas públicas, que, en realidad, aspiran a lograr un proceso de desarrollo basado en una diversificación de la estructura productiva del país por ahora inédita. ; The article aims to analyse the concept and official strategies of «Buen Vivir» through the lens of the main ideological definitions adopted by the Marxist, psychoanalytic and cognitive traditions as a false conscience, mobilizing programme or hegemonic discourse and as a cognitive mechanism to reduce complexity, respectively. To that purpose, the official discourse of «Buen Vivir», as expressed in the 2008 Constitution, the National Development Plans of 2009-2013 and 2013-2017, as well as in the interventions and declarations of Ecuadorian political authorities, will be compared against the orientation and results of public policy, which appears to lead to a developmental process based on an as of yet still unachieved diversification of the productive structure. ; L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser le concept et les stratégies de « Buen Vivir » à travers le filtre des principales définitions d'idéologie des traditions marxiste, psycho-analytique et cognitive, comme fausse conscience, programme mobilisateur ou discours hégémonique et comme mécanisme cognitif de réduction de la complexité. Pour cela, on confronte le discours officiel de « Buen Vivir » (recueilli dans la constitution de 2008, les plans nationaux pour le « Buen Vivir » 2009-2013 et 2013-2017 et dans la relation publique et les interventions publiques des autorités les plus importantes d'Équateur) avec l'orientation et les résultats des politiques publiques, qui, en réalité aspirent à réussir un processus de développement basé sur une diversification de la structure productive du pays jusqu'ici inédite.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional ; As primeiras Zonas Económicas Especiais (ZEEs) bem estabelecidas são indispensáveis no rápido crescimento económico da China. Graças ao crescimento impulsionado pelas ZEEs e outros factores no âmbito de desenvolvimento internacional, a China está a ganhar mais capital. A política de "Going out" do governo chinês incentiva mais empresas chinesas a investir mais em mercados emergentes, como a América Latina, especialmente em África. Nos últimos 10 anos, a economia de Moçambique tem crescido firmemente a um ritmo impressionante de mais de 7 por cento ao ano, impulsionado pelo sector dos serviços, agricultura e sector da indústria recém-desenvolvida, especialmente da indústria extractiva. Este ritmo deveria continuar. O Investimento Directo Estrangeiro (IDE) chinês em Moçambique está a aumentar e o comércio e a cooperação bilateral estão cada vez mais estreitos e diversificados. Depois de analisar a experiência e as lições das ZEEs da China, e outros modelos de desenvolvimento, vou analisar algumas dimensões com base no acima exposto. Vou investigar, no contexto da África, se Moçambique tem os mesmos factores de sucesso que as Zonas Económicas Especiais da China e outros modelos de desenvolvimento económico. ; The first well-developed Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are indispensable in the rapid economic growth of China. Thanks to the growth driven by the SEZs and other factors by the development of international context, China is gaining more physical capital. The Chinese Government's policy of "oing out" encourages more Chinese companies to invest more in the emerging markets, like Latin America, especially Africa. In the last 10 years, Mozambique's economy has grown steadily at an impressive rate of above 7 percent per year, driven by the service sector, agriculture and newly developed industry sector, especially extractive industry. This pace is expected to continue. The Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Mozambique is increasing and the bilateral trade and cooperation are more and more close and diversified. After analyzing the Chinese SEZs experience and lessons, and other development models, I will analyze some dimensions based on the above. I am going to research, in the context of Africa, if Mozambique has the same factors of success as the Chinese Special Economic Zones and other economic development models.

Do employers in coordinated market economies (CME's) actively defend the non-liberal, market- constraining institutions upon which their strategic coordination and competitive success depends? This paper revisits the debate over firms' employer preferences with an in-depth examination of employers in Germany - a paradigmatic CME and crucial "test case" for Varieties of Capitalism. It is based on interviews with key officials and an in-depth examination of a large-scale campaign - the New Social Market Initiative or INMS - founded and funded by German metalworking employers to shape public opinion. The paper argues that German employers have a strong preference for liberalization: they have pushed hard for the liberalization of labor markets, the reduction of government expenditures, the expansion of market-oriented freedoms, and cuts to social protection, employment protection and benefit entitlements. I find no empirical support for the claim that the INSM is an attempt to appease discontented firms within employers' associations. On the contrary: for many employers, the Agenda 2010 reforms did not go far enough. Following the discrediting of the Anglo-American model in the financial crisis, far-reaching concessions by employees, and the unexpected revitalization of the German economy, employers have moderated their demands - but liberalization remains their default preference. This paper also addresses the role of ideas and the conditions under which employer campaigns can influence policy. ; Verteidigen Arbeitgeber in koordinierten Marktwirtschaften aktiv die nichtliberalen, marktbeschränkenden Institutionen, von denen ihre Möglichkeiten zur strategischen Koordination und ihr Erfolg im Wettbewerb abhängen? Mit einer umfassenden Untersuchung der Präferenzen von Arbeitgebern in Deutschland, das als typisches Beispiel einer koordinierten Marktwirtschaft und wegweisender "Testfall" für die Theorie über Spielarten des Kapitalismus gilt, greift dieses Discussion Paper die Debatte über die Präferenzen von Unternehmen in ihrer Eigenschaft als Arbeitgeber auf. Es basiert auf Interviews mit führenden Arbeitgeberfunktionären sowie einer detaillierten Untersuchung der Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM): einer groß angelegten, von deutschen Metallarbeitgebern initiierten und finanzierten Kampagne zur öffentlichen Meinungsbildung. Der Beitrag belegt eine deutliche Präferenz deutscher Arbeitgeber für die Liberalisierung. Mit Nachdruck haben sie sich für eine Liberalisierung der Arbeitsmärkte, eine Senkung der Staatsausgaben und eine Ausweitung marktorientierter Gestaltungsfreiheiten ebenso eingesetzt wie für Einschnitte bei der sozialen Sicherung, dem Kündigungsschutz und den Versorgungsansprüchen. Die Behauptung, die INSM sei ein Versuch, unzufriedene Unternehmen innerhalb der Arbeitgeberverbände zu beschwichtigen, lässt sich durch die empirischen Befunde nicht stützen. Im Gegenteil: Vielen Arbeitgebern gingen die Reformen im Zuge der Agenda 2010 nicht weit genug. Zwar haben die deutschen Arbeitgeber nach der Diskreditierung des angloamerikanischen Modells während der Finanzkrise, weitreichenden Zugeständnissen seitens der Arbeitnehmer sowie der unerwarteten Wiederbelebung der deutschen Wirtschaft ihre Forderungen gemäßigt - doch bleibt ihre grundlegende Präferenz für die Liberalisierung bestehen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich außerdem mit der Rolle von Ideen sowie den Bedingungen, unter denen Arbeitgeberkampagnen politische Maßnahmen beeinflussen können.

Das IMK analysiert regelmäßig mittels Daten von Eurostat die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten und der Lohnstückkosten in Europa. In dieser aktuellen Auswertung wird zunächst die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten in der Privatwirtschaft, dem privaten Dienstleistungssektor und dem Verarbeitenden Gewerbe in wichtigen europäischen Ländern, dem Euroraum und der Europäischen Union als Ganzes dargestellt. Zudem wird die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten im öffentlichen Dienstleistungssektor aufgezeigt. Im Anschluss daran wird – unter Berücksichtigung der Arbeitsproduktivität – die Entwicklung der Lohnstückkosten untersucht. Im Jahr 2013 kostete in Deutschland eine Arbeitsstunde in der Privatwirtschaft 31,3 Euro. Wie im Vorjahr belegt Deutschland damit im europäischen Länderranking den achten Platz. Mit einer Veränderungsrate von 1,4% war die Arbeitskostenentwicklung 2013 schwach und lag nur knapp über dem europäischen Durchschnitt. Nach einem starken Anstieg im Jahr 2012 waren die deutschen Arbeitskosten im privaten Dienstleistungssektor in Höhe von 28,7 Euro 2013 wieder unterdurchschnittlich gestiegen und auch deutlich schwächer als im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe. Dabei liegen sie schon um rund ein Fünftel unterhalb der Arbeitskosten im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe. Die Krisenländer haben ihre Arbeits- und Lohnstückkosten in den letzten Jahren teilweise in dramatischer Weise bereits soweit nach unten korrigiert, dass sie mit der Zielinflationsrate der EZB von mittelfristig knapp 2 % kompatibel sind. Dagegen müssten die Löhne in Deutschland über mehrere Jahre hinweg um mehr als 3 % zulegen, um so den Anpassungsprozess der Krisenländer zu unterstützen und Deflationsgefahren im Euroraum zu begegnen. ; Based on data from Eurostat the Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK) regularly analyses the development of labour costs and unit labour costs in Europe. This report presents labour cost trends in the private sector, and disaggregated for private services and manufacturing industry, for a selection of European countries, the Euro Area and the European Union. Furthermore, labour cost trends in public services are presented. In addition, allowing for labour productivity, the development of unit labour costs in Europe is analysed.In 2012 the hourly labour cost in the German private sector averaged 31.3 euro. Just like in the previous year, the German economy is in eighth position in the ranking of EU countries. With an annual rate of change of 1.4% the rise in labour costs in the German private sector was weak and only slightly above the European average. After a strong increase in 2012, German labour costs in private services, which averaged 28.7 Euro in 2013, grew at a slower rate than the European average and significantly slower than in manufacturing. Yet hourly labour costs in private services are already around one fifth lower than in manufacturing industry.In recent years the so called European crisis countries decreased their labour and unit labour costs so much that in the medium run they are compatible with the ECB's inflation target of slightly below 2% per annum. However, wages in Germany need to increase by more than 3 % per annum for an extended period to support the ongoing economic adjustment processes in these countries and to counter the risk of deflation in the Eurozone.

This study hypothesises that the application of an integrated and multidimensional human well-being - ecosystem approach can improve our understanding of agricultural biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides in terms that are meaningful to the people that depend on them, allowing us to draw relevant policy implications. We develop an Extended- Capability-Ecosystem-Approach based on Duraiappah (2004) to analyze the relationship between the conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity and different aspects of the well-being of households, including their conversion factors, capabilities and endowments. The empirical focus is on farming households of the Yucatán, Mexico, where Mayan descendants depend on agricultural biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides for their subsistence, food security, and culture, often within marginal economic and agronomic conditions. The possible expansion of opportunities open to people through education and employment appears coupled with a process of ageing of the population working in agriculture and rural out-migration. The latter seems related to the use of higher crop diversity on farm and the conservation of local varieties, posing issues of future loss of genetic resources, associated knowledge and cultural values. Geographical isolation also appears to contribute to a higher level of crop diversity and a more intensive use of off farm ecosystem goods. Finally, the work of women on farm is significantly associated with conservation of local varieties and higher crop diversity for consumption, indicating that conservation strategies should take into account the gender dimension of associated knowledge and preferred characteristics of varieties. It emerges that agrobiodiversity and related ecosystem services represent fundamental safety nets, the basis for consumption stability and a risk diversification strategy, often linked to cultural and social practices, but the difficult condition of life in rural areas cannot be overlooked. The relationship between socio-economic characteristics of households and agrobiodiversity calls for a more coherent and concerted conservation strategy linking the action of development and environmental agencies. The recognition of the needs and aspirations of different groups in the population might favour the creation of appropriate incentives for the conservation of crop genetic resources on farm and the sustainable use of off farm ecosystem goods, expanding the real opportunities that people enjoy.