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КОБРІЙ Ольга – доктор педагогічних наук, професор, кафедра загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, УкраїнаE-mail address: olha_kobriy@ukr.netorcid:0000-0003-3098-5878 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1967189/olha-kobrii/ ЯЦІВ Оксана – здобувач кафедри загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, УкраїнаE-mail address: 30x05x@gmail.com orcid:0000-0002-9537-398X Бібліографічний опис статті: Кобрій, О., & Яців, О. (2019). Pedagogical conditions for young people's consciousness formation in the creative heritage of M. Shlemkevych. Людинознавчі студії. Серія «Педагогіка», 9/41, 38–49. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.9/41.175695.Історія статтіОдержано: 24 квітня 2019Прорецензовано: 7 червня 2019 Подано до редакції: 20 липня 2019Доступ он-лайн: 24 вересня 2019 Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2019 The Authors. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).У статті виявлено впливи різноманітних спільнот на становлення світогляду молодих людей і педагогічні умови розвитку духовної сфери українців у спадщині Миколи Шлемкевича, які стосуються використання таких методів самовиховання, як самопізнання, самоспостереження, самооцінка, самоаналіз. Це означає, що зроблено акцент на участі самої людини у своєму вихованні, отже – проведений пошук демократичних шляхів формування світогляду кожної молодої людини та розширення її духовного світу. Обґрунтовано висновок, що шляхи утвердження духовних цінностей та інших ідеалів добра, пошук засобів формування людяності, тобто її гуманізації, є основою для розширення і збагачення внутрішнього світу людини, її змужніння, глибокого проникнення у світ моральних цінностей, саморозвитку. Охарактеризовано важливі педагогічні умови становлення світогляду українців, виявлені у творчій спадщині М. Шлемкевича, – пошук способів досягти правди, щастя, гармонії в житті суспільства та кожного українця, повернути їх до духовності, відбудувати довіру один до одного, захищати свої переконання, свобода вибору, віра, праця особистості, яка полягає у застосуванні її здібностей та можливостей для вдосконалення суспільства, є засобом перетворення світу і водночас служінням одне одному, ближньому, сім'ї, народові, та праця над собою. Акцентовано на їхньому практичному значенні для розвитку духовності особистості й удосконалення українського суспільства, їхній ролі у формуванні свідомості української молодої людини. Розкрито значення віри для процесу становлення світогляду молодої людини та її роль у формуванні її свідомості й духовному оздоровленні українського суспільства. Досягти високого рівня удосконалення моральності людини можна через виявлення християнського світогляду, відомі способи практикування у чеснотах (смирення, прощення, покаяння, молитву, сповідь тощо). Уявлення про віру як потужний стимул для розвитку духовних сил людини та людської творчості дають підстави для пошуку механізмів утвердження віри у свідомості молодих людей. Дієві способи морального вдосконалення українців для М. Шлемкевича пов'язані з їхньою діяльністю, пошуком правди й справедливості в житті і передбачають страждання, долання перешкод, забезпечення стану спокою, покаяння, прощення, випробовування себе у вірі. Одночасно для пошуку правди М. Шлемкевич рекомендував також оптимізм, побудову довір'я до українців, віру в ідеали добра, краще майбутнє. Під час реалізації педагогічних умов становлення світогляду українців важливо подбати про створення національного культурно-просвітницького середовища, коли мають враховуватися звичаї, обряди, традиції, особливості національного спілкування, менталітет, мова, національна символіка, історія, релігія, фольклор, етикет, національне мистецтво, побут. ; KOBRII Olha – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, General Pedagogics and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko Str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: olha_kobriy@ukr.netorcid:0000-0003-3098-5878 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1967189/olha-kobrii/ YATSIV Oksana – PhD Student at the Department of General Pedagogy and Preschool Education, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko Str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, Ukraine E-mail address: 30x05x@gmail.com orcid:0000-0002-9537-398X To cite this article: Kobrii, O., & Yatsiv, O. (2019). Pedagogical conditions for young people's consciousness formation in the creative heritage of M. Shlemkevych. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 9/41, 38–49. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.9/41.175695.Article historyReceived: April 24, 2019Received in revised form: June 7, 2019 Accepted: July 20, 2019Available online: September 24, 2019 Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2019 The Authors. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).The article reveals the influence of various communities on the world outlook formation in young people and pedagogical conditions for the spiritual development of Ukrainians based on the heritage of Mykola Shlemkevych, which concern the use of such methods for self-education as self-cognition, self-observation, self-assessment, self-analysis. This means that the emphasis has been placed on the person's own participation in his/her education, thus – the research has been done on the democratic ways for the world outlook formation in every young person and expansion of his/her spiritual world.It is substantiated that the ways of establishing spiritual values and other ideals of the good, search for means of forming humanity, that is, humanization, are the basis for expanding and enriching the inner world of man, his maturing, deep penetration into the world of moral values, self-development. There have been characterized important pedagogical conditions for the world outlook formation in Ukrainians, that have been discovered in the creative heritage of M. Shlemkevych, they are – search for ways to achieve truth, happiness, harmony in the life of society and every Ukrainian, to bring them back to spirituality, to rebuild trust in one another, to defend one's convictions, freedom of choice, faith, work of personality, which insists in applying one's abilities and opportunities for the perfection of society and is a means of transforming the world and, at the same time, serving one another, one's neighbour, the family, the people, and work over oneself. It is emphasized on their practical significance for the development of personality's spirituality and improvement of Ukrainian society and their role in shaping the consciousness of the Ukrainian young man.There have been revealed the significance of faith for the process of young person's world outlook formation and its role in consciousness formation and spiritual recovery of the Ukrainian society. A high level of perfection of human morality can be achieved through discovery of a Christian outlook, known ways of practicing in virtues (humility, forgiveness, repentance, prayer, confession, etc.). The idea of faith as a powerful incentive for the development of spiritual powers of man and human creativity provides grounds for seeking mechanisms to establish faith in the minds of young people.Effective ways of moral improvement of Ukrainians, according to M. Shlemkevych, are connected with their activity, search for truth and justice in life, and presuppose suffering, overcoming obstacles, providing a state of peace, repentance, forgiveness, and testing oneself in faith. At the same time, in order to search for truth M. Shlemkevych also recommended optimism, building up trust in Ukrainians, faith in the ideals of the good, and a better future. During the implementation of the pedagogical conditions for the world outlook formation in the Ukrainians, it is important to create the national cultural and educational environment taking into account customs and traditions, peculiarities of national communication, mentality, language, national symbols, history, religion, folklore, way of life, national art.Acknowledgments. Sincere thanks to the head of the General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Fanko State Pedagogical University, Prof. Chepil Mariya.Funding. The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

КОБРІЙ Ольга – доктор педагогічних наук, професор, кафедра загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, УкраїнаE-mail address: olha_kobriy@ukr.netorcid:0000-0003-3098-5878 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1967189/olha-kobrii/ ЯЦІВ Оксана – здобувач кафедри загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, УкраїнаE-mail address: 30x05x@gmail.com orcid:0000-0002-9537-398X Бібліографічний опис статті: Кобрій, О., & Яців, О. (2019). Pedagogical conditions for young people's consciousness formation in the creative heritage of M. Shlemkevych. Людинознавчі студії. Серія «Педагогіка», 9/41, 38–49. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.9/41.175695.Історія статтіОдержано: 24 квітня 2019Прорецензовано: 7 червня 2019 Подано до редакції: 20 липня 2019Доступ он-лайн: 24 вересня 2019 Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2019 The Authors. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).У статті виявлено впливи різноманітних спільнот на становлення світогляду молодих людей і педагогічні умови розвитку духовної сфери українців у спадщині Миколи Шлемкевича, які стосуються використання таких методів самовиховання, як самопізнання, самоспостереження, самооцінка, самоаналіз. Це означає, що зроблено акцент на участі самої людини у своєму вихованні, отже – проведений пошук демократичних шляхів формування світогляду кожної молодої людини та розширення її духовного світу. Обґрунтовано висновок, що шляхи утвердження духовних цінностей та інших ідеалів добра, пошук засобів формування людяності, тобто її гуманізації, є основою для розширення і збагачення внутрішнього світу людини, її змужніння, глибокого проникнення у світ моральних цінностей, саморозвитку. Охарактеризовано важливі педагогічні умови становлення світогляду українців, виявлені у творчій спадщині М. Шлемкевича, – пошук способів досягти правди, щастя, гармонії в житті суспільства та кожного українця, повернути їх до духовності, відбудувати довіру один до одного, захищати свої переконання, свобода вибору, віра, праця особистості, яка полягає у застосуванні її здібностей та можливостей для вдосконалення суспільства, є засобом перетворення світу і водночас служінням одне одному, ближньому, сім'ї, народові, та праця над собою. Акцентовано на їхньому практичному значенні для розвитку духовності особистості й удосконалення українського суспільства, їхній ролі у формуванні свідомості української молодої людини. Розкрито значення віри для процесу становлення світогляду молодої людини та її роль у формуванні її свідомості й духовному оздоровленні українського суспільства. Досягти високого рівня удосконалення моральності людини можна через виявлення християнського світогляду, відомі способи практикування у чеснотах (смирення, прощення, покаяння, молитву, сповідь тощо). Уявлення про віру як потужний стимул для розвитку духовних сил людини та людської творчості дають підстави для пошуку механізмів утвердження віри у свідомості молодих людей. Дієві способи морального вдосконалення українців для М. Шлемкевича пов'язані з їхньою діяльністю, пошуком правди й справедливості в житті і передбачають страждання, долання перешкод, забезпечення стану спокою, покаяння, прощення, випробовування себе у вірі. Одночасно для пошуку правди М. Шлемкевич рекомендував також оптимізм, побудову довір'я до українців, віру в ідеали добра, краще майбутнє. Під час реалізації педагогічних умов становлення світогляду українців важливо подбати про створення національного культурно-просвітницького середовища, коли мають враховуватися звичаї, обряди, традиції, особливості національного спілкування, менталітет, мова, національна символіка, історія, релігія, фольклор, етикет, національне мистецтво, побут. ; KOBRII Olha – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, General Pedagogics and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko Str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: olha_kobriy@ukr.netorcid:0000-0003-3098-5878 ResearcherID: https://publons.com/researcher/1967189/olha-kobrii/ YATSIV Oksana – PhD Student at the Department of General Pedagogy and Preschool Education, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko Str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, Ukraine E-mail address: 30x05x@gmail.com orcid:0000-0002-9537-398X To cite this article: Kobrii, O., & Yatsiv, O. (2019). Pedagogical conditions for young people's consciousness formation in the creative heritage of M. Shlemkevych. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 9/41, 38–49. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.9/41.175695.Article historyReceived: April 24, 2019Received in revised form: June 7, 2019 Accepted: July 20, 2019Available online: September 24, 2019 Journal homepage:http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039© 2019 The Authors. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).The article reveals the influence of various communities on the world outlook formation in young people and pedagogical conditions for the spiritual development of Ukrainians based on the heritage of Mykola Shlemkevych, which concern the use of such methods for self-education as self-cognition, self-observation, self-assessment, self-analysis. This means that the emphasis has been placed on the person's own participation in his/her education, thus – the research has been done on the democratic ways for the world outlook formation in every young person and expansion of his/her spiritual world.It is substantiated that the ways of establishing spiritual values and other ideals of the good, search for means of forming humanity, that is, humanization, are the basis for expanding and enriching the inner world of man, his maturing, deep penetration into the world of moral values, self-development. There have been characterized important pedagogical conditions for the world outlook formation in Ukrainians, that have been discovered in the creative heritage of M. Shlemkevych, they are – search for ways to achieve truth, happiness, harmony in the life of society and every Ukrainian, to bring them back to spirituality, to rebuild trust in one another, to defend one's convictions, freedom of choice, faith, work of personality, which insists in applying one's abilities and opportunities for the perfection of society and is a means of transforming the world and, at the same time, serving one another, one's neighbour, the family, the people, and work over oneself. It is emphasized on their practical significance for the development of personality's spirituality and improvement of Ukrainian society and their role in shaping the consciousness of the Ukrainian young man.There have been revealed the significance of faith for the process of young person's world outlook formation and its role in consciousness formation and spiritual recovery of the Ukrainian society. A high level of perfection of human morality can be achieved through discovery of a Christian outlook, known ways of practicing in virtues (humility, forgiveness, repentance, prayer, confession, etc.). The idea of faith as a powerful incentive for the development of spiritual powers of man and human creativity provides grounds for seeking mechanisms to establish faith in the minds of young people.Effective ways of moral improvement of Ukrainians, according to M. Shlemkevych, are connected with their activity, search for truth and justice in life, and presuppose suffering, overcoming obstacles, providing a state of peace, repentance, forgiveness, and testing oneself in faith. At the same time, in order to search for truth M. Shlemkevych also recommended optimism, building up trust in Ukrainians, faith in the ideals of the good, and a better future. During the implementation of the pedagogical conditions for the world outlook formation in the Ukrainians, it is important to create the national cultural and educational environment taking into account customs and traditions, peculiarities of national communication, mentality, language, national symbols, history, religion, folklore, way of life, national art.Acknowledgments. Sincere thanks to the head of the General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Fanko State Pedagogical University, Prof. Chepil Mariya.Funding. The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Introduction: Distributed Research Infrastructures are becoming increasingly more salient as science expands and universities continue to look for new means to cooperate and share expertise and expenses on large-scale projects. One area which has seen much development in recent years is biobanking, as there have been numerous attempts to harmonise the different biobanking standards over the years, none of which have been entirely successful. BBMRI.se was an EU-initiative that sought to harmonise the biobanks nationwide. BBMRI.se, was thus selected as a case for studying how a distributed Research Infrastructure was set up. At the time of its creation, the organisation constituted the largest investment ever made by the Swedish Research Council in a medical Research Infrastructure. The organisation involved all Swedish universities with a medical faculty, in addition to two other universities. However, the organisation was marred by a number of controversies and would eventually fold in 2018. Aim: This dissertation is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the construction of a medical large-scale distributed Research Infrastructure, and to understand the motivations and rationale of the experts who activate themselves in constructing it. Thus, the overall aim of this doctoral thesis is to identify the benefits and constraints of forming a large-scale medical, distributed Research Infrastructure. Specifically, this dissertation looks at a real-life case while comparing it to the available literature covering the development of Research Infrastructures as well as some of the theories covering mindsharing and collective entrepreneurship. The ambition is to contribute knowledge on the determining factors in bringing a large-scale infrastructure together as well as the risks associated with it. Hence, this dissertation asks the following research question: What are the principal lessons for researchers, entrepreneurs and funders that can be inferred from the formation of a large-scale distributed Research Infrastructure towards securing more sustainable prospects for similar, future endeavours? More precisely, this dissertation seeks to determine what the most debated topics are within the academic discourse on Research Infrastructures (study I), after which it looks at the factors involved in constructing shaping a distributed Research Infrastructure (study II). The study then endeavours to looks at some of the pitfalls and how managerial self-governance affects organisational failure (study III). The study then seeks to investigate the mind-set of the managers/pioneers involved in setting up BBMRI.se and if they perceive the organisation in a similar fashion for the other managers (study IV) and how they have reasoned behind their motivations for joining the initiative in the first place (study V). The overall results have endeavoured to elucidate what components are at work when forming such an infrastructure at an organisational level, but also to understand the reasoning and motivation that the individuals responsible in setting up the infrastructure might have had, and how their visions and/or actions may have impacted on the organisation. Method: Some various designs and data collection methods were used in this dissertation. Study I was a literature study carried out as a narrative review using the PRISMA statements as a guideline. Both the Web of Science (WOS) and PubMed databases were scoured for articles. Study II-V used qualitative, semi-structured interviews with BBMRI.se managers. All of these studies took on the form of iterative, directed content analyses, with the exception of study III, which was an inductive, directed content analysis. Results: Study I found that the most commonly discussed topics concerned the need for developing and expanding the use of "infrastructures". The findings indicated that the future of scientific research calls for a deeper and more widespread multidisciplinary forms of collaboration. Study II found that it is crucial to identify the potential collaborative and deliberative organisational elements of organisational team building already at the outset of establishing a distributed Research Infrastructure. The study also found that, contrary to suggestions of extant literature, the establishment of a distributed Research Infrastructure does not necessarily counteract organisational fragmentation. Study III identified that an organisation with high levels of task uncertainty and low levels of organisational integration will suffer from organisational fragmentation. The type of fragmentation manifested in BBMRI.se is best identified as a "fragmented adhocracy". This means that the organisation's mission statement is subject to diverse views, leading to goals that are separate, unstable and sometimes even conflicting, while also lacking in co-ordination. The study also found that the organisation lacked a "liaison device" and instead depended on a more traditional model of planning and control systems through its reliance on strategy documents and interim evaluation reports. This was in spite of the fact that this model is better suited for a more vertical organisational structure. Study IV investigated how managers/associates of BBMRI.se perceived the organisation's brand and the role of "mindsharing". The results showed that mindsharing occurred throughout the initial two stages ("Brand Strategic Analysis" and "Brand Identity"), but would disspate throughout the remaining two final stages ("Brand Operationalising", and "Post Implementation Reflections"). This resulted in a fragmented brand perception, which resulted in the failure of generating a "pull-effect" for the BBMRI.se brand. Study V looked at how collective entrepreneurial team cognition of the instigators behind BBMRI.se changes throughout the process of establishing the organisation. The study devised a new "action phase model", known as the "4 I's" of entrepreneurship, where each "I" elaborated on the entrepreneurial rationale behind the various stages of the creation process. These were "Intention", "Initiation", "Implementation" and "Introspection". The results illustrated that the respondents agreed that there was a need for BBMRI.se, while disagreeing on what the organisation should be doing and what its challenges consisted of. The homogenous mind-set would begin to dissipate once the "Initiation" stage was reached, declining further throughout the Implementation stage. Conclusion: The overall conclusions from study I-V have shown that distributed Research Infrastructures carries potential to form a platform to pool scientific research in the face of the ever-expanding sciences, where the demands of co-financing and scientific co-operation are becoming ever so pressing. In addition, distributed Research Infrastructures have the benefit of utilising initial synergy effects and using multidisciplinary teams. In line with the contention of Gibbons et al. (1994), this carries the potential of opening up new possibilities of scientific knowledge production. Provided there is a political incentive in place to allocate the necessary funding, the process of establishing a distributed Research Infrastructure can be done in a considerably swift timespan. However, there are several inherent risks. Most notably, there was a lack of "infrastructuring", as defined by Star and Bowker (2002). This means that scientists as well as the policy- makers should gradually learn together through a learning process about how to creating an effective large-scale infrastructure. This may have prevented mindsharing from becoming consolidated throughout the formation process (Aaker, 1996; Acuña, 2012; Azevedo, 2005; J. Griffin, 2009; Holt, 2016; Krishnan, Sullivan, Groza, & Aurand, 2013; Stevens, 2003). This, in turn, would also put an end to the collective entrepreneurship that had up till that point characterised BBMRI.se, in which the motivations and drivers of the initiators/managers, as well as their respective recollections of the same, were instrumental features (Cardon, Post, & Forster, 2017; Czarniawska-Joerges & Wolff, 1991; Sakhdari, 2016). Moreover, the integration of autonomous "National Champions" (leading scientists within their field) carries a risk of the "principal-agent" problem, which in turn can lead to "moral hazard" as the "National Champion(s)" may elect to undertake added risks, since someone else bears the cost of those risks (Holmstrom, 1982; Laffont & Martimort, 2002; Steets, 2010). There is also an over- whelming risk of organisational fragmentation, which, coupled with managerial neglect, may cause the eventual failure of the organisation.

Transformative strategies for the development of higher education, pointed out in the list of key educational competencies of the 21st century by international organizations of various levels, are associated with the processes of becoming and transformation of individuals as integral subjects of cognition and action within the framework of communicative strategies for the formation of a global civil society. The implementation of transformative educational strategies in a meaningful aspect requires inter- and transdisciplinary methodologies to research the process of transformative adult learning aimed at developing an "integral person", and not just its rational-cognitive aspects. Within this holistic approach, questions arise about the nature of the transformative changes in the basic ontological and anthropological components of the educational process in the context of the transition epoch, namely, the becoming a global transcultural civil society. In order to clarify the features of such transformations, the dynamics of the phenomena and concepts of identity and self is examined in terms of a change in the conceptual landscape of culture. Various disciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to their definition are analyzed. The relevance of the concepts of multiple identity (as an open permanent identification process) and the transversal self (as a process-dialogue unity of differences) in the liminal space at the global and individual levels are substantiated. ; Трансформативні стратегії розвитку вищої освіти, артикульовані в переліку ключових освітніх компетентностей ХХІ століття міжнародними організаціями різного рівня, пов'язані з процесами становлення і трансформації індивідів як цілісних суб'єктів пізнання і дії в межах комунікативних стратегій формування глобального громадянського суспільства. Реалізація трансформативних стратегій вищої освіти в змістовному аспекті вимагає інтер- і трансдисциплінарних методологій дослідження процесу трансформативного навчання дорослих, спрямованого на розвиток «цілісної людини», а не тільки його раціонально-когнітивних складових. В рамках такого холістичного підходу постають питання про природу трансформативних змін основних онто-антропологічних складових освітнього процесу в контексті епохи переходу, а саме становлення глобального транскультурного громадянського суспільства. З метою прояснення особливостей таких трансформацій розглядається динаміка феноменів і концептів ідентичності і самості на тлі зміни концептуального ландшафту культури. Аналізуються різні дисциплінарні і трансдисциплінарні підходи до їх визначення і обґрунтовується релевантність концептів множинної ідентичності як відкритого перманентного процесу ідентифікації та трансверсальної самості як процесуально-діалогової єдності відмінностей у просторі лімінальності на глобальному та індивідуальному рівнях. ПОСИЛАННЯ Бауман,З. (2002). Индивидуализированное общество. Пер. с англ. под ред. В.Л.Иноземцева. – М.: Логос. Бейтсон, Г. (2000). Экология разума. Избранные статьи по антропологии, психиатрии и эпистемологии (Пер. с англ.). М.: Смысл, 2000. Боас Ф. (2011). Ум первобытного человека. Академия фундаментальных исследований: этнология. Красанд, 2011. Взято з http://www.opentextnn.ru/man/?id=3337 Гердер И.Г. (1977). Идеи к философии истории человечества. Пер. и примеч. А.В.Михайлова. М., 1977. Горбунова Л. (2014). Транскультурна освітня стратегія в контексті викликів глобалізації. Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education,1 (14), 158-198. Взято з www.philosopheducation.com Иглтон Т. (2012). Идея культуры. Пер с англ. И. Кушнаревой. М.: Изд. Дом Высшей школы экономики. Кастельс М. (2000). Информационная эпоха: экономика, общество и культура: Пер. с англ. Под науч. ред. О.И.Шкаратана. М.: ГУ ВШЭ. Лиотар Жан-Франсуа (1998 ). Состояние постмодерна. Перевод с французского Н.А.Шматко. М.: Изд-во «Алетейя», Санкт-Петербург. Малиновский Б. (1998). Магия, наука и религия. Пер.с англ. М.: «Рефл-бук». Мосс М. (2011). Об одной категории человеческого духа: понятие личности, понятие «я». Мосс М. Общества. Обмен. Личность. Труды по социальной антропологии. Пер. с фр. М.: КДУ. 325-352. Тайлор Э.Б. (1989). Первобытная культура. М., 1989. Фуко М. (1977). Слова и вещи: археология гуманитарных наук. Перевод с французского. М.: «Прогресс». Эриксон Э. (1996). Детство и общество. Изд-е 2-е, перераб. и доп. Пер. с англ. СПб: Ленато, АСТ «Университетская книга». Юнг, К.Г. (2003). Воспоминания, мечты, размышления. Мн.: «Харвест». 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'From the native's point of view': On the nature of anthropological understanding. Local knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology. 55-70. New York: Basic Books. Взято з hypergeertz.jku.at/GeertzTexts/Natives_Point.htm Hall, S. (2016). Cultural Studies 1983: A Theoretical History. In:Stuart Hall: Selected Writings. Duke University Press. Взято з https://www.dukeupress.edu/cultural-studies-1983 Hermans, H. J. M., & Kempen, H. J. G. (1998). Moving cultures: The perilous problems of cultural dichotomies in a globalizing society.American Psychologist, 53(10), 1111-1120. Взято з http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.10.1111 Hermans, H. J. M., & Dimaggio, G. (2007). Self, identity, and globalization in times of uncertainty: A dialogical analysis. Review of General Psychology. 11(1). 31-61. Взято з https://www.taosinstitute.net/./hermans___dimaggio__in_re. Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. 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Tämän tutkimuksen sysäsi liikkeelle kuilu, jonka havaitsin politiikkaideaalien ja kehitysyhteistyön käytännön välillä. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, miten laajaan turvallisuuteen sekä kehityksen ja rauhaan liittyvät ideaalit heijastuvat käytäntöön. Tutkimuskohteena on kehitysyhteistyö konfliktista kärsineellä alueella. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan tapaustutkimus. Se tarkastelee Suomen ja Nepalin kahdenvälisen vesi- ja sanitaatiohankkeen toteutusta. Tutkimus kysyy, millä tavoin Rural Village Water Resources Management -hanke huomioi konfliktin vaikutukset toimintaympäristöönsä. Tavoitteena on tuottaa politiikkarelevanttia tietoa avunannosta konfliktialueilla. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen ja käsitteellinen perusta ammentaa keskustelusta, joka pohtii turvallisuuden ja kehityksen välistä yhteyttä. Keskiössä ovat ajatus siitä, että rauha, turvallisuus ja kehitys muodostavat tiiviin yhteenliittymän, sekä keskustelu avunannon ja konfliktien välisestä yhteydestä. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys pohjaa näihin teemoihin. Siinä määritellään kehitysinterventioita neljän ulottuvuuden kautta. Ensimmäinen on kehitysinterventioiden määrittely suhteessa konfliktiin: toimivatko ne konfliktissa, pyrkivätkö ne vaikuttamaan konfliktiin vai kiertäväktö ne sen. Muita ulottuvuuksia ovat ajatus konfliktisensitiivisyydestä ja riskienhallinnasta sekä interventioetiikka. Tutkimus perustuu narratiiviseen tietämiseen. Se tuo hankkeessa toimivat yksilöt esiin kansainvälisen politiikan legitiimeinä tietäjinä. Samalla tutkimus tarjoaa ruohonjuuritason näkökulman siihen, millaisena kansainvälisyys näyttäytyy kehitysyhteistyön käytännöissä. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu hankedokumentaatiosta, arkistomateriaalista, haastatteluista ja tutkimuspäiväkirjan merkinnöistä. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty tarinoihin pohjaavaa narratiivista analyysiä. Työtä ovat ohjanneet arvostavan kyselyn (appreciative inquiry) periaatteet. Tuloksena on tapaushanketta koskeva retrospektiivinen narratiivi. Tapaustutkimuksella on kolme käytännön ulottuvuutta. Yhtäältä se liittyy suomalaisiin, kehitysyhteistyötä koskeviin politiikkalinjauksiin, toisaalta taas Nepaliin konfliktista kärsineenä alueena, etenkin yhteen kaukolännen kyläkehityskomiteaan, Bhatakatiyaan Achhamin maakunnassa. Kolmas ulottuvuus on Suomen ja Nepalin välinen kehitysyhteistyö. Narratiivisen analyysin avulla syntynyt tarina valottaa, miten monin tavoin toimintaympäristöä kohdannut konflikti on vaikuttanut tutkittuun hankkeeseen. Hanketta koskevassa dokumentaatiossa mainittiin toistuvasti, että hanke edistää rauhan rakentamista. Hankkeen vaikutusta rauhaan ei kuitenkaan monitoroitu eikä arvioitu, ja väitteet osoittautuivat pitkälti tyhjiksi. Narratiivi osoittaa, että tavat, joilla hanke vastasi ympäristön haasteisiin olivat enimmäkseen reaktiivisia, eivät ennalta suunniteltuja. Syitä tähän olivat muun muassa paikallisten analyysien puuttuminen ja ohueksi jäänyt toimintaympäristön ymmärrys, hankkeessa toimineiden henkilöiden epätasainen ja heikko konfliktisensitiivisyyden tuntemus sekä puutteelliset politiikka- ja ohjelmaohjeistukset konfliktialueilla toimimiseen. Tarina paljastaa, että hankkeessa painotettiin riskien hallintaa. Tästä huolimatta hankkeessa ei tehty systemaattisia konfliktianalyysejä eikä riskiarviointeja. Toisaalta narratiivi osoittaa kuinka hanke toimi myös proaktiivisesti suhteessa identifioituihin riskeihin. Esimerkkejä tästä ovat läpinäkyvyys, osallistavuus sekä toimintatapa, joka painotti paikallistuntemusta ja yhteyksiä hankkeen edunsaajiin. Tarina tuo myös esiin sen, että hanke kykeni vastaamaan rakenteellisen epäoikeudenmukaisuuden haasteisiin. Keinoina olivat paikallista omistajuutta ja sosiaalista inkluusiota korostava lähestymistapa. Empiirinen narratiivi käsitellään työn diskussiossa teoreettisen viitekehyksen kautta. Tutkittu hanke kuvaillaan siinä ensin konfliktia kiertäväksi ja konfliktista huolimatta toimivaksi. Konflikti koettiin hankkeessa kehityksen esteenä ja välteltävänä asiana. Toiseksi tutkimus paljastaa, että riskienhallintaan liittyvä ajattelu oli yksisuuntaista. Hankeeseen kohdistuneet riskit huomioitiin, mutta hankkeen mahdollisesti aiheuttamia riskejä ei arvioitu lainkaan. Kolmanneksi hanke määritellään semisensitiiviseksi suhteessa konfliktiin. Määrittelyssä huomioidaan intuitiiviset tavat toimia konfliktista kärsineellä alueella. Hankkeen toimijat tunnustivat konfliktin olemassaolon ja heidän toimintaansa ohjasivat kokemukset aiemmasta suomalaisesta kehitysinterventiosta Nepalissa sisällissodan aikana. Neljänneksi tutkitun hankkeen voi myös nähdä vaikuttaneen konfliktin syihin. Keskeisiä tekijöitä tässä oli kaksi: osallistava, paikallista omistajuutta korostava prosessi, jonka avulla laadittiin suunnitelma vesiresurssien hallitsemiseksi sekä toimintatapa, joka korosti sukupuolten välistä tasa-arvoa ja sosiaalista inkluusiota. Viidenneksi tutkimus osoittaa, että interventioetiikan kannalta tapaushanke toimi pitkälti vastavuoroisuuden, puolueettomuuden, johdonmukaisuuden ja universaalisuuden periaatteiden mukaisesti. Kestävyyden ja täydentävyyden periaatteiden osalta hanke toimi eri vaiheissaan vaihtelevasti. Tilivelvollisuuden ja refleksiivisyyden periaatteiden osalta hanke jäi puutteelliseksi. ; A gap between policy idea(l)s of broad security and a security-development nexus, and their seeming absence in the practice of development cooperation led to this study. This research explores the practice of development in a conflict-affected context. It is a case study of a Finnish-Nepali bilateral water and sanitation project in Far Western Nepal. It asks whether or not and how it was that the Rural Village Water Resources Management Project came to take into consideration its conflict-affected operational context. The aim is to produce policy-relevant insights on the theme of aid and conflict. The theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of the study are based on a review of the shifts in security-development thinking. In focus is the notion of a peace-security-development nexus and the debate on aid and conflict. These themes provide a foundation for the four-dimensional theoretical framework, which defines interventions as working in, on or around conflict; as well as through peace and conflict sensitivity; risk management thinking; and intervention ethics. The study is based on storied knowing (narrative cognition). It provides a grassroots perspective into development practice as a representation of the international by bringing individuals involved in the project to the fore as legitimate knowers in the sphere of International Relations. The dataset of the study is composed of project documentation, archival material, interviews and research journal entries. Informed by principles of appreciative inquiry, the research has been carried out as a configurative narrative analysis. The result is a retrospective historical narrative of the studied case project. The studied case is set into context through three intersecting dimensions: Finnish policies guiding development cooperation; Nepal as a conflict-affected area, with focus on the Far West and Bhatakatiya VDC in Achham district; and Finnish-Nepali bilateral development cooperation. The narrative shows that the studied project was affected by its conflict-affected context in several ways throughout its duration, and points to repeated claims within the project documentation of the intervention's contribution to peacebuilding. Yet these claims are found to be largely void of substantial content and wanting of monitoring and evaluation to confirm them. The project's responses to contextual challenges are disclosed as having been predominantly reactive and ad hoc. Reasons for this included thin contextual knowing and absence of local analyses, uneven and weak understanding of conflict sensitivity among project actors; as well as the vague and inconclusive policy and program guidance regarding aid in conflict-affected contexts. Further, despite a strong emphasis in the intervention on risk management, the narrative presents the project as lacking in systematic and localized context and conflict analyses or risk assessments. On the other hand the story tells how transparency in all project work; emphasis on project actors' local knowledge and contacts with local staff and beneficiaries; as well as adopting a participatory approach were used proactively as ways to respond to the risks perceived. Finally, the story reveals how the project was able also to respond to structural injustices and root causes of conflict through its program design based on strong local ownership as well as through its inclusive working modalities. The findings of the empirical narrative are discussed through the theoretical framework, which presents the studied project first as having worked around, and in conflict despite the conflict: conflict was found to have been treated as a constraint to development and something to be avoided. Secondly, the study reveals the primacy of "one-way-street" risk management thinking in the project: only risks presented by the context toward the project were considered, but not vice versa. Thirdly, the project was found to have been semisensitive to conflict and to have worked intuitively in the conflict-affected context: aid actors were found to have acknowledged the conflict and to have been guided by experience of a prior Finnish development intervention in Nepal during the time of the civil war. Fourth, this research exposes the intervention design based on a rigid participatory step-by-step process of water use master planning and the approach of gender equity and social inclusion as courses through which the project may be seen as having also worked on conflict. Fifth, through a reflection of a framework of intervention ethics, this study shows how the project largely held with principles of mutuality, impartiality, consistency, and universality; how it held with the principles of sustainability and complementarity in varying degrees during different stages of the project, and how it did not quite fully live up to the principles of accountability and reflexivity.

Digitalization is a contemporary societal topic among businessmen, scholars, politicians, and citizens. The way Uber has changed the taxi business and subsequently is providing new models for the entire transportation industry or even changing urban planning principles is a practical example of the impact of digitalization. This example illustrates that digitalization offers major returns for some and ultimate losses for others, which is similar to Schumpeter's "Creative Destruction" that he coined in 1942. Digitalization does not refer to a product or service; it is multiple technology-based products, services, and concepts as a systemic whole. Many of the impacts of digitalization are difficult to observe beforehand, as the impact rendered is systemic rather than a straightforward causal relation. Traditional strategic management theories and frameworks are used to analyze company performance and to explain which strategies individual firms or group of firms should implement to succeed. Many of the tools for top management aid in understanding changes in business environments and offer guidance for making the correct strategic choices, but in many cases, they fail to aid in the detection of systemic phenomena. At the same time, making these strategic choices is difficult, as explained by behavioral economics and management cognition, as the choices involve changing the status quo. This dissertation examines the digitalization impact on the machine-building industry that serves global container handling customers - ports and terminals. It is a traditional capital intensive business-to-business industry that has a relatively small number of global players. The investigation adopted a value chain view in which machine builders are actors, actors apply digital technologies provided by enablers. The end customers, ports and terminals are referred as users. The objective of the research was to increase understanding of digitalization's potential for disruption or paradigm change as well as to identify the most important concepts that drive and inhibit this change. As the change brought about by digitalization is underway, it is necessary to understand whether the views regarding its impact differ between enablers, actors, and users. Mixed methods were applied that partly overlapped for triangulation purposes. The primary methodology included two rounds of Delphi interviews that were complemented by a survey and three case descriptions. Big Data/Artificial Intelligence emerged as the most prominent digital technology that can enable disruption in machine-building. Empirical results have shown that Big Data/Artificial Intelligence challenges the ways knowledge is created; it is more effective when machines and their components are connected to data networks, and the technology is both rapidly advancing and becoming more affordable. The cost, speed, availability, and features of Big Data/Artificial Intelligence development are driven by multiple industries where machine builders can have a relatively small impact. Empirical results have also shown that discipline and industry-based platforms are the most powerful economic drivers. The current management of the incumbents has little experience with these new elements, which have a major influence on industry dynamics. The platforms are especially powerful for change, as they enable a global network economy in which entrepreneurial knowledge workers can contribute to value creation in collaboration with startups and multinational corporations. Platform development cannot be stopped or delayed by incumbents in machine-building. They can ignore the development, adapt to it, or pursue a platform strategy of their own if the opportunities match the companies' capabilities. Examples of the sub-drivers pushing the digital concepts forward are classical and rational productivity, lead times, features, quality, and cost. In addition, some of the inhibitive sub-drivers are relatively easy to identify, such as 3D printing speed or users providing access to their data. Concerns regarding data security delay investment, and changing legacy processes and systems requires time; however, empirical results have indicated that the strongest inertia is related directly to people and decision making. Three of the strongest people-related inhibitive sub-drivers are lack of systemic understanding, management beliefs, and lack of capabilities. The practical contribution for management is twofold. First, it must be believed that digitalization will somehow disrupt the current business, and second that the transformation is too complex to be only planned, but instead requires also experimental learning. A successful combination that has been suggested by books and articles as well as the results and comments from the Delphi interviews is developing an entrepreneurial mindset, conducting multiple small experiments, and applying the knowledge of external networks. This enables strategy formation through learning, which simultaneously develops the capabilities that are needed in data and user-centric business environments. ; Digitalisaatio on ajankohtainen aihe liikemiesten, tutkijoiden, poliitikkojen ja yksittäisten ihmisten keskuudessa. Yksi käytännön esimerkki digitalisaation vaikutuksista on Uber, jonka toimintatapa muuttaa taksiliiketoimintaa luoden samalla malleja koko kuljetustoimialalle ja vaikuttaen jopa kaupunkisuunnitteluun. Esimerkki valaisee myös sitä, miten digitalisaatio tarjoaa merkittäviä voittoja yksille ja kohtalokkaita tappioita toisille, kuten Schumpeter kuvasi "luovan tuhon" ajatuksessaan jo vuonna 1942. Digitalisaatio ei ole yksittäinen tuote tai palvelu, vaan se on tuotteita, palveluita ja konsepteja, joita useat digitaaliset teknologiat systeemisesti mahdollistavat. Systeemisyys yksinkertaisten syy–seuraus-suhteiden sijaan tekee vaikutusten ymmärtämisen ja ennustamisen vaikeaksi. Perinteisiä strategisen johtamisen teorioita ja viitekehyksiä käytetään yritysten suorituskyvyn analysointiin ja sen ymmärtämiseksi, millä toimenpiteillä yritykset menestyisivät. Lisäksi monet ylimmät johdon työkalut helpottavat näkemään liiketoimintaympäristön muutoksia ja tarjoavat tukea oikeiden strategisten valintojen tekemiseen, mutta niissä on heikkouksia systeemisten ilmiöiden havaitsemiseksi. Behavioristinen taloustiede ja johtamisen kognitiotieteet auttavat ymmärtämään, miksi oikeat strategiset valinnat, jotka muuttavat vallitsevia uskomuksia, ovat vaikeita yksilötasolla. Tämä väitöstutkimus tutki digitalisaation vaikutusta koneenrakennustoimialaan, joka palvelee maailmanlaajuista kontinkäsittelyä – satamia ja terminaaleja. Toimiala on perinteinen, siinä on suhteellisen vähän globaaleja toimijoita ja se sitoo paljon pääomaa. Tutkimus lähestyi ongelmaa arvoketjun näkökulmasta siten, että koneenrakentajat ovat toimijoita, jotka soveltavat digitaalisia teknologioita, joita puolestaan mahdollistajat toimittavat. Arvo syntyy lopullisesti käyttäjille, joita ovat satamat ja terminaalit. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli lisätä ymmärrystä digitalisaation mahdollisesti aiheuttamasta murroksesta tai muutoksesta nykyiseen arvonluontimalliin sekä siitä, mitkä tekijät hidastavat tätä kehitystä. Koska mahdollinen muutos on meneillään, käsitysten erovaisuuksien ymmärtäminen arvoketjussa mahdollistajien, toimijoiden ja käyttäjien kesken on tärkeää. Tutkimuksen päämenetelmä oli kahden haastattelukierroksen Delfoi-tekniikka sekä tulosten validiteetin parantamiseksi käytetyt kyselytutkimus sekä kolme case-kuvausta. Tietomassojen suurtehokäsittely (Big Data) yhdessä tekoälyn (Artificial Intelligence) kanssa nousi tärkeimmäksi mahdollisen murroksen aikaansaavaksi digitaaliseksi teknologiaksi. Empiiriset tulokset osoittivat, että kyseiset teknologiat vaikuttavat uuden tietämyksen syntyyn ja että ilmiö kiihtyy, koska koneet ja niiden komponentit liittyvät kiihtyvässä tahdissa tietoverkkoihin. Kyseiset teknologiat kehittyvät edelleen samalla kun niiden käytön kustannukset laskevat. Nämä teknologiat palvelevat useita toimialoja, mutta koneenrakentajilla itsellään on vähäinen vaikutus teknologian kustannuksiin, nopeuteen, saatavuuteen, ominaisuuksiin tai niiden kehittymiseen. Empiiriset tulokset osoittivat myös, että tieteenhaara tai toimialapohjaiset alustat ovat voimakkaimmat potentiaalista murrosta aiheuttavat taloudelliset konseptit tämän tutkimuksen rajauksella. Alustat ovat uusia elementtejä, joilla on merkittävä vaikutus toimialan dynamiikkaan, mutta perinteisten yritysten johdolla on harvoin omaan opiskeluun tai kokemukseen perustuvaa osaamista niistä. Alustat saavat voimansa verkostovaikutuksista, joissa tietotyöläiset, startupit ja monikansalliset yritykset luovat yhdessä arvoa. Koneenrakentajat eivät pysty estämään alustojen syntymistä tai merkittävästi hidastamaan niiden kehitystä. Ne voivat ohittaa ilmiön, sopeutua siihen tai mahdollisuuksiensa ja kyvykkyyksiensä puitteissa luoda oman alustastrategiansa. Merkittävä osa ajureista, jotka kiihdyttävät digitaalisia konsepteja, ovat perinteisiä ja rationaalisia, kuten tuottavuus, läpimenoajat, ominaisuudet, laatu tai kustannukset. Osa kehitystä hidastavista ajureista on helposti tunnistettavissa, kuten 3D-tulostimen nopeus tai kuinka moni käyttäjä antaa pääsyn dataansa. Huoli tietoturvasta hidastaa investointeja, ja olemassa olevien prosessien ja järjestelmien vaihtaminen on aikaa vievää. Empiiriset tulokset osoittivat kuitenkin, että voimakkaimmat hidasteet liittyivät suoraan ihmisiin ja päätöksentekoon. Kolme merkittävintä ihmisiin liittyvää hidastetta olivat systeemisten ilmiöiden huono ymmärtäminen, johdon uskomukset ja kyvykkyyksien puute. Tulosten merkitys käytännön strategiselle johtamiselle kiteytyy kahteen asiaan. Ensinnäkin johdon pitää ymmärtää ja uskoa, että digitaalisuus murtaa joiltakin osin nykyisen liiketoiminnan, ja toiseksi kehitys on niin monisyistä, ettei menestystä voi kovinkaan tarkasti suunnitella etukäteen. Osa tutkimuksessa käytetystä kirjallisuudesta ja Delfoihaastatteluista saadut tulokset painottavat tällaisessa tilanteessa yrittäjyysmäistä ajattelutapaa ja paljon pieniä kokeiluja, joissa hyödynnetään ulkoisten verkostojen tietämystä. Toimintatapa mahdollistaa sen, että strategia voidaan luoda oppimalla, mikä samanaikaisesti kehittää kyvykkyyksiä, joita tarvitaan tieto- ja käyttäjäkeskeisissä liiketoimintaympäristöissä.

A powerful personal narrative of recovery and an illuminating philosophical exploration of traumaOn July 4, 1990, while on a morning walk in southern France, Susan Brison was attacked from behind, severely beaten, sexually assaulted, strangled to unconsciousness, and left for dead. She survived, but her world was destroyed. Her training as a philosopher could not help her make sense of things, and many of her fundamental assumptions about the nature of the self and the world it inhabits were shattered.At once a personal narrative of recovery and a philosophical exploration of trauma, this bravely and beautifully written book examines the undoing and remaking of a self in the aftermath of violence. It explores, from an interdisciplinary perspective, memory and truth, identity and self, autonomy and community. It offers imaginative access to the experience of a rape survivor as well as a reflective critique of a society in which women routinely fear and suffer sexual violence.As Brison observes, trauma disrupts memory, severs past from present, and incapacitates the ability to envision a future. Yet the act of bearing witness, she argues, facilitates recovery by integrating the experience into the survivor's life's story. She also argues for the importance, as well as the hazards, of using first-person narratives in understanding not only trauma, but also larger philosophical questions about what we can know and how we should live

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an iconic fish species with a widespread historic abundance, but recent decades have witnessed a dramatic decline in wild stocks due to a variety of anthropogenic factors, especially overfishing and loss of habitat. To mitigate the impacts of these anthropogenic effects, millions of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon are released yearly into rivers through stocking programs, which aim to augment the productivity of wild populations. However, these stocked fish are reared under uniform and stimulus-poor hatchery conditions and consequently, they are behaviourally naïve at time of release. For example, hatchery-reared salmonids often show impaired foraging and antipredator behaviour compared to wild conspecifics, which contributes to the observed high post-release mortality rates in stocked fish. Although the effects of the hatchery environment on fish behaviour are relatively well described, the brain, which is the key organ that translates environmental stimuli into appropriate behavioural responses, remains gravely understudied. The few studies which have investigated the impact of the hatchery environment on the fish central nervous system have mostly mapped the expression of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis genes in the entire brain, or large brain structures, such as the whole telencephalon. However, the brain is a complex organ, composed of a plethora of neural subpopulations, each with distinct functionalities and characteristics. When quantifying whole-brain levels of neuroplasticity markers, one studies a conglomerate of many different neural subregions, and regional differences can therefore not be detected. The aim of this thesis is to gain a better insight into the neural differences between wild and hatchery-reared fish, specifically within neural subpopulations of the telencephalon, and how innovative hatchery protocols can improve the neurobiology, behaviour and post-release survival of hatchery-reared salmon. First, we made a detailed characterisation of the neurobiology of juvenile wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon parr. This was achieved by quantifying the expression of the neuroplasticity marker brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) and the neural activity marker cfos in five neural populations within the telencephalon of wild and hatchery-reared juvenile salmon under both basal and acute-stress conditions (Paper I). We found that expression of bdnf and cfos varied greatly between the studied telencephalic subregions, confirming that these subregions have a distinct responsiveness to environmental stimuli. Compared to wild fish, hatchery-reared fish of the same genetic origin showed higher post-stress neural activation in the ventral area of the dorsolateral pallium (Dlv), which is an important brain region associated with relational memory and spatial orientation. Furthermore, wild fish displayed stress-induced upregulation of bdnf in the dorsomedial pallium (Dm), which regulates emotional learning and stress reactivity, while this was not the case for hatchery-reared individuals. This study showed that targeting telencephalic subregions can reveal expression patterns that escape detection when studying the entire telencephalon as a whole. Moreover, we demonstrated that the hatchery environment affects neuroplasticity and neural activation in brain regions which are important for learning processes and stress reactivity, providing a neuronal foundation for the behavioural differences observed between wild and hatchery-reared fish. After we had characterised neural differences in telencephalic subregions between wild and hatchery-reared salmon, we assessed whether structural environmental enrichment (EE) of the rearing environment could increase region-specific neural plasticity and stocking success in hatchery-reared salmon (Paper II). After seven weeks of treatment, EE-reared parr showed higher post-release freshwater survival rates compared to control individuals, which were reared in standard uniform hatchery tanks. This improved stocking performance did not, however, appear to be linked to significant changes in the expression of telencephalic plasticity markers. Although structural EE has shown some, albeit inconsistent, beneficial effects on fish stocking success across studies, hatchery managers are reluctant to implement this measure in their hatcheries because of hygienic and operational limitations. Therefore, it is important to develop alternative rearing methods which can enhance fish neural development and are more practical to implement in the hatchery. One of these alternative rearing methods is swimming exercise, which has previously been linked to increased post-release survival in salmonids. As running exercise is associated with increased neural plasticity in mammals, we investigated in Paper III whether swimming exercise could serve as an alternative rearing strategy to promote Atlantic salmon neural plasticity and cognition. After eight weeks of sustained swimming, we found increased expression of neuroplasticity-related transcripts in the telencephalon transcriptome of exercised salmon. However, we did not find any evidence for increased cognition in exercised fish, in terms of their ability to solve a spatial orientation task in a maze test. While previous studies have reported positive physiological effects of swimming exercise, such as improved growth efficiency and stress reduction, this is the first time that exercise-enhanced neural plasticity has been reported in salmonids, building a case for exploring further the potential of implementing swimming exercise to improve the stocking success of reared salmonids. In summary, the results presented in this thesis advance the field of applied fish neurobiology in a stocking context by characterising telencephalic neural plasticity markers in Atlantic salmon on a more detailed level than previously studied. We demonstrate that EE can improve juvenile salmon survival during freshwater residency, but that the effects of EE on neural plasticity are limited in the studied telencephalic regions. We identify swimming exercise as a promising novel tool to improve neural plasticity in salmon, and we remark that exercise has additional physiological benefits and is relatively easy to implement in hatcheries. We therefore suggest that future work should aim at validating the potential use of exercise in the optimisation of hatchery conditions for stocking programs, and that further research is needed to increase our understanding on the link between the rearing environment, the brain and behaviour. ; Laks (Salmo salar) er en ikonisk fiskeart som historisk sett har funnes i overflod, men som de siste tiår har opplevd en dramatisk nedgang i villpopulasjonen. Denne nedgangen skyldes hovedsakelig antropogene faktorer som overfisking og habitatinnskrenkning. Som en motkraft til den minkende populasjon blir det gjennom kultiveringsprogrammer satt ut millioner av fisk fra klekkerier og ut i elvene årlig. Disse fiskene er imidlertid vokst opp under uniforme og stimuluslave omgivelser, noe som gjør dem atferdsmessig naive i møte med elven. For eksempel viser utsatt laks nedsatt forings- og antipredatorevne sammenlignet med villaks, noe som bidrar til høyere dødelighet hos denne gruppen. Selv om klekkerimiljøets effekter på atferd er relativt godt beskrevet, så er hjernen, selve hovedorganet som omsetter omgivelsenes stimuli til en passende atferd, fremdeles underbeskrevet. De få studiene som har undersøkt påvirkningen fra klekkerimiljøet på fiskens sentrale nervesystem har stort sett kartlagt uttrykket av gener involvert i nevroplastisitet og nevrogenese i enten hele hjernen eller større hjernestrukturer, som telencephalon. Hjernen er imidlertid et komplekst organ, sammensatt av et utall nevrale subpopulasjoner, hver med distinkte funksjonaliteter og karakteristikker som driver ulike atferder. Når man kvantifiserer markører for nevroplastisitet på helhjerne-nivå, så studerer man et konglomerat av ulike nevrale regioner på samme tid og kan dermed ikke detektere eventuelle regionale forskjeller. Hensikten bak denne avhandlingen var dels å bedre forståelsen av potensielle nevrale forskjeller mellom klekkeri- og villfisk, og dels å undersøke om innovative klekkeriprotokoller kan forbedre nevrobiologien, atferden og overlevelsen til kultivert laks etter elveutsettelsen. Arbeidet startet med en detaljert karakterisering av nevrobiologien til kultivert og vill parr (juvenil laks). Dette ble oppnådd ved å kvantifisere genuttrykket av en nevroplastisitetsmarkør, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), og en nevral aktivitetsmarkør, cfos, i fem ulike nevrale populasjoner innad i telencephalon til parr av klekkeri- og villaks under både basale- og akutte stress-tilstander (Artikkel I). Her fant vi at genuttrykket av bdnf og cfos varier sterkt mellom de ulike delene av telencephalon, noe som bekrefter at disse delene har distinkte responser til omgivelsene. Sammenlignet med villfisk har klekkerifisk, med det samme genetiske opphav som villfisken, høyere nevral aktivering etter stress i den ventrale delen av det dorsolaterale pallium (Dlv), et viktig område av hjernen assosiert med deklarativ hukommelse og romlig orientering. Videre hadde villfisken en stressindusert oppregulering av bdnf i det dorsomediale pallium (Dm), et område som regulerer emosjonell læring og stressreaktivitet, mens dette ikke var tilfelle for klekkerifisken. Dette studiet illustrerte at å undersøke delregioner av telencephalon kan avsløre mønstre som blir maskert ved å undersøke telencephalon som en enhet. I tillegg ble det vist at klekkerimiljøet påvirker nevroplastisiteten og den nevrale aktiviteten i hjerneområder viktige for læreprosesser og stressreaktivitet, noe som gir et nevralt fundament for de atferdsmessige forskjeller som blir observert mellom vill og kultivert fisk. Etter karakteriseringen av de nevrale forskjellene i telencephalons delregioner mellom vill og kultivert laks, undersøkte vi videre om strukturell berikelse av oppvekstmiljøet (EE) kunne bedre den regionspesifikke nevrale plastisiteten og kultiveringssuksessen av klekkerilaksen (Artikkel II). Etter syv ukers behandling viste EE-oppfostret parr høyere overlevelse etter utsetting i ferskvann enn kontrollindivider oppfostret i standard uniforme klekkeritanker. Den forbedrede kultiveringen ble imidlertid ikke gjenspeilet i signifikante endringer i telencephalons genuttrykk av plastisitetsmarkører. Selv om strukturell EE har demonstrert å gi noen, dog inkonsekvente, fordelaktige effekter på kultivering i flere studier, er klekkeriledere motvillige til å implementere dette grunnet de hygieniske og operasjonelle begrensinger de kan føre med seg. Det er derfor viktig å utvikle alternative oppfostringsmetoder som kan bedre fiskens nevrale utvikling og samtidig være mer praktisk å innføre i produksjonen. Ett slikt alternativ er svømmetrening, noe som tidligere har blitt knyttet til økt overlevelse hos laksefisk etter utsetting. Ettersom løping er assosiert med økt nevroplastisitet i pattedyr, undersøkte vi i Artikkel III om svømming kunne virke som en alternativ strategi for å bedre laksens nevroplastisitet og kognisjon. Etter åtte uker med vedvarende svømming fant vi økt uttrykk av nevroplastisitet-relaterte gentranskripter i telencephalons transkriptom hos de trente laksene. Vi testet deres evne til romlig orientering i en labyrinttest, men fant ingen bevis for økt kognisjon hos den trente fisken. Til tross for at tidligere studier har rapportert positive fysiologiske effekter av svømmetrening, slik som økt vekst eller stressreduksjon, så er dette første gang at trenings-stimulert nevroplastisitet har blitt rapportert i laksefisk, noe som indikerer at svømmetrening bør utforskes som en potensiell måte å øke utsettingssuksessen av klekkerilaks. Oppsummert bidrar resultatene i denne avhandlingen til en avansering av den anvendte fiskenevrobiologien i kultiveringssammenheng gjennom å karakterisere telencephalons nevroplastisitetsmarkører i laks på et mer detaljert nivå enn tidligere beskrevet. Vi viser at EE kan forbedre overlevelsen til parr i ferskvann, men at effektene av EE på nevroplastisitet er avmålte i de områder av telencephalon som ble studert her. Videre demonstrerer vi svømmetrening som et lovende nytt verktøy for forbedring av nevroplastisiteten i laks, samtidig som vi understreker at trening har ytterligere fysiologiske fortrinn og er relativt lett å få implementert i klekkeriene. Vi foreslår derfor at fremtidige arbeid har som mål å validere den potensielle nytten av trening i optimaliseringen av klekkeribetingelsene for kultivering og at fremtidige undersøkelser søker å forstå sammenhengen mellom oppvekstmiljøet, hjernen og atferd. ; De Atlantische zalm (Salmo salar) is een iconische vissoort die oorspronkelijk in overvloed voorkwam, maar door menselijk handelen zijn de wereldwijde aantallen in de afgelopen decennia sterk gedaald, met name door overbevissing en verlies van leefgebied. Om afnemende wilde zalmpopulaties te ondersteunen worden jaarlijks miljoenen Atlantische zalmen gekweekt en vervolgens in rivieren vrijgelaten via uitzettingsprogramma's. De omstandigheden in de kwekerijen zijn echter zeer uniform en prikkelarm, wat tot gevolg heeft dat de vis zich naïef gedraagt na vrijlating in de natuur. Vaak vertonen gekweekte zalmen bijvoorbeeld minder efficïent foerageergedrag en vallen ze snel ten prooi aan predators, en mede daardoor hebben ze een lage overlevingskans in het wild. De effecten van het kweken op het gedrag van vissen zijn redelijk goed beschreven, maar de effecten op de hersenen – het orgaan dat omgevingsprikkels vertaalt in geschikt gedrag – zijn tot nu toe sterk onderbelicht gebleven. De weinige studies die de impact van de kwekerijomgeving op het centraal zenuwstelsel van vissen hebben bestudeerd, hebben met name de expressie van neuroplasticitiets- en neurogenesegenen in kaart gebracht in de gehele hersenen, of in grote hersenstructuren zoals de gehele voorhersenen (telencephalon). De hersenen zijn echter een zeer complex orgaan en bestaan uit een overvloed aan neurale subpopulaties, ieder met verschillende functionaliteiten en kenmerken die specifieke typen gedrag aansturen. Bij het kwantificeren van neuroplasticiteitsmarkers in de gehele hersenen bestudeert men een verzameling van al deze neurale populaties, en nuances tussen hersengebieden kunnen niet worden gedetecteerd. Het doel van dit proefschrift is om een beter inzicht te krijgen in de neurale verschillen in subregio's van het telencephalon tussen wilde zalm en gekweekte zalm, en hoe innovatieve kweekmethoden verbeteringen kunnen bewerkstelligen in de neurobiologie, het gedrag en de overleving van gekweekte zalm. Allereerst hebben we een gedetailleerde karakterisatie gemaakt van de neurobiologie van juveniele wilde zalm en kweekzalm. Daarvoor hebben we de expressie van de neuroplasticiteitsmarker bdnf en de neurale activiteitsmarker cfos gekwantificeerd in vijf neurale subregio's van het telencephalon in wilde zalm en kweekzalm, zowel voor als na blootstelling aan een acute stressor (Paper I). We ontdekten dat de expressie van bdnf en cfos sterk varieerde tussen de bestudeerde subregio's, hetgeen bevestigt dat deze regio's ieder individuele eigenschappen hebben met betrekking tot hun reactie op externe stimuli. Vergeleken met wilde vis vertoonde de kweekvis van dezelfde genetische oorsprong na blootstelling aan stress een hogere neurale activering in het ventrale gebied van het dorsolaterale pallium (Dlv), een hersengebied dat belangrijk is voor relationeel geheugen en ruimtelijke oriëntatie. Gestresste wilde zalm vertoonde een verhoogde expressie van bndf in het dorsomediale pallium (Dm), dat belangrijk is voor het emotioneel geheugen en de stressrespons, terwijl dit niet het geval was voor gekweekte zalm. Deze studie toont aan dat het bestuderen van neurale subregio's in het telencephalon bepaalde expressiepatronen kan onthullen die niet gedetecteerd kunnen worden wanneer het telencephalon in zijn geheel bestudeerd wordt. Verder hebben we aangetoond dat het kweken van invloed is op de neuroplasticiteit en neurale activatie in hersenregio's die belangrijk zijn voor leerprocessen en de stressrespons. Deze resultaten kunnen een mogelijke verklaring geven voor de gedragsverschillen die worden waargenomen tussen wilde zalm en gekweekte zalm. Nadat we de neurale verschillen tussen wilde zalm en gekweekte zalm hadden gekarakteriseerd in de subregio's van het telencephalon, hebben we in Paper II onderzocht of de hersenplasticiteit en overlevingskansen van gekweekte zalm kunnen worden verbeterd door de kwekerij te verrijken met objecten als stenen en planten ('milieuverrijking'). Na zeven weken in een verrijkte omgeving hadden gekweekte zalmen een significant hogere overlevingskans na uitzetting in de rivier, vergeleken met een controlegroep die onder standaard omstandigheden was gekweekt. De verhoogde overlevingskans leek echter niet gepaard te gaan te met significante veranderingen in hersenplasticiteit. Hoewel milieuverrijking een aantal (maar inconsistente) gunstige effecten heeft laten zien op het succes van uitzettingsprogramma's, zijn de eigenaren van kwekerijen terughoudend om milieuverrijking te implementeren vanwege hygiënische en operationele bezwaren. Het is daarom belangrijk om alternatieve kweekmethoden te ontwikkelen die een gunstig effect hebben op de neurale ontwikkeling van vissen, zonder praktische nadelen mee te brengen voor kwekerijen. Een van deze alternatieve kweekmethoden is het implementeren van zwemtraining, waarvan in eerdere studies al is gebleken dat het de overlevingskans van uitgezette zalm ten goede kan komen. Daarnaast is bekend dat rennen positieve effecten heeft op hersenplasticiteit in zoogdieren, maar de neurologische effecten van zwemtraining zijn nog nooit grondig onderzocht in vis. Daarom hebben we in Paper III onderzocht of zwemtraining de hersenplasticiteit en cognitie van Atlantische zalm kan bevorderen. Na acht weken zwemtraining vonden we verhoogde expressie van hersenplasticiteit-gerelateerde genen in het telencephalon van getrainde zalm. Echter, we hebben geen bewijs gevonden van verhoogde cognitie in getrainde vissen met betrekking tot het ruimtelijk geheugen bij het oplossen van een doolhof. Hoewel eerdere studies positieve fysiologische effecten van zwemtraining in vissen beschrijven, zoals een efficiëntere lichaamsgroei en verminderde stress, is dit de eerste keer dat is aangetoond dat zwemtraining ook de hersenplasticiteit van zalmen kan bevorderen. Daarom lijkt zwemtraining een veelbelovende methode om de overlevingskansen van uitgezette zalm te bevorderen. De resultaten die gepresenteerd worden in dit proefschrift leveren een bijdrage op het terrein van de toegepaste visneurobiologie doordat we de expressie van hersenplasticiteitsmarkers in het telencephalon van Atlantische zalm op een meer gedetailleerd niveau hebben gekarakteriseerd dan ooit tevoren. We laten zien dat milieuverrijking de overlevingskans van jonge zalm in de zoetwaterfase kan verbeteren, maar dat effecten van milieuverrijking op hersenplasticiteit beperkt zijn in de bestudeerde regio's van het telencephalon. We identificeren zwemtraining als een veelbelovende alternatieve kweekmethode om de hersenplasticiteit in zalm te bevorderen, en merken daarnaast op dat zwemtraining toegevoegde fysiologische voordelen biedt en relatief eenvoudig te implementeren is in de kwekerij. Daarom stellen we voor dat toekomstige studies zich richten op de validatie van zwemtraining als methode om kweekomstandigheden te optimaliseren, en dat verder onderzoek de samenhang tussen kweekomstandigheden, hersenen en gedrag nauwkeuriger in kaart brengt. ; The European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 642893: Improved Production Strategies for Endangered Freshwater Species, "IMPRESS" The Europeun Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 652831 (AQUAEXCEL2020) for providing Transnational Access to Wageningen University & Research for Paper III The Research Council of Norway under the HAVBRUK programme, project number 268075/E40, for supplying a travel grant to support the work presented in Paper III COST Action FA1304 "Swimming of fish and implications for migration and aquaculture (FITFISH)" for funding the short-term scientific mission that led to Paper III The Physiology Division of the American Fisheries Society for providing a travel award to attend the 13th International Congress on the Biology of Fish in Calgary, Canada

Preparatory Considerations -- § 1. Outset from the significations of the word logos: speaking, thinking, what is thought -- § 2. The ideality of language. Exclusion of the problems pertaining to it -- § 3. Language as an expression of "thinking." Thinking in the broadest sense, as the sense-constituting mental process -- § 4. The problem of ascertaining the essential limits of the "thinking" capable of the significational Function -- § 5. Provisional delimination of logic as apriori theory of science -- § 6. The formal character of logic. The formal Apriori and the contingent Apriori -- § 7. The normative and practical functions of logic -- § 8. The two-sidedness of logic; the subjective and the Objective direction of its thematizing activity -- § 9. The straightforward thematizing activity of the "Objective" or "positive" sciences. The idea of two-sided sciences -- § 10. Historically existing psychology and scientific thematizing activity directed to the subjective -- §11. The thematizing tendencies of traditional logic -- a.Logic directed originally to the Objective theoretical formations produced by thinking -- b.Logic's interest in truth and the resultant reflection on subjective insight -- c. Result: the hybridism of historically existing logic as a theoretical and normative-practical discipline -- I / The structures and the sphere of objective formal logic -- The way from the tradition to the full idea of formal logic -- 1. Formal logic as apophantic analytics -- § 12. Discovery of the idea of the pure judgment-form -- § 13. The theory of the pure forms of judgments as the first discipline of formal logic -- a.The idea of theory of forms -- b.Universality of the judgment-form; the fundamental forms and their variants -- c.Operation as the guiding concept in the investigation of forms -- § 14. Consequence-logic (logic of non-contradiction) as the second level of formal logic -- § 15. Truth-logic and consequence-logic -- § 16. The differences in evidence that substantiate the separating of levels within apophantics. Clear evidence and distinct evidence -- a.Modes of performing the judgment. Distinctness and confusion -- b.Distinctness and clarity -- c.Clarity in the having of something itself and clarity of anticipation -- § 17. The essential genus, "distinct judgment," as the theme of "pure analytics" -- § 18. The fundamental question of pure analytics -- § 19. Pure analytics as fundamental to the formal logic of truth. Non-contradiction as a condition for possible truth -- § 20. The principles of logic and their analogues in pure analytics -- § 21. The evidence in the coinciding of "the same" confused and distinct judgment. The broadest concept of the judgment -- § 22. The concept defining the province belonging to the theory of apophantic forms, as the grammar of pure logic, is the judgment in the broadest sense -- 2. Formal apophantics, formal mathematics -- § 23. The internal unity of traditional logic and the problem of its position relative to formal mathematics -- a.The conceptual self-containedness of traditional logic as apophantic analytics -- b.The emerging of the idea of an enlarged analytics, Leibniz's "mathesis universalis," and the methodico-technical unification of traditional syllogistics and formal mathematics -- § 24. The new problem of a formal ontology. Characterization of traditional formal mathematics as formal ontology -- § 25. Formal apophantics and formal ontology as belonging together materially, notwithstanding the diversity of their respective themes -- § 26. The historical reasons why the problem of the unity of formal apophantics and formal mathematics was masked -- a.Lack of the concept of the pure empty form -- b.Lack of knowledge that apophantic formations are ideal -- c.Further reasons, particularly the lack of genuine scientific inquiries into origins -- d.Comment on Bolzano's position regarding the idea of formal ontology -- § 27. The introduction of the idea of formal ontology in the Logische Untersuchungen -- a.The first constitutional investigations of categorial objectivities, in the Philosophie der Arithmetik -- b.The way of the "Prolegomena" from formal apophantics to formal ontology -- 3. Theory of deductive systems and theory of multiplicities -- § 28. The highest level of formal logic: the theory of deductive systems; correlatively, the theory of multiplicities -- § 29. The theory of multiplicities and the formalizing reduction of the nomological sciences -- § 30. Multiplicity-theory as developed by Riemann and his successors -- §31. The pregnant concept of a multiplicity-correlatively, that of a "deductive" or "nomological" system-clarified by the concept of "definiteness" -- § 32. The highest idea of a theory of multiplicities: a universal nomological science of the forms of multiplicities -- § 33. Actual formal mathematics and mathematics of the rules of the game -- § 34. Complete formal mathematics identical with complete logical analytics -- § 35. Why only deductive theory-forms can become thematic within the domain of mathesis universalis as universal analytics -- a.Only deductive theory has a purely analytic system-form -- b.The problem of when a system of propositions has a system-form characterizable as analytic -- § 36. Retrospect and preliminary indication of our further tasks -- b. Phenomenological clarification of the two-sidedness of formal logic as formal apophantics and formal ontology -- 4. Focusing on objects and focusing on judgments -- § 37. The inquiry concerning the relationship between formal apophantics and formal ontology; insufficiency of our clarifications up to now -- § 38. Judgment-objects as such and syntactical formations -- § 39. The concept of the judgment broadened to cover all formations produced by syntactical actions -- § 40. Formal analytics as a playing with thoughts, and logical analytics. The relation to possible application is part of the logical sense of formal mathesis -- §41. The difference between an apophantic and an ontological focusing and the problem of clarifying that difference -- § 42. Solution of this problem -- a.Judging directed, not to the judgment, but to the thematic objectivity -- b.Identity of the thematic object throughout changes in the syntactical operations -- c.The types of syntactical object-forms as the typical modes of Something -- d.The dual function of syntactical operations -- e.Coherence of the judging by virtue of the unity of the substrate-object that is being determined. Constitution of the "concept" determining the substrate-object -- f. The categorial formations, which accrue in the determining, as habitual and inter subjective possessions -- g. The objectivity given beforehand to thinking contrasted with the categorial objectivity produced by thinking — Nature as an illustration -- § 43. Analytics, as formal theory of science, is formal ontology and, as ontology, is directed to objects 119 -- § 44. The shift from analytics as formal ontology to analytics as formal apophantics -- a.The change of thematizing focus from object- provinces to judgments as logic intends them -- b.Phenomenological clarification of this change of focus -- ?. The attitude of someone who is judging naïvely-straightforwardly -- ?. In the critical attitude of someone who intends to cognize, supposed objectivities as supposed are distinguished from actual objectivities -- ?. The scientist's attitude: the supposed, as supposed, the object of his criticism of cognition -- § 45. The judgment in the sense proper to apophantic logic -- § 46. Truth and falsity as results of criticism. The double sense of truth and evidence -- 5. Apophantics, as theory of sense, and truth-logic -- § 47. The adjustment of traditional logic to the critical attitude of science leads to its focusing on the apophansis -- § 48. Judgments, as mere suppositions, belong to the region of senses. Phenomenological characterization of the focusing on senses -- § 49. The double sense of judgment (positum, proposition) -- § 50. The broadening of the concept of sense to cover the whole positional sphere, and the broadening of formal logic to include a formal axiology and a formal theory of practice -- §51. Pure consequence-logic as a pure theory of senses. The division into consequence-logic and truth- logic is valid also for the theory of multiplicities, as the highest level of logic -- § 52. "Mathesis pura" as properly logical and as extralogical. The "mathematics of mathematicians" -- § 53. Elucidations by the example of the Euclidean multiplicity -- § 54. Concluding ascertainment of the relationship be-tween formal logic and formal ontology -- ?.The problem -- b.The two correlative senses of formal logic -- c. The idea of formal ontology can be separated from the idea of theory of science -- II / From Formal to Transcendental Logic -- 1. Psychologism and the laying of a transcendental foundation for logic -- § 55. Is the development of logic as Objective-formal enough to satisfy even the idea of a merely formal theory of science ? -- § 56. The reproach of psychologism cast at every consideration of logical formations that is directed to the subjective -- §57. Logical psychologism and logical idealism -- a. The motives for this psychologism -- b. The ideality of logical formations as their making their appearance irreally in the logico-psychic sphere -- § 58. The evidence of ideal objects analogous to that of individual objects -- § 59. A universal characterization of evidence as the giving of something itself -- § 60. The fundamental laws of intentionality and the universal function of evidence -- § 61. Evidence in general in the function pertaining to all objects, real and irreal, as synthetic unities -- § 62. The ideality of all species of objectivities over against the constituting consciousness. The po.

I mezzi di informazione occupano una posizione centrale nelle società contemporanee. Le news svolgono un ruolo chiave nel modellare le nostre identità di cittadini e le visioni del mondo che ne derivano ed è attraverso le storie e le rappresentazioni costruite dai giornalisti che i differenti segmenti che compongono l'opinione pubblica producono e riproducono una realtà condivisa. L'argomento principale di questa tesi è l'annessione della Crimea da parte della Federazione Russa, avvenuta nel marzo 2014 in seguito a un referendum aspramente contestato dalla comunità internazionale, così come è stata rappresentata sulle pagine di alcuni tra i principali quotidiani nazionali russi. L'esito di quel referendum ha generato una crisi nei rapporti tra la Russia e l'Occidente - che tuttora non è stata risolta. L'obiettivo della tesi è mettere in luce, attraverso l'analisi delle strategie narrative e linguistiche, i discorsi, gli impliciti culturali e ideologici prodotti dai giornalisti della stampa relativamente al referendum e all'annessione della Crimea e verificare se e in quale misura sia possibile identificare narrazioni alternative e concorrenti nella stampa russa. A questo scopo è stato predisposto un corpus di testi, costituito da centottanta articoli di cronaca e di commento, tratti da sei quotidiani nazionali, selezionati sulla base di un criterio di popolarità e diffusione. L'analisi ha coinvolto tre dimensioni: la rappresentazione dell'identità nazionale, la rappresentazione degli attori sociali e la rappresentazione del discorso riportato. La metodologia adottata fa riferimento all'analisi critica del discorso, in particolare al Discourse Historical Approach e al modello per la rappresentazione degli attori sociali elaborata da Theo van Leeuwen (1996). Complessivamente, emerge un notevole grado di uniformità tra i quotidiani analizzati: i tre maggiormente fedeli alla linea del Cremlino - Izvestija, Rossijskaja Gazeta e Komsomol'skaja Pravda – e in certa misura Kommersant'' hanno riprodotto, e in alcune occasioni anticipato, i discorsi fatti circolare dell'élite politica; Novaja Gazeta e Vedomosti si pongono, pur con sfumature diverse, su una linea diversa, coerente con la loro posizione di appartenenti alla cosiddetta 'opposizione sistemica', tollerata per trasmettere all'esterno una parvenza di pluralismo e perché ritenuta non in grado di impensierire realmente il governo. Riguardo alla rappresentazione dell'identità nazionale, l'intero discorso è stato costruito sulla polarizzazione tra la nazione russa e un nemico esterno, identificato in tutti coloro i quali non riconoscono alla Russia lo status di 'grande nazione', una nazione i cui confini territoriali travalicano idealmente quelli attuali e nella quale l'appartenenza etnica, fatta coincidere anche con l'identità linguistica, diventa preminente. In sintesi, queste le principali strategie discorsive impiegate nel corpus: enfatizzare la differenza tra 'noi' e 'loro', stabilire una somiglianza storica tra il presente e il periodo della Seconda guerra mondiale in modo da creare un'immagine in bianco e nero di un nemico contro il quale convogliare l'opinione pubblica, delegittimare lo Stato ucraino, spostare la responsabilità sulla controparte, invertendo lo schema vittima/colpevole. Rispetto alla seconda dimensione – la rappresentazione degli attori sociali – si ripetono in larga parte le strategie e gli schemi narrativi adottati per rappresentare l'identità nazionale. Complessivamente, il discorso si è articolato intorno a una intensa polarizzazione tra un gruppo interno costituito dai russi e un gruppo esterno, nel quale rientrano sostanzialmente tutti coloro che non sono disponibili a identificarsi nell'identità russa proclamata dall'élite politica. Un esempio ne è l'impiego di epiteti che rimandano nuovamente alla memoria della Seconda guerra mondiale – in particolare banderovcy, e opolčency, per fare leva sulla sfera emotiva dell'opinione pubblica ed escludere dal discorso ogni possibilità di esprimere posizioni più articolate, distinzioni e identità altre che rifuggono la rappresentazione binaria. La terza dimensione analitica ha messo in luce come le citazioni costituiscano in molti articoli la parte maggioritaria del testo. La modalità privilegiata è quella della citazione diretta, segnalata da segni grafici come le virgolette o il trattino, sia che si tratti di esponenti politici di rilevo, sia che si tratti delle parole di testimoni oculari o partecipanti diretti agli eventi. Un secondo elemento riscontrabile è la tendenza a privilegiare verba dicendi neutrali per introdurre l'enunciato altrui: zajavit', skazat', ob''jasnit' sono quelli che presentano il maggior numero di occorrenze. Le ragioni ipotizzabili sono sostanzialmente due. La prima è riconducibile all'esigenza di dare all'articolo un tono di maggiore oggettività e, nello stesso tempo, drammaticità, soprattutto nei casi in cui vengano riportate le parole pronunciate da cittadini comuni che partecipano agli eventi e fortemente connotate dal punto di vista emotivo. La seconda ragione – più rilevante – è collegata alla funzione argomentativa che i giornalisti attribuiscono alle citazioni nei loro articoli. In conclusione, si ritiene che il discorso mediatico relativo alla Crimea si sia sviluppato sostanzialmente secondo una logica binaria che ha polarizzato la vicenda intorno alle dicotomie noi/loro, amico/nemico, bene/male, contribuendo in misura significativa all'impoverimento e alla trivializzazione dell'intero discorso pubblico. ; The mass media play a central role in contemporary societies, being the news a fundamental actor in shaping our identities as citizens and our worldviews. Through the stories and representations built by journalists, public opinion produces and reproduces a shared cognition of reality. The main argument of this doctoral thesis is Crimea's annexation to the Russian Federation as it was represented by some of the prominent Russian national newspapers. Crimea became a Russian republic in March 2014 following a bitterly contested by the international community referendum, which generated a crisis in relations between Russia and the West still far away from being resolved. The aim of the thesis is two-fold. The first one is to analyze the narrative and linguistic strategies through which discourses of the annexation, along with their cultural and ideological implicatures, have circulated through the print media. The second goal is to verify whether and to what extent it is possible to identify alternative and competing narratives in the Russian press. To the purpose, a corpus of texts has specifically been prepared. The corpus consists of one hundred and eighty news and commentary articles retrieved from six national newspapers. The newspapers selection was based on popularity and circulation criteria. The analysis involves three dimensions: the representation of national identity, the representation of social actors and the representation of reported speech. The methodology adopted draws from Critical Discourse Analysis, Discourse Historical Approach and the model for the representation of social actors developed by Theo van Leeuwen (1996). Overall, a considerable degree of uniformity characterizes the newspapers analyzed. Due to their loyalty to the Kremlin, Izvestija, Rossijskaja Gazeta, Komsomol'skaja Pravda, and – to some extent – Kommersant '' reproduced or even anticipated, the discourses circulated by the political elite. Novaya Gazeta and Vedomosti take a different line, albeit with distinct nuances, consistent with their ideological position as part of the so-called systemic opposition. Regarding the representation of national identity, the whole discourse was built on the polarization between the Russian nation and an external enemy, namely all those who do not recognize Russia the status of a 'Great Nation'. In this 'Great Nation' conceptualization, a foreground position is given to ethnic belonging, which is made to coincide with linguistic identity. The discursive strategies employed by journalists can be summarized as follows: emphasis on the difference between 'us' and 'them', emphasis on the alleged historical similarity between the present time and the Second World War, black and white description of the enemy, delegitimization of the Ukrainian state, shift of blame and responsibility by reversing the victim/culprit scheme. Concerning the second dimension – the representation of social actors – the strategies and narrative schemes adopted in no small extent duplicate the representation of the national identity. The discourse is articulated around an intense polarization between an in-group, namely the ethnic Russians, and an out-group, namely all the rest. An example of such polarization is the use of epithets drawing from the memory of the WWII – in particular banderovcy, and opolcency -, to leverage the emotional sphere of public opinion and to exclude from the discourse any possible articulated positions, distinctions, or identities that eschew binary representation. The third analytical dimension has highlighted to what extent reported speech constitutes a significant issue in many texts. The preferred tendency is that of direct quotation, isolated from the text by graphic signs such as quotation marks or hyphens. A second element is the tendency to favour neutral verba dicendi to introduce speakers' utterances: zajavit ', skazat', ob'jasnit' are those that appear to have the most significant number of occurrences. The reason for that is two-fold. Firstly, the need to give the article a tone of objectivity and, at the same time, drama, especially in cases where words with a strong emotional connotation, spoken by ordinary citizens who participate in the events are reported. The second reason – more relevant – is connected to the argumentative function that journalists attribute to reported speech in their articles. In conclusion, the research has outlined how the media discourse relating to Crimea has essentially framed according to binary logic. The polarization around the dichotomies us or them, friend or enemy, good or evil, has contributed to the impoverishment and the trivialization of the entire public discourse.

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The purpose of the article is to regard the essence and phenomenon of spirituality in connection with ontological foundation of human being existence. The author suggests the concept of new cosmo-theocentric paradigm of human world outlook, as a ground of perspective transformation of social life activity on the contrary to anthropocentric view, which dominates in present society consciousness. The author gives the characteristics of the ideal sage and underlines the importance of spiritual teachers in cultural development of society. Methodology. The method of philosophizing is connected with the unity of mind, sensuality, belief, will in integral body and mental organization of a man. Such point of view takes into consideration not only aspects of objective determination, but includes senses of existence and world outlook ideas in culture on particular and universal levels of social experience. The author considers a special ontological disposition of the human being in the world as a "transcendent project" with "metaphysic responsibility". Scientific novelty. In the history of social culture the problem of its spiritual attitude towards reality is a basic problem, but now it becomes especially up-to-date and important. Now the survival of the civilization depends on the development of spirituality. From metaphysical point of view it means how spiritual the human being may be. The author connects the consideration of spirituality with particular human being ontological status in the world and provides his reflection with speculative character. Conclusions. The transition of modern civilized society to the cosmo-theocentric paradigm is prepared by contradictions of its technological and cultural development. In historical circumstances when the conscious influence of society on itself is growing, the realization of this process depends on spiritual trend of human beings cultural activity and mental quality of social leaders. Anthropocentrism as a world view principle is a main obstacle on the way to spiritual transformation of consumer society. This principle made the human being the cult for itself and weakened its ability for will and belief. Democratic pluralism and diversity of cultural forms, reinforcement of analytic tendency in cognition are turned into the aspects of confusion in selection the trends of social development. Many philosophers of "postmodern situation" connect democracy and pluralism with fighting against totalitarian ideologies. However, we have no person without any ideology and undoubtedly it is possible to attain consonance in the sphere of main morality values. ; Цель. Осмыслить феномен духовности общества в связи с человеческой сущностью как «трансценденцией», свободой в условиях глобализации социальной деятельности. Предложить идею мировоззренческой космо-теоцентрической парадигмы, основанной на принципе «метафизической ответственности» человека как «трансцендентного проекта». В связи с поставленной целью на уровне общефилософского синтеза выделить особенность онтологического положения человека в бытии как творца культуры и указать на его служебную роль в универсуме, исполнение которой автор считает основной духовной функцией человеческого сообщества. Обосновать ограниченность антропо-социоцентризма как принципа мировоззрения современного цивилизованного общества, в котором человек служит самому себе. Дать анализ понятия обусловленности индивидов и узости их смысловых интенций в круге целей и интересов цивилизационного развития. Выделить возросшее значение духовного авторитета, мудреца в современном обществе, указать на важность гармонического ансамбля душевных качеств личности, сочетающихся на основе сбалансированной дополнительности познавательного, эстетического, морального, религиозного отношений к действительности. Методология. Характер методологического подхода к исследованию феномена духовности автор связывает с принципом экзистенциального единства элементов телесно-духовной организации человека – разума, переживания, воли, веры. Такой подход предполагает учёт не только факторов объективной детерминации форм и тенденций человеческого существования, но и включение ценностного, смыслового, мировоззренческого полагания в культуру на партикулярном и универсальном уровнях. Воссоздавая космо-теоцентрическую конструкцию вектора развития общества в направлении духовности, автор исходил также из априорно принимаемой им очевидности особого положения человека в бытии как «проекта Трансцендентного» с «метафизическим долженствованием». Научная новизна. Проблема духовного мироотношения человека в истории культуры, так или иначе, является сквозной, архетипической. В современных условиях, однако, при глобализации человеческой жизнедеятельности, она приобретает особую остроту, хотя в массовом обществе она почти не замечается или воспринимается как некое ювелирное украшение культуры личности. От того, насколько общество овладеет духовным, космо-теоцентрическим мировоззрением, зависит практическое выживание человечества, судьба цивилизации, а в метафизическом смысле возможность реализации человека в качестве онтологически заданного духовного существа. Связывая размышление о духовности человека с априорной онтологической предпосылкой его положения в бытии как трансценденции, автор придаёт философствованию спекулятивный характер, поскольку, если бы он исходил их эмпирических оснований и двигался аналитическим путём, таяли бы его вера и надежда на духовную реализацию человечества. Выводы. Переход современного цивилизованного общества к космо-теоцентрической парадигме мировоззрения подготовлен противоречиями его технологического и культурного развития. В условиях возрастания силы сознательного влияния общества на самого себя многое в реализации этого процесса зависит от духовного направления деятельности людей в сфере культуры и душевных качеств субъектов культурной деятельности, которые идеально обрисованы в статье как мудрецы, духовные авторитеты. Самым серьёзным препятствием на пути духовной трансформации потребительского общества является мировоззренческий антропоцентризм. Его недостаток не только в том, что он превращает человека в культ для самого себя, а его жизнедеятельность в служение себе, антропоцентризм ослабляет потенцию веры человека и его волю. Демократический плюрализм, многообразие культурных форм, усиление аналитической тенденции в познании превращаются в факторы смысловой растерянности и неуверенности знания, безуспешно ищущего надёжных доказательств на уровне общего выбора направления общественного развития. Эту слабость в сфере стратегического нравственного предпочтения многие постмодерные философы представляют как силу противодействия «большим нарративам», «тоталитарным идеологиям». Однако людей без идеологии нет, как нет и сомнения в наличии ценностных ориентиров, в отношении которых может быть установлено решающее общественное единодушие. ; Мета. Осмислити феномен духовності суспільства у зв'язку із сутністю людини як «трансценденції», свободи в умовах глобалізації соціальної діяльності. Запропонувати ідею світоглядної космо-теоцентричної парадигми, що ґрунтується на принципі «метафізичної відповідальності» людини як «трансцендентного проекту». Для цього на рівні загально-філософського синтезу відокремити особливість онтологічного місця людини в бутті, як творця культури і вказати на його службову роль в універсумі, виконання якої автор вважає основною функцією людського співтовариства. Обґрунтувати обмеженість антропо-соціоцентризму як світоглядного принципу сучасного цивілізованого суспільства, в якому людини служить самої себе. Надати аналіз поняттю обумовленості індивідів та вузькості їх смислових інтенцій в колі цілей і інтересів цивілізаційного розвитку. Підкреслити зростаюче значення духовного авторитету в сучасному суспільстві, вказати на важливість гармонійного ансамблю душевних якостей особистості, що сполучаються на основі збалансованої додатковості пізнавального, естетичного, морального, релігійного відношень до дійсності. Методологія. Характер методологічного підходу до дослідження феномену духовності автор пов'язує із принципом екзистенціальної єдності елементів тілесно-духовної організації людини – розуму, переживання, волі, віри. Такий підхід передбачає врахування не тільки факторів об'єктивної детермінації форм і тенденцій людського існування, але також включення ціннісного, смислового, світоглядного покладання в культуру на партикулярному та універсальному рівнях. Створюючи космо-теоцентричну конструкцію вектора розвитку суспільства в напрямку духовності, автор виходив також з апріорно прийнятою ним наочності особливого положення людини в бутті як «проекту Трансцендентного» з «метафізичним обов'язком». Наукова новизна. Проблема духовного світовідношення людини в історії культури, так чи інакше, є стрижневою, архетипічною. Проте в умовах глобалізації людської діяльності вона набуває особливої гостроти, хоч у масовому суспільстві вона майже не помічається, чи сприймається ювелірною прикрасою в культурі особистості. Від того, наскільки суспільство оволодіє духовним, космо-теоцентричним світоглядом залежить практичне виживання людства, доля цивілізації, а в метафізичному сенсі можливість реалізації людини в якості онтологічно заданої духовної істоти. Пов'язуючи міркування про духовність з апріорною онтологічною передумовою її положення у бутті як трансценденції, автор надає філософствуванню спекулятивного характеру, оскільки, як би він виходив з емпіричних засад і рухався аналітичним шляхом, танули б його віра і надія на духовну реалізацію людства. Висновки. Перехід сучасного цивілізованого суспільства до світоглядної космо-теоцентричної парадигми підготовлений суперечностями його технологічного і культурного розвитку. В умовах зростання свідомого впливу суспільства на самого себе багато чого в реалізації цього процесу залежить від духовного спрямування діяльності людей у сфері культури і душевних якостей суб'єктів культурної діяльності, які ідеально подані у статті як мудреці, духовні авторитети. Перешкодою на шляху духовної трансформації споживацького суспільства є світоглядний антропоцентризм. Його недолік не тільки в тому, що він перетворює людину в предмет культу для самої себе, а її життєдіяльність в служіння собі, антропоцентризм послаблює потенцію віри людини та її волю. Демократичний плюралізм, багатоманітність культурних форм, переважання аналітичної тенденції в суспільному пізнанні перетворюються в фактори смислової зніяковілості і невпевненості знання, яке марно шукає надійних обґрунтувань на рівні загального вибору духовного напрямку суспільного розвитку. Ця слабкість у сфері стратегічного морального переконання багато постмодерних філософів подає як силу протидії «великим наративам» і «тоталітарним ідеологіям». Проте людей без ідеології немає, як немає сумніву в наявності ціннісних орієнтирів, відносно яких може бути встановлена вирішальна суспільна єдність.

The purpose of the article is to regard the essence and phenomenon of spirituality in connection with ontological foundation of human being existence. The author suggests the concept of new cosmo-theocentric paradigm of human world outlook, as a ground of perspective transformation of social life activity on the contrary to anthropocentric view, which dominates in present society consciousness. The author gives the characteristics of the ideal sage and underlines the importance of spiritual teachers in cultural development of society. Methodology. The method of philosophizing is connected with the unity of mind, sensuality, belief, will in integral body and mental organization of a man. Such point of view takes into consideration not only aspects of objective determination, but includes senses of existence and world outlook ideas in culture on particular and universal levels of social experience. The author considers a special ontological disposition of the human being in the world as a "transcendent project" with "metaphysic responsibility". Scientific novelty. In the history of social culture the problem of its spiritual attitude towards reality is a basic problem, but now it becomes especially up-to-date and important. Now the survival of the civilization depends on the development of spirituality. From metaphysical point of view it means how spiritual the human being may be. The author connects the consideration of spirituality with particular human being ontological status in the world and provides his reflection with speculative character. Conclusions. The transition of modern civilized society to the cosmo-theocentric paradigm is prepared by contradictions of its technological and cultural development. In historical circumstances when the conscious influence of society on itself is growing, the realization of this process depends on spiritual trend of human beings cultural activity and mental quality of social leaders. Anthropocentrism as a world view principle is a main obstacle on the way to spiritual transformation of consumer society. This principle made the human being the cult for itself and weakened its ability for will and belief. Democratic pluralism and diversity of cultural forms, reinforcement of analytic tendency in cognition are turned into the aspects of confusion in selection the trends of social development. Many philosophers of "postmodern situation" connect democracy and pluralism with fighting against totalitarian ideologies. However, we have no person without any ideology and undoubtedly it is possible to attain consonance in the sphere of main morality values. ; Цель. Осмыслить феномен духовности общества в связи с человеческой сущностью как «трансценденцией», свободой в условиях глобализации социальной деятельности. Предложить идею мировоззренческой космо-теоцентрической парадигмы, основанной на принципе «метафизической ответственности» человека как «трансцендентного проекта». В связи с поставленной целью на уровне общефилософского синтеза выделить особенность онтологического положения человека в бытии как творца культуры и указать на его служебную роль в универсуме, исполнение которой автор считает основной духовной функцией человеческого сообщества. Обосновать ограниченность антропо-социоцентризма как принципа мировоззрения современного цивилизованного общества, в котором человек служит самому себе. Дать анализ понятия обусловленности индивидов и узости их смысловых интенций в круге целей и интересов цивилизационного развития. Выделить возросшее значение духовного авторитета, мудреца в современном обществе, указать на важность гармонического ансамбля душевных качеств личности, сочетающихся на основе сбалансированной дополнительности познавательного, эстетического, морального, религиозного отношений к действительности. Методология. Характер методологического подхода к исследованию феномена духовности автор связывает с принципом экзистенциального единства элементов телесно-духовной организации человека – разума, переживания, воли, веры. Такой подход предполагает учёт не только факторов объективной детерминации форм и тенденций человеческого существования, но и включение ценностного, смыслового, мировоззренческого полагания в культуру на партикулярном и универсальном уровнях. Воссоздавая космо-теоцентрическую конструкцию вектора развития общества в направлении духовности, автор исходил также из априорно принимаемой им очевидности особого положения человека в бытии как «проекта Трансцендентного» с «метафизическим долженствованием». Научная новизна. Проблема духовного мироотношения человека в истории культуры, так или иначе, является сквозной, архетипической. В современных условиях, однако, при глобализации человеческой жизнедеятельности, она приобретает особую остроту, хотя в массовом обществе она почти не замечается или воспринимается как некое ювелирное украшение культуры личности. От того, насколько общество овладеет духовным, космо-теоцентрическим мировоззрением, зависит практическое выживание человечества, судьба цивилизации, а в метафизическом смысле возможность реализации человека в качестве онтологически заданного духовного существа. Связывая размышление о духовности человека с априорной онтологической предпосылкой его положения в бытии как трансценденции, автор придаёт философствованию спекулятивный характер, поскольку, если бы он исходил их эмпирических оснований и двигался аналитическим путём, таяли бы его вера и надежда на духовную реализацию человечества. Выводы. Переход современного цивилизованного общества к космо-теоцентрической парадигме мировоззрения подготовлен противоречиями его технологического и культурного развития. В условиях возрастания силы сознательного влияния общества на самого себя многое в реализации этого процесса зависит от духовного направления деятельности людей в сфере культуры и душевных качеств субъектов культурной деятельности, которые идеально обрисованы в статье как мудрецы, духовные авторитеты. Самым серьёзным препятствием на пути духовной трансформации потребительского общества является мировоззренческий антропоцентризм. Его недостаток не только в том, что он превращает человека в культ для самого себя, а его жизнедеятельность в служение себе, антропоцентризм ослабляет потенцию веры человека и его волю. Демократический плюрализм, многообразие культурных форм, усиление аналитической тенденции в познании превращаются в факторы смысловой растерянности и неуверенности знания, безуспешно ищущего надёжных доказательств на уровне общего выбора направления общественного развития. Эту слабость в сфере стратегического нравственного предпочтения многие постмодерные философы представляют как силу противодействия «большим нарративам», «тоталитарным идеологиям». Однако людей без идеологии нет, как нет и сомнения в наличии ценностных ориентиров, в отношении которых может быть установлено решающее общественное единодушие. ; Мета. Осмислити феномен духовності суспільства у зв'язку із сутністю людини як «трансценденції», свободи в умовах глобалізації соціальної діяльності. Запропонувати ідею світоглядної космо-теоцентричної парадигми, що ґрунтується на принципі «метафізичної відповідальності» людини як «трансцендентного проекту». Для цього на рівні загально-філософського синтезу відокремити особливість онтологічного місця людини в бутті, як творця культури і вказати на його службову роль в універсумі, виконання якої автор вважає основною функцією людського співтовариства. Обґрунтувати обмеженість антропо-соціоцентризму як світоглядного принципу сучасного цивілізованого суспільства, в якому людини служить самої себе. Надати аналіз поняттю обумовленості індивідів та вузькості їх смислових інтенцій в колі цілей і інтересів цивілізаційного розвитку. Підкреслити зростаюче значення духовного авторитету в сучасному суспільстві, вказати на важливість гармонійного ансамблю душевних якостей особистості, що сполучаються на основі збалансованої додатковості пізнавального, естетичного, морального, релігійного відношень до дійсності. Методологія. Характер методологічного підходу до дослідження феномену духовності автор пов'язує із принципом екзистенціальної єдності елементів тілесно-духовної організації людини – розуму, переживання, волі, віри. Такий підхід передбачає врахування не тільки факторів об'єктивної детермінації форм і тенденцій людського існування, але також включення ціннісного, смислового, світоглядного покладання в культуру на партикулярному та універсальному рівнях. Створюючи космо-теоцентричну конструкцію вектора розвитку суспільства в напрямку духовності, автор виходив також з апріорно прийнятою ним наочності особливого положення людини в бутті як «проекту Трансцендентного» з «метафізичним обов'язком». Наукова новизна. Проблема духовного світовідношення людини в історії культури, так чи інакше, є стрижневою, архетипічною. Проте в умовах глобалізації людської діяльності вона набуває особливої гостроти, хоч у масовому суспільстві вона майже не помічається, чи сприймається ювелірною прикрасою в культурі особистості. Від того, наскільки суспільство оволодіє духовним, космо-теоцентричним світоглядом залежить практичне виживання людства, доля цивілізації, а в метафізичному сенсі можливість реалізації людини в якості онтологічно заданої духовної істоти. Пов'язуючи міркування про духовність з апріорною онтологічною передумовою її положення у бутті як трансценденції, автор надає філософствуванню спекулятивного характеру, оскільки, як би він виходив з емпіричних засад і рухався аналітичним шляхом, танули б його віра і надія на духовну реалізацію людства. Висновки. Перехід сучасного цивілізованого суспільства до світоглядної космо-теоцентричної парадигми підготовлений суперечностями його технологічного і культурного розвитку. В умовах зростання свідомого впливу суспільства на самого себе багато чого в реалізації цього процесу залежить від духовного спрямування діяльності людей у сфері культури і душевних якостей суб'єктів культурної діяльності, які ідеально подані у статті як мудреці, духовні авторитети. Перешкодою на шляху духовної трансформації споживацького суспільства є світоглядний антропоцентризм. Його недолік не тільки в тому, що він перетворює людину в предмет культу для самої себе, а її життєдіяльність в служіння собі, антропоцентризм послаблює потенцію віри людини та її волю. Демократичний плюралізм, багатоманітність культурних форм, переважання аналітичної тенденції в суспільному пізнанні перетворюються в фактори смислової зніяковілості і невпевненості знання, яке марно шукає надійних обґрунтувань на рівні загального вибору духовного напрямку суспільного розвитку. Ця слабкість у сфері стратегічного морального переконання багато постмодерних філософів подає як силу протидії «великим наративам» і «тоталітарним ідеологіям». Проте людей без ідеології немає, як немає сумніву в наявності ціннісних орієнтирів, відносно яких може бути встановлена вирішальна суспільна єдність.

The Structure and Dynamics eJournal offers a conduit for refereed electronic publication, debate, and editorial communication in the domain of anthropology and human sciences. We invite you—as an open access reader at no cost, an author at no cost, or a volunteer, to submit book reviews or commentary—to contribute and to participate in raising the aspirations of the human sciences today. To submit an article, follow the link to "Submission guidelines." To submit a review simply click Submit a "Reader's Comment" at the article site. We comment here on the contents and success of the first two issues. Full-text downloads of the eJournal articles numbered 5,313 in the 11 months since September 23, 2005, now averaging 16-17 a day. This reflects positively on quality of the articles, made possible in turn by the high quality and incisiveness of reviews, the number and diversity of reviewers who have responded, and selection for quality in article acceptance and reviewers (and we thank our reviewers for their efforts at timely review). In just two issues, the eJournal has come a long way in attaining the goals set out for it as a publication in which scholarship and debate can be engaged in contemporary fields of research, one that provides a venue for the study of the complex interplay between dynamics and structure, and gives an outlet for methods and results which speak to the issues of simplicity in complexity and the study of structure and dynamics. It has also facilitated presentations of new forms of analysis and visualization, new forums for debate and new vehicles for the dissemination and absorption of work at the cutting edges of the human sciences. Authors of issue 1#1 have had feedback and good reception. Peter Turchin's findings on historical dynamics have been replicated, for example, using data covering a 700-year period from archaeological research in the Southwest. The replication study is in press in the journal Complexity. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cycle_theory, cites Turchin's article in issue 1#1. Several of the issue 1#1 articles are now reviewed in blogs and on-line commentaries, digests, or reference lists, many with timely google citations. Links to them are starting to appear on educational sites at which students have direct access to download and on-line readership. Issue 1#1 marked our first use of high-quality color imagery and live url links. Krempel and Schnegg's paper explained our journal's dynamic-gif logo in their "About the Image: Diffusion Dynamics in an Historical Network," which also allows the reader to link to the authors' longer 1998 study and its on-line imagery. That article, "Exposure, Networks and Mobilization: The Petition Movement during the 1848/49 Revolution in a German Town," published at http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/~lk/netvis/exposure, provides further background and examples for the innovative use of dynamic graphics. Summing up our current issue, 1#2, and to give readers an idea of the unusual and unique features of electronic publication, we review the advantages and evolution of our permanent, paper-quality, refereed eJournal publications. Along with our use of live url links and imagery on-line, these advantages are facilitated by our UC eScholarship publisher. In 1#2, Sean Downey provides a fascinating study that interrogates ethnographic and historical texts with the aid of simulation. He uses his approach to analyze the ethnographic/historical theory put forward by noted author Paul Willis in Learning to Labor, secondarily to show strengths and weaknesses of contemporary social theories such as those of Tony Giddens (1984) and, finally, also to identify the descriptive lacunae that limit this genre of simulation. As an invaluable gift to students and instructors (he is himself a graduate student), he supplies on-line the code for the simulation and, as a free resource, access to the simulation software package itself. Christiansen and Altaweel's "Understanding Ancient Societies," subtitled "A New Approach Using Agent-Based Holistic Modeling," describes their Argonne National Labs holistic agent-based simulation framework that couples with incredible depth to the real-world information that can be brought into simulation and modeling from the earth sciences, satellite imagery, climate modeling, the agricultural sciences, ethnography, network analysis, and a host of other areas. Focusing on the development of their model for addressing research questions about Mesopotamia, they explain and illustrate the general-purpose simulation framework. Their work offers a productive complementarity to Algaze's lead article in our first issue, where he poses a series of questions, hypotheses, and possible lines of evidence with which to explore the processes that lead to the first cities' takeoff. Wouter de Nooy's study of the networks and the structural dynamics of folktale plots, tested as well against literary interactions through time among Dutch literary critics, uses network analysis software described in his coauthored book with the software authors (de Nooy, Batagelj, and Mrvar 2005). He gives us the first-ever published SVG image produced by Pajek network software with interactivity within the SVG image itself (now available from the Pajek freeware authors at http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/). The SVG image is not simply static but directly accessible, thanks to live links inside our eScholarship pdfs, as an interactive graphic that the reader can explore for different views of the data. Wilkinson and Tsirel evaluate limit cycles in Indic regional political polarities—how many polities in each ten year interval, coded from a comprehensive database—over two millennia. They begin with the simplest of models of temporal dynamics and historical limit cycles and proceed to evaluate at each step those of increasing complexity. The visual scanability of their multicolor graphical results helps to give the reader an ability to judge visually the contribution of different kinds of statistical analyses to understanding the complexity of the data and, in turn, the plausibility of different historical processes and explanations. Seary, Richards, McKeown-Eyssen, and Baines, in their "Networks of Symptoms and Exposures," provide an innovation that makes possible a better comprehension of statistical interactions in complex phenomena by enabling the reader to recognize linkages within complex data such as those in the field of medicine. The visual imagery of their 3-dimensional interactive "panigram" images, named from the Greek panis ("sail"), provides a generalization of simpler histograms that, by analogy, would be composed by an ordering of the one-dimensional heights of the ship's masts. The 3-D panigrams form an analog of planar sails rotatable about masts that represent the spines of the data structure. Co-authoring with professionals in the medical field, they use these images to look at the interrelations of people, their exposures to disease, and how symptoms are jointly distributed across both. Berkowitz, with his collaborators Woodward and Woodward, draws on his scholarship about the role of family and informal institutions in historical world economies to write of venerable and legal networks of exchange that have operated for millennia and yet that make it impossible to trace financial transactions through the modern computerized credit banking systems. His scholarship, interrupted by untimely death in 2003, is honored in this issue. Palmer, Steadman, and Coe, in "More Kin: An Effect of the Tradition of Marriage," utilize genealogical graphics, a mathematical model of networks and demography, and analysis of the relation between biology and culture to reopen important questions about the role of human kinship systems in human evolution, considered both in terms of networks and cognition. Their results for numbers of kin at various distances in bilateral kinship networks, depending both on demography and issues of social recognition, are cited in the article by Moody. James Moody's "Fighting a Hydra: A Note on the Network Embeddedness of the War on Terror," shares in common with Berkowitz et al.'s article a concern for misunderstandings that prompted and have emerged out of the War on Terror. Moody writes of the effects of misguided policies, such as described in the recent best seller by Thomas Ricks (2006), that fail to take into account the "blowback" consequences of the killing, wounding, and arresting of civilians and the torture of suspected insurgents. He considers as well the effects of the wounding and deaths of soldiers, recruited into such wars, on those in their home communities, families and social networks. His on-line innovation is to provide students and the reader with a calculator for the network scale-up model of Killworth et al. (1998) to estimate the number of people who know somebody in an "event," such as those killed in the war. "Since the values needed to make these estimates are rapidly changing and somewhat subjective, users can test the effect of different assumptions with this calculator," as noted within the calculator itself. In our review, we highlight the general properties of the scale-up model, of which we shall see more in future articles.

A powerful personal narrative of recovery and an illuminating philosophical exploration of traumaOn July 4, 1990, while on a morning walk in southern France, Susan Brison was attacked from behind, severely beaten, sexually assaulted, strangled to unconsciousness, and left for dead. She survived, but her world was destroyed. Her training as a philosopher could not help her make sense of things, and many of her fundamental assumptions about the nature of the self and the world it inhabits were shattered.At once a personal narrative of recovery and a philosophical exploration of trauma, this bravely and beautifully written book examines the undoing and remaking of a self in the aftermath of violence. It explores, from an interdisciplinary perspective, memory and truth, identity and self, autonomy and community. It offers imaginative access to the experience of a rape survivor as well as a reflective critique of a society in which women routinely fear and suffer sexual violence.As Brison observes, trauma disrupts memory, severs past from present, and incapacitates the ability to envision a future. Yet the act of bearing witness, she argues, facilitates recovery by integrating the experience into the survivor's life's story. She also argues for the importance, as well as the hazards, of using first-person narratives in understanding not only trauma, but also larger philosophical questions about what we can know and how we should live