Search results

The national idea, as a search for a modern type of spiritual interpretation of the struggle for measuring its «own archetype» of Ukraine, is correlated with Anton Makarenko, with the preservation of historical optimism, in order to overcome the primitive view of the bearers of small-towns on democratization and patriotism. The post-classical metaphysics of the study of Ukrainian experience by the educators of the information age (V. Vernadsky, A. Makarenko,) reconstructs the spirit of the history of political thought − may embrace metaphysics, political science logistics of the nation or futurology, reviving the archetypes of the romantic and enlightenment procession. It should be the legacy of spiritual leaders reveal in terms of futurology, which determines the procedural logic educational space as «wonderful» context of the philosophy of history, which in this case is the best way of understanding «substantial» − transcendent depth of penetration Ukrainian reformer professional culture, Anton Makarenko, a representative of the spiritual elite in the nature and structure of training patriotic people, the intellectual depth of our dreams kozakofilsko-kordotsentrychnyy staff − the foundation of national existence, encompassing spirit the dynamics of life. The work of an outstanding teacher highlights the professional and socio-cultural component of his own philosophy of history, as well as the influence in the historical process of the image of Don Quixote of Zaporozhii on the knight execution of A. S. Makarenko of his particular role as the organizer of latent resistance to imperial invasion. In their barracks, socialism tried to overthrow humanism, and the denial of human freedom, shaded by revolutionary phraseology. The phenomenon of some vulgar manifestations of mass violence is supposedly a form of secular messianism. Although the spirit of the Kozakophilic necessity gradually forces the «little» person into an instrument not to be bureaucracy and despotism, but the productive forces and European humanities in favor of the European path of Ukraine. European laughter culture was examined by Z. Freud as a psychoanalyst proposed the character of «good knight» Don Quixote de la Mancha as a valiant knight isn`t a comic hero but humorous fun arises from an inhibition of some affective excitation… Originally Don Quixote de la Mancha purely comic figure, a big child infatugated by chivalric fantasy books… author (Migel de Cervantes) at the beginning didn`t want to say anything but after this the author awarded his person by profound wisdom and noble intentions and made it as a symbolic embodiment of idealism who believes strongly in the implementation of his goals… and literally keeps his promises and then this person ceases to produce a comic impression (Z. Freud Wit) [13 P. 246]. Carl Jung also continued Freudian cognition of humanism and the symbolism of good and evil in his key scientific works showing humanistic orientation of European archetypal nobility. «Reader hasn`t got any opportunity to get Archimedean fulcrum outside of his world relying on which he can «remove from loops» his time-limited consciousness and detect hidden characters in scientific and literary work» (Carl Jung). Passionarity of dialogue of Ukrainian patriots as a result of humiliation of the national spirit of freedom is displayed in Cartesian sense (Rene Descartes), the traditional of the variety of forms of Ukrainian resistance when increases the range of dissatisfaction of the level of assimilation and bureaucratization. As higher the level of alternative sociocultural activity, the higher protrudes civil ability to Ukrainian union of sets even of different as their fight after the sobornist of their own state objectively pushes for the dialogue since it is in communicative processes the culture of education of young patriots enriches with civil meaning partially attracts those or other axiomatic principles of their partners in philosophical comprehension of human being. ; Авторитет в образовательном пространстве постепенно воплощали украинский педагог Антон Макаренко и Зигмунд Фрейд, профессор невропатологии (Австрия). Они критикуют появление «бунта масс» в теории психосексуального и гуманистического развития индивида, обусловливают его участие в духовно-исторических событиях. Учредители собственной версии философского подъема не воспринимали появление в европейской жизни режимов тоталитаризма и воинственного национализма власти или ее ксенофобские проявления, действовали как европейские носители статуса демократического патриотизма и гуманизма. Цель деятельности европейских мыслителей в том, чтобы выявить расположение украинского социума к философскому воздействию на «маленького человека». А. С. Макаренко берет символ Дон Кихота, что является показателем духовной роли козакофилов-новаторов на рубеже XIX-ХХ века, в частности этот символ связывает «донкихотство» с восстановлением общественного уважения к героическим традициям Запорожской Сечи.Значительное внимание А. Макаренко и З. Фрейд уделяли также вопросу, как при разных обстоятельствах действует носитель патриотической социокультурной деятельности, представляющей глубинное естество − идеальный тип, чтобы рассказать о его субъективной позиции, то есть о украинце-патриоте, малороссе национал-нигилисте, или хохле национал-прагматике, оставаясь объективным наблюдателем как исследователь-гуманитарий. ; Авторитет в освітньому просторі поступово втілювали український педагог Антон Макаренко і Зігмунд Фрейд, професор невропатології (Австрія). Вони критикують появу «бунту мас» у теорії психосексуального та гуманістичного розвитку індивіда, обумовлють його участь у духовно-історичних подіях. Засновники власної версії філософського піднесення не сприймали появу у європейському житті режимів тоталітаризму і войовничого націоналізму влади чи її ксенофобські прояви, діяли як європейські носії статусу демократичного патріотизму і гуманізму. Мета діяльності європейських мислителів у тому, щоб виявити прихильність українського соціуму до філософського впливу на «маленьку людину». А. С. Макаренко бере символ Дон Кіхота, що є показником духовної ролі козакофілів-новаторів на рубежі XІX-ХХ століття, зокрема цей символ пов'язує «донкіхотство» з відновленням громадської поваги до героїчних традиціїй Запорозької Січі.Значну увагу А. Макаренко і З. Фрейд приділяли також питанню, як за різних обставин діє носій патріотичної соціокультурної діяльності, що презентує глибинне єство − ідеальний тип, щоб розповісти про його суб'єктивну позицію, тобто про українця-патріота, малороса націонал-нігіліста, або хохла націонал-прагматика, залишаючись об'єктивним спостерігачем як дослідник-гуманітарій.

Объектом исследования являются теоретико-практические аспекты децентрализации в рамках проведения трансформационных изменений системы местного самоуправления в Украине. Одним из самых проблемных мест является наличие достаточно многих различных подходов, методов и способов реформирования страны, что требует существенных изменений, которые должны быть направлены на создание открытой политической системы. А также развитие гражданского общества и рост уровня благополучия каждого отдельного гражданина.Проведен анализ современного состояния системы местного самоуправления в контексте результатов успешной реализации реформы децентрализации. Определены основные пошаговые направления внедрения реформы децентрализации до момента ее завершения. Фактическое воплощение всех запланированных мероприятий по очерченным направлениям затруднено дальнейшим совершенствованием межбюджетных отношений и является сложной и длительной процедурой.В процессе исследования использованы общенаучные и специальные методы исследования. В частности, диалектический метод познания позволил исследовать теорию децентрализации как новой системы управления. Методы научного исследования и определения принципа комплексности методологической базы позволили обеспечить объективность и достоверность основных положений выводов.В ходе исследования проведен ретроспективный анализ и дана оценка показателей местных бюджетов, что позволило выявить возможности для улучшения жизни в каждом населенном пункте и в стране в целом. Определены направления эффективного использования финансовых ресурсов территориальных общин, которые предусматривают:направление средств на развитие внутреннего рынка, создание инвестиционных платформ и проведение обучения местных фермеров с целью объединения в кооперативы;рационализацию расходов на социальную сферу (просмотр льгот, распространение платных услуг, пересмотр уровня минимальной заработной платы и прожиточного минимума);проведение обучения руководящего состава территориальной общины по использованию публичных средств.В результате децентрализации их реализация обеспечит возможность получить полномочия и ресурсы, которые предоставят органам местного самоуправления больше возможностей для развития территорий, создания современной образовательной, медицинской, транспортной, жилищно-коммунальной инфраструктуры. По сравнению с аналогичными методами реализации децентрализации предложенные направления позволят эффективно распределить финансовые ресурсы с учетом существующих тенденций развития, что, в свою очередь, усилит роль местного самоуправления. ; The object of research is theoretical and practical aspects of decentralization in the framework of the transformational change of the system of local self-government in Ukraine. One of the most problematic places is the presence of many different approaches, methods and ways of reforming the country, which requires significant changes that need to be aimed at creating an open political system. As well as the development of civil society and increase the welfare of every individual citizen.The analysis of the current state of the system of local government is made in the context of the results of successful implementation of the decentralization reform. The main directions of implementation of decentralization reform until its completion are step-by-step determined. The actual implementation of all planned activities outlines areas that hampered the further improvement of intergovernmental fiscal relations is complex and lengthy procedure. In the process of research, general scientific and special research methods were used. In particular, the dialectical method of cognition allows to explore the theory of decentralization as a new management system. The methods of scientific research and determination of the principle of the complexity of the methodological base have allowed to ensure the objectivity and reliability of the main provisions of the conclusions.Retrospective analysis and evaluation of indicators of local budgets are conducted, which helped to identify opportunities for improvement of life in each locality and in the country as a whole. The directions of effective use of financial resources of local communities, providing:direction of funds for the development of the internal market, the creation of investment platforms and the training of local farmers to unite in cooperatives;rationalization of expenditure on social services (revision of benefits, distribution of paid services, the revision of the minimum wage and subsistence level);training the management team of the local community regarding the use of public funds.As a result of the decentralization of their implementation will provide the ability to obtain the powers and resources that will give local authorities greater opportunities for development of territories, creation of modern educational, medical, transportation, housing and utilities infrastructure. In comparison with similar methods of implementation of decentralization proposed project will allow efficient allocation of financial resources, taking into account existing development trends, which in turn will enhance the role of local government. ; Об'єктом дослідження є теоретико-практичні аспекти децентралізації в рамках проведення трансформаційних змін системи місцевого самоврядування в Україні. Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є наявність досить багатьох різноманітних підходів, методів і способів щодо реформування країни, що потребує суттєвих змін, які повинні бути спрямовані на створення відкритої політичної системи. А також розвиток громадянського суспільства і зростання рівня благополуччя кожного окремого громадянина.Проведено аналіз сучасного стану системи місцевого самоврядування у контексті результатів успішної реалізації реформи децентралізації. Визначено основні покрокові напрями впровадження реформи децентралізації до моменту її завершення. Фактичне втілення всіх запланованих заходів із окресленими напрямами ускладнено подальшим вдосконаленням міжбюджетних відносин та є складною і тривалою процедурою.У процесі дослідження використано загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи дослідження. Зокрема, діалектичний метод пізнання дав змогу дослідити теорію децентралізації як нової системи управління. Методи наукового дослідження та визначення принципу комплексності методологічної бази дозволили забезпечити об'єктивність і достовірність основних положень висновків.В ході дослідження проведено ретроспективний аналіз та дано оцінку показників місцевих бюджетів, що дало змогу виявити можливості для поліпшення життя у кожному населеному пункті та у країні в цілому. Визначено напрями ефективного використання фінансових ресурсів територіальних громад, що передбачають:спрямування коштів на розвиток внутрішнього ринку, створення інвестиційних платформ і проведення навчання місцевих фермерів з метою об'єднання в кооперативи;раціоналізацію видатків на соціальну сферу (перегляд пільг, поширення платних послуг, перегляд рівня мінімальної заробітної плати та прожиткового мінімуму);проведення навчання керівного складу територіальної громади щодо використання публічних коштів.В результаті децентралізації їх реалізація забезпечить можливість одержати повноваження та ресурси, які нададуть органам місцевого самоврядування більше можливостей для розвитку територій, створення сучасної освітньої, медичної, транспортної, житлово-комунальної інфраструктури. У порівнянні з аналогічними методами реалізації децентралізації запропоновані напрями дозволять ефективно розподілити фінансові ресурси із врахуванням існуючих тенденцій розвитку, що, в свою чергу, посилить роль місцевого самоврядування.

Introduction. During the last decades the politics of gender equality in society and in educational sphere, in particular, has become one of the key directions in Turkey and the USA. It is proved that society cannot be democratically if there are any forms of discrimination, taking into account gender discrimination. Scientific conferences that are devoted to the problems of gender equality in the sphere of higher education that are conducted in Turkey and the USA prove special importance of this problem. At the beginning of the XXI century vital interest raised in Ukrainian Pedagogic to unstandardized methods, forms and techniques of teaching. It is connected with the needs of society development, fulfillment of every personality educational needs and with enactment of certain acts that regulate functioning of educational institutions and provide integration of Ukraine in UNESCO educational programs for creation of educational links with foreign countries in the field of education. Women's education is fundamentally traditional, for it was created certain centuries ago and innovative, because it is based on the methodology of gender and personalized approaches. National Academy of Science, National Research Foundation, and Ford's Fund are the main establishments, which order gender studies.Purpose. The aim of our article is to analyze gender approach in procedural characteristics of education in the USA and Turkey. The main assignments of the article are to characterize banking model of teaching and active model of teaching; trace differences between interdisciplinary and traditional disciplinary specialization of educational process; single out principles of gender education. Results. Nowadays gender education is the main form of constructive interaction of different educational directions. Problems of educational content and methods of teaching are viewed in this constructive interaction. Education is not finished by acquiring certain knowledge. It is reflexive, for it is finished due to understanding of action process, vision and assessment of its forms. Changing of different subjects approaches of teaching is important aspect of gender education in high school. Usage of innovative techniques is necessary, for gender education is aimed not only at providing students with knowledge, but also at destroying stereotypes of their thinking and behavior. In developed countries enactment of gender approach in education is viewed as broadening of life experience for development of every personality individual talents, obliteration of sex stereotypes in teachers' thinking. One of the important ways of gender education fulfillment is development of women's educational establishments system.J. Klein and S. Sjolander analyzed principles, which are methodological basis of gender approach enactment in education. Having made comparative analysis of J. Klein and S. Sjolander works we can trace differences and uniformities in educators' vision. Both J. Klein and S. Sjolander stressed that basic principles of educational process in the borders of gender approach are principles of interdisciplinary, democracy, participation and context. J. Klein stressed that usage of students' experience as an educational source and orientation at investigation are additional factors that reinforce efficacy of educational process. At the same time S. Sjolander stated that efficacy of educational process can be raised due to usage of such principles as collaborative teaching and socialization.As a result we single out the following principles that are basic methodological features of gender approach fulfillment in the USA and Turkey. Principle of triangle that is combination of several teaching forms such as groups with raised conscience, collaborative writing, lectures and visual techniques that helps to raise educational process efficacy due to diversification and enacting of cognitive activity of every student. Collaborative teaching, which presupposes interaction of educational process participators not in the format of teacher-student, but giving every student power that depends on contribution and interest in knowledge. This principle helps to form individual learning way and correct it due to achieved results. Interdisciplinary orientation of educational process which presupposes learning of every educational topic in interdisciplinary context. Due to this principles students can trace interdisciplinary links, that help to learn educational material more fundamentally. Democracy is the basis of good psychological climate creation that helps to raise efficacy of educational process. Participation principle helps to form individual learning style. Principle of context presupposes creation of knowledge that is relevant to experience of those who study and is an effective way of reinforcing inner motivation of those who study. Desocialisation presupposes critical approach to dominating educational conceptions and moving to dialogue that is a necessary element in formation of analytical skills. Orientation at research presupposes that teacher studies students and students investigate educational material. Mentioned principle helps to learn educational material actively and raise teacher's pedagogical skills.Conclusion. Conducted research showed that during the last decades the politics of gender equality in society and in educational sphere, in particular, has become one of the key directions in Turkey and the USA. Nowadays gender education is the main form of constructive interaction of different educational directions. Changing of different subjects approaches of teaching is important aspect of gender education in high school. Usage of innovative techniques is necessary, for gender education is aimed not only at providing students with knowledge, but also at destroying stereotypes of their thinking and behavior. In the USA and Turkey enactment of gender approach in education is viewed as broadening of life experience for development of every personality individual talents, obliteration of sex stereotypes in teachers' thinking. Basic principles of gender education are collaborative learning, interdisciplinary orientation, democracy, participatory, context and orientation at research. Application of ten-stage model of interdisciplinary principle realization helps not only trace interdisciplinary links and personalize learning process, but also perfect teaching style and make adequate correction of individual learning way. Basic parts of active learning model are concrete experience, mirror observation, abstract conceptualization and active experiment. Kolb's model of active learning is one of the important ways of every student cognition activation, development of his critical and creative skills.

This article presents the results of the scientific research of pressing challenges of the value system of modern youth; defines life goals of youth in the Ukrainian society; investigates factors which may prevent young people from implementation of their life plans; analyses factors, which have the overwhelming influence on the youth choice of the future profession; studies attitude of young people to their parents, friends and national family traditions.At the present stage ofUkrainedevelopment as an independent state, investigations of value system of modern Ukrainian youth have revived. The term "value" is a subject of extensive theoretical and empirical investigations of different scientific fields and remains its relevance.In order to determine system of youth values, in the framework of the studied issue "Value systems of Ukrainian youth in the conditions of social and cultural transformation", the author has held an opinion poll of young people, living inKievandLutskand also in Kiev Oblast, in 2014. Total number of respondents is 543, at the age of 15-35 years, where 55% young people are female and 45 % – male. According to the place of residence: 67% – city residents; 21%-residents f district centers; 12% – rural citizens. According to the education level: 36% – with a higher education; 19% – having incomplete higher education; 12% – with a specialized secondary education; 25% – having a secondary level of education and 8% of young people who are currently studying.Modern social and political, cultural and economical processes in Ukrainian society have changed social and financial situation of youth. Formation of value system of young people was adequate to the social processes; it complicated and aggravated problems of a young generation.The obtained results of the research showed that today's young people consider as the most important values their own health, health of their family and friends and life of their family. Among human values, young people ranked family first (87, 5%), second love (46, 5%), goodness (47%) and friends (40%); "an independence" for theLutskyouth takes first place, after family; politics (3, 7%) takes one of the last places in the hierarchy of human values.In the hierarchy of life values of a young person, the value to build a family is a first (77%), second – own health (29, 5%), achievement of material wealth ranks third (24%), career – fourth (22%), obtaining interesting well-paid profession (22, 5%), having good and trusted friends (19, 5%), improving yourself ranks sixth (18%), honesty and decency – seventh (16%), eighth place takes exercising willpower and strong character, charity activities and helping pour people (each 12%), ninth- use of life benefits (10%), belief in God and performing of commandments takes tenth place (10%), and, unfortunately, the last places of the hierarchy of the youth value system takes such values as: growing spirituality, enriching own outlook (7, 5%) and possibility to be useful for society (6, 5%). As results of the research show, family values remain in priority for the youth.The main factors, which can hinder young people from implementation of their life plans, are: employment problems (47, 3%), lack of decent wages (33%), inability to obtain desired education (30%), unstable economic and political situation in the country and corruption (25, 3%). The main issues which concern youth are material position (58%), professional opportunities (40, 5 %), problems with own health (38, 5%), decline in the living standard (27, 5%).Among the positive human traits youth called honesty, kindness, sincerity, frankness, fairness and trust. The negative traits are betrayal, lies, hypocrisy, meanness and selfishness. Among the traits which the youth value most of all in people are kindness – 59%, intellect (47%) and politeness -38%.Outstanding role in the life of youth plays a family. For the vast majority of young people (60, 7%), parents are the dearest people in the world and an example to follow, whom they are willing to help in solving their life's challenges. 78, 5 % of young people consider a family as the surrounding where they are loved and they cherish it. 56% of young people said that friends also play an outstanding role in their life, because these people will always support them and won't live in a trouble. Among functions which a family has, the most important for the youth are reproductive, educational, material and economical, function of spiritual communication, control and responsibility over behavior of the family members.The crucial factor that influence on a choice of a future profession for Ukrainian youth is a real possibility to find a job (60, 5%) and payment level of the chosen profession (33 %).Among things which make youth kin with the Ukrainian nation are language (59, 3%) and traditions, customs and culture (each 58, 5%). Regularly national traditions and customs are kept in 33, 5% families of a polled youth, in 40% – only in case of big religious holidays and important events. Results of the research showed thatLutskyouth honors family traditions and customs more than young people fromKiev.The increased interest of the researches to the issue of a value system of Ukrainian youth is a result of more indepth understanding of human nature cognition, which in the process of transformation obtains new characteristics and helps a person to adapt to new social and cultural conditions of life. ; В статье проанализированы результаты исследования актуальных проблем ценностных ориентаций современной украинской молодежи; определены жизненные цели молодежи в украинском обществе; исследованы факторы, которые могут препятствовать молодежи в реализации жизненных планов; проанализированы детерминанты, которые имеют определяющее влияние на выбор будущей профессии молодежью; изучены отношения молодых людей к родителям, друзьям, национальным семейным традициям. ; У статті проаналізовано результати дослідження актуальних проблем ціннісних орієнтацій сучасної української молоді; визначено життєві цілі молоді в українському суспільстві; досліджено фактори, які можуть перешкодити молоді у реалізації життєвих планів; проаналізовано чинники, що мають вирішальний вплив на вибір майбутньої професії молоддю; вивчено відношення молодих людей до батьків, друзів, національних сімейних традицій.

Задачи исследования. Одной из основных причин проведения анализа личности преступника, совершившего угрозу убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью, является то, что без подобного анализа правоохранительные органы не смогут в полной мере проводить те мероприятия, которые направлены на профилактику и раскрытие подобных преступлений. Цель исследования. В связи с этим целью данной научной работы является установление четких критериев, которые характеризуют конкретного преступника с точки зрения социально-демографической, поведенческой и субъективно-ситуационной характеристик. Методология исследования. При проведении криминологического анализа личности преступника был использован диалектический метод познания, а также общенаучные методы исследования: системно-структурный, сравнительного анализа, а также частно-научные методы: статистический, изучение материалов уголовных дел, судебной практики, статистических отчетов, проведение социологического опроса (анкетирование) граждан, которые являлись потерпевшими от преступлений, связанных с передачей угроз убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью, сотрудников органов внутренних дел, преподавательского состава учебных заведений МВД РФ высшего и среднего профессионального образования, врачей - психиатров, а также лиц, которые ранее высказывали подобные угрозы. Выводы. По результатам исследования личности лица, совершившего угрозу убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью нами делается вывод о том, что изучив личность преступника, совершившего конкретное преступление, его нравственные начала и другие криминологические характеристики личности, правоохранительным органам можно будет четко представлять те рычаги, на которые необходимо воздействовать, при проведении профилактических мероприятий с лицами, склонными к совершению преступлений. Сотрудники правоохранительных органов также получат возможность определиться с конкретным методом проведения профилактической работы, который впоследствии даст положительные результаты в деле предупреждения и раскрытия преступлений. Теоретическая значимость. Теоретическая значимость исследования обусловлена использованием новых теоретических подходов к пониманию личности лица, совершившего угрозу убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью, их уголовно - правового и криминологического значения. Сделанные в ходе исследования выводы и предложения способствуют развитию современных теоретических представлений о криминологическом анализе личности преступника, пополняют уже имеющиеся положения по данному вопросу новой теоретической базой и дают возможность дальнейшего развития научных изысканий в этой области науки. Практическая значимость. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности использования полученных результатов в правотворческой деятельности по совершенствованию законодательства при конструировании норм об угрозе убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью, при решении вопросов дифференциации уголовной ответственности и наказания за совершенную угрозу; в правоприменительной деятельности при квалификации угроз убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью; в учебном процессе образовательных учреждений Министерства образования и науки РФ и МВД России при изучении соответствующих разделов теории уголовного права; при подготовке монографий, учебных пособий, курсов лекций, методических материалов и рекомендаций по соответствующей тематике; при подготовке обзоров, разъяснений в части особенностей квалификации угроз убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью с учетом личности преступника. Предназначение работы. Работа предназначена для сотрудников правоохранительных органов, органов дознания, следствия, преподавателей, аспирантов, адъюнктов студентов высших и средних учебных заведений юридического профиля. ; Research objectives. One of the main reasons for the analysis of the personality of the offender who committed a threat of murder or infliction of grave damage to health, is that without such analysis, law enforcement agencies will not be able to fully implement these activities that are aimed at prevention and combating such crimes. The purpose of the study. In this regard, the purpose of this research is the establishment of clear criteria that characterize the specific criminal from the point of view of socio-demographic, behavioral, and subjectively-situational characteristics. The research methodology. When conducting criminological analysis of the personality of the offender was used dialectical method of cognition and scientific research methods: systemic-structural, comparative analysis, as well as private research methods: statistical, study of the materials of criminal cases, court practice, statistical reports, the social survey (questionnaire) citizens who were victims of crimes related to the transmission of threats of murder or infliction of grave damage to health, employees of internal Affairs bodies, teaching staff educational institutions of the RF Ministry of higher and secondary professional education, psychiatrists, as well as persons who had previously expressed such threats. The conclusions. According to a study of the personality of the perpetrator of a threat of murder or infliction of grave damage we make a conclusion that after examining the identity of the offender who committed a specific crime, its moral Foundation and other criminological characteristics of personality, law enforcement agencies can clearly imagine those measures, which should act, when carrying out prevention activities with persons likely to commit crimes. Law enforcement officers will also have the opportunity to decide on the specific method of conducting preventive work, which subsequently will give positive results in the prevention and disclosure of crimes. Theoretical significance. Theoretical significance of the study due to the use of new theoretical approaches to understanding the identity of the perpetrator of a threat of murder or infliction of grave damage to health, criminal law and criminological values. Made in the course of the research conclusions and proposals contribute to the development of modern theoretical concepts of criminological analysis of the personality of the offender, Supplement the existing provisions on the issue of a new theoretical basis and give the opportunity of further development of scientific research in this field of science. The practical significance. Practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using the results in legislative activity on improvement of legislation in the design of regulations about the threat to murder or causing of heavy harm to health, at the decision of questions of differentiation of the criminal responsibility and punishment for the perfect threat; in enforcement activities to qualify threat by murder or causing of heavy harm to health; in the educational process of educational institutions of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation and the Russian interior Ministry in the study the relevant sections of the theory of criminal law; in the preparation of monographs, manuals, courses of lectures, methodical materials and recommendations on relevant topics; in preparing the review, clarification with regard to peculiarities of the qualification of the threats of murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm with regard to the offender. The purpose of work. The work is intended for employees of law enforcement bodies and bodies conducting initial inquiries, investigators, teachers, graduate students, postgraduate students of higher and secondary educational institutions of legal profile.

Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) measured in blood plasma has recently been proposed as an accessible, scalable, and highly specific biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Longitudinal studies, however, investigating the temporal dynamics of this novel biomarker are lacking. It is therefore unclear when in the disease process plasma p-tau181 increases above physiological levels and how it relates to the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer's disease characteristic pathologies. We aimed to establish the natural time course of plasma p-tau181 across the sporadic Alzheimer's disease spectrum in comparison to those of established imaging and fluid-derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. We examined longitudinal data from a large prospective cohort of elderly individuals enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (n = 1067) covering a wide clinical spectrum from normal cognition to dementia, and with measures of plasma p-tau181 and an 18F-florbetapir amyloid-β PET scan at baseline. A subset of participants (n = 864) also had measures of amyloid-β1-42 and p-tau181 levels in CSF, and another subset (n = 298) had undergone an 18F-flortaucipir tau PET scan 6 years later. We performed brain-wide analyses to investigate the associations of plasma p-tau181 baseline levels and longitudinal change with progression of regional amyloid-β pathology and tau burden 6 years later, and estimated the time course of changes in plasma p-tau181 and other Alzheimer's disease biomarkers using a previously developed method for the construction of long-term biomarker temporal trajectories using shorter-term longitudinal data. Smoothing splines demonstrated that earliest plasma p-tau181 changes occurred even before amyloid-β markers reached abnormal levels, with greater rates of change correlating with increased amyloid-β pathology. Voxel-wise PET analyses yielded relatively weak, yet significant, associations of plasma p-tau181 with amyloid-β pathology in early accumulating brain regions in cognitively healthy individuals, while the strongest associations with amyloid-β were observed in late accumulating regions in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional and particularly longitudinal measures of plasma p-tau181 were associated with widespread cortical tau aggregation 6 years later, covering temporoparietal regions typical for neurofibrillary tangle distribution in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we estimated that plasma p-tau181 reaches abnormal levels ∼6.5 and 5.7 years after CSF and PET measures of amyloid-β, respectively, following similar dynamics as CSF p-tau181. Our findings suggest that plasma p-tau181 increases are associated with the presence of widespread cortical amyloid-β pathology and with prospective Alzheimer's disease typical tau aggregation, providing clear implications for the use of this novel blood biomarker as a diagnostic and screening tool for Alzheimer's disease. ; M.J.G. is supported by the "Miguel Servet" program [CP19/00031] of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FEDER). T.K.K. holds a research fellowship from the Brightfocus Foundation (#A2020812F), and is further supported by the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (Alzheimerfonden; #AF-930627), the Swedish Brain Foundation (Hjärnfonden; #FO2020-0240), the Swedish Dementia Foundation (Demensförbundet), the Agneta Prytz-Folkes & Gösta Folkes Foundation (#2020-00124), the Aina (Ann) Wallströms and Mary-Ann Sjöbloms Foundation, the Anna Lisa and Brother Björnsson's Foundation, Gamla Tjänarinnor, and the Gun and Bertil Stohnes Foundation. A.S. is supported by the Paulo Foundation and the Orion Research Foundation. M.S.C. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement No 752310, and currently receives funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00155) and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Juan de la Cierva Programme grant IJC2018-037478-I). H.Z. is a Wallenberg Scholar supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862), and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. K.B. is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809-2016615), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881), Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986), and European Union Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disorders (JPND2019-466-236). M.S. is supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine; KAW 2014.0363), the Swedish Research Council (#2017-02869), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-813971), and the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-740191). Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California.

Relevance of research topic. The number of Ukrainian holding-type organizations and their land bankcontinues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy.Since 2019, state policy has been refocusing on forced support for small and small-scale farms, and after the Ukrainian decentralization reform the leadership of the united territorial communities of the new tools they received depends on the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Formulation of the problem. Today, the actualization of local economic development requires significant financial resources from the united territorial communities. And the formation of their budget depends on the effectiveagricultural sector operation. After the Ukrainian reform of local self-government and decentralization, the economic development of the territories and of Ukraine as a whole, depends on the using of new tools and resources by the community leadership. The solution of theagrarian sphere problems of the united territorial communities is in the plane ofsmall agrarian entrepreneurship state support, strengthening of the state control over the activity of large agro-traders, as well as their social and financial responsibility to the united territorial communities. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical questions on the study of small agrarian entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities were engaged in such scientists of the Institute of Economics of NASU, Institute of Agrarian Economics of NAAS of Ukraine, as Shemyakin D., Finagina O. V., Lysetsky A. S., Onishchenko O. M., and other national and foreign scientists. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the impact of decentralization on theagricultural sector development of the united territorial communities needs to be detailed and further researched. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The article aim is to investigate the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine, assess thesmall agricultural business current state and trace its relationship with the activities of united territorial communities for economic development. Method or methodology for conducting research. The set of general scientific methods of cognition and special methods of economic research are used in the work. Among them: analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison, system-structural and comparative analysis, systematic method of cognition of economic processes and phenomena, index method and method of statistical groupings for analysis of united territorial communities activity development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The article considers the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the united territorial communities formation in Ukraine, assesses the current state of small agricultural business and reveals it's main relationships with the united territorial communities activities for region economic development. Territorial communities are voluntary associations of residents of city, village and settlement councils, which directly receive funding from the state budget for the development of education, medicine, sports, culture, and social protection. Financial support from the state gives more opportunities to local communities to implement their own projects. The more active the territorial community, the more projects will be implemented and theterritorial communityprofitability level will be higher, which it will spend on the development of territories. This is the main incentive to attract additional investment to improve people's living standards. In 2020, theUkrainian Cabinet of Ministers adopted 24 orders on the definition of administrative centers and approval ofregional community's territories. There are 1469 territorial communities in our country. After the launch of the decentralization process in Ukraine – the transfer of powers and resources to places from which the community itself determines the direction of funding, small communities require forresource lack for rural development. The solution has beena decision to consolidate several councils by merging, which allowed communities to use common resources for territorial development. Ukraine owns 60.3 million hectares, which is about 6% of Europe's territory.There are 32.7 millionarable land hectares of land in the structure ofUkrainian agricultural territory, of which almost 9 million are used as pastures, hayfields and other agricultural lands. The quarter of agricultural land was never distributed, remaining on the balance of the state. Thus, state and the communal property include 10.5 million hectares of agricultural land, which is 26% of the total area, of which 3.2 million hectares – in the permanent use of state enterprises, 2.5 million hectares – in stock, and the rest – for rent. Almost 40% of the total number of Ukrainian enterprises in the agricultural sector and 38% of the area of agricultural land cultivated by agricultural enterprises are absorbed by agricultural holdings and large agricultural traders. On June 1, 2019, there were more than 160 large agricultural holdings in the country, they cultivate more than 3.6 million hectares of agricultural land. Thus, today in Ukraine the number of holding-type organizations and their land bank continues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy. Thecommunity agrarian branch is a complex multi-sectoral system, the individual subsystems of which are unevenly represented in different territorial formations, but are in close interaction with each other. The role of small agrarian businesses in the development of united territorial community'sagriculture is constantly growing. In recent years, the share of farms has increased by 30%. With the development of farming in the agricultural regions of Ukraine, the opportunities to solve the problem of employment in rural areas and the revival of territories in general are increasing. Therefore, state support for agricultural producers is an important step in order to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector. If earlier the preference of vectors of state support was in large agro-traders, then from 2019 the policy of the state was reoriented to the strengthened support of small and small-scale farms. Such support is confirmed by financial preferences for small agribusiness through regional branches of the Ukrainian State Farm Support Fund. Agricultural cooperatives will receive state support through cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine with the assistance of the Department. Thus, today the promissory note form of payment has been abolished, and 70% of the cost of their equipment has been reimbursed for cooperatives. As a result of the crisis of 2014-2016, many Ukrainians started doing business and many successful cases of micro and small agricultural enterprises operating in the regions appeared in the country. However, barriers to rural development are a lack of financial resources and a lack of economic knowledge. Therefore, in order to maximally support farms and agro-industrial entrepreneurship in rural areas by the state, high-quality interaction and communication on the ground is needed. Thus, in addition to financial support, the state program also includes advising agricultural producers. Experienced specialists will help to structure the business, calculate the financial and create a business plan. In 2020, the budget of financial support for the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine is set at 4 billion UAH, which is only 43% of the limit – does not meet 1% of GDP. the real need for financial state support of a key sector of Ukraine's economy. The implementation of the program of financing micro and small agribusiness has great potential not only in the country, but also within each united territorial community. Each of them, which participates in the program of state support of small agrarian business, annually receives about 75 thousand UAH of taxes to its budget. On a national scale, this is an additional UAH 75 million ($ 3.06 million) in taxes to local budgets over 5 years. The possibility of organizational and legal forms of micro and small agribusiness, according to the current legislation of Ukraine, to hire labor – partially solves the problem of unemployment in rural areas. A significant contribution is also made by micro and small agribusiness in increasing the volume of gross domestic product in Ukraine. Small and medium business in Ukraine brings 55% of gross domestic product to the country's economy, and micro and small business 16%, while in Europe the figure is twice as high, and their efficiency is 10 times higher than in our country. It is the subjects of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of agriculture that are powerful catalysts and stimulators of business activity, determine the unification of all participants in economic relations in the country. Therefore, state support and effective development of united territorial community'sagribusiness create the basis for the emergence and functioning of the institutional environment. Thus, giving 12% of Ukraine's GDP and providing jobs for members of the local community, small agribusiness entities need the development of agricultural equipment suppliers, agricultural processors, research institutions that conduct breeding work and develop modern technologies, logistics infrastructure, market structures, as well as institutions of agricultural education. The agro-industrial sphere of the community is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial united territorial communitiesand the effective functioning of rural areas. However, the distribution of agricultural land and land ownership remains an urgent problem for united territorial communities, as in addition to the territorial base, the land is a means of agricultural production. The population of the united territorial community is the main consumer of agricultural products produced by small agricultural enterprises. So, it provides a reproduction of labor for the industry. The vector of development of united territorial community'sagricultural production depends on the availability of natural, productive and labor resources of the community. The most energy-intensive are the production of vegetable crops, sugar beets, potatoes, industrial crops, as well as certain livestock industries, which are more often engaged in by farms and small agricultural enterprises. The study found that in Ukraine, government measures are the main obstacle to the development of agro-industrial entrepreneurship in united territorial communities, because it creates an extremely unfavorable climate for the development of small and medium enterprises or prohibits it altogether. For many years in a row, the sources of budget formation, which are generally local taxes, remain a significant problem in the development of agriculturally oriented united territorial communities. The limitation of incomes of agricultural enterprises and the population is the low efficiency of agricultural enterprises, the main reason for which is the low wages of peasants. The reason for this problem in the agricultural sector is low productivity, which forms the added value of agricultural products. Examining the structure of Ukrainian small agrarian business, its players in general education were classified into two large groups: 1. Farmers and agricultural producers living and working in rural areas. They live in a society within the lands of which they rent shares, pay all the necessary taxes, provide residents of general education with jobs, finished agricultural products at affordable prices. 2. Farmers who are registered in Ukrainian cities, however, use the land of the community, paying only the rent of agricultural land, depleting them due to non-compliance with crop rotations. Such agro-traders enjoy state support, soft loans and other preferences, receive super-profits and in no way contribute to the development of agricultural areas and society. These are the activities of large agro-industrial holdings, the form of interaction with rural general education and the mechanisms of social responsibility which need to be worked out with the help of the following measures by the government and agricultural producers: 1) development and restoration of the infrastructure of the united territorial communities and its elements used by agricultural holdings; 2) use of modern ecologically safe agrotechnologies. 3) training of qualified specialists in the field of agro-industrial complex, their employment in modern agro-industrial companies; 4) state support, restoration and preservation of recreational and health facilities of the united territorial communities, including agricultural lands, which are leased by large agricultural holdings; 5) involvement in the economic activity of the agricultural holding of farms on a partnership basis. Thus, partnerships and cooperation between large agricultural holdings and small agricultural producers of united territorial communities can contribute not only to the development of small agricultural businesses in Ukraine, but also to the socio-economic development of society and rural areas in general. The field of application of results. Thescientific research results on the problems of small agricultural entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities can be used in the field of state regulation of agribusiness and united territorial communities to support local agricultural producers. Conclusions according to the article. The agro-industrial sphere of the communities is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial communities and the effective functioning of rural areas, because the development of farming opportunities increases the problem of rural employment and the revival of territories in general. That is why state support for agricultural producers is an important step to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Carriers of large recurrent copy number variants (CNVs) have a higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. The 16p11.2 distal CNV predisposes carriers to e.g., autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We compared subcortical brain volumes of 12 16p11.2 distal deletion and 12 duplication carriers to 6882 non-carriers from the large-scale brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging collaboration, ENIGMA-CNV. After stringent CNV calling procedures, and standardized FreeSurfer image analysis, we found negative dose-response associations with copy number on intracranial volume and on regional caudate, pallidum and putamen volumes (β = −0.71 to −1.37; P < 0.0005). In an independent sample, consistent results were obtained, with significant effects in the pallidum (β = −0.95, P = 0.0042). The two data sets combined showed significant negative dose-response for the accumbens, caudate, pallidum, putamen and ICV (P = 0.0032, 8.9 × 10−6, 1.7 × 10− 9, 3.5 × 10−12 and 1.0 × 10−4, respectively). Full scale IQ was lower in both deletion and duplication carriers compared to non-carriers. This is the first brain MRI study of the impact of the 16p11.2 distal CNV, and we demonstrate a specific effect on subcortical brain structures, suggesting a neuropathological pattern underlying the neurodevelopmental syndromes. ; 1000BRAINS: 1000BRAINS is a population-based cohort based on the Heinz-Nixdorf Recall Study and is supported in part by the German National Cohort. We thank the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany) for their generous support in terms of the Heinz Nixdorf Study. The HNR study is also supported by the German Ministry of Education and Science (FKZ 01EG940), and the German Research Council (DFG, ER 155/6-1). The authors are supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Svenja Caspers) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 7202070 (Human Brain Project SGA1; Katrin Amunts, Sven Cichon). This work was further supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Integrated Network IntegraMent (Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders) under the auspices of the e:Med Program (grant 01ZX1314A to M.M.N. and S.C.), and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, grant 156791 to S.C.). 16p.11.2 European Consortium: B.D. is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (NCCR Synapsy, project grant Nr 32003B_159780) and Foundation Synapsis. LREN is very grateful to the Roger De Spoelberch and Partridge Foundations for their generous financial support. This work was supported by grants from the Simons Foundation (SFARI274424) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A_160203) to A.R. and S.J. Betula: The relevant Betula data collection and analyses were supported by a grant from the Knut & Alice Wallenberg (KAW) to L. Nyberg. Brainscale: the Brainscale study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret Boomsma), 51.02.060 (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol), 668.772 (Dorret Boomsma & Hilleke Hulshoff Pol); NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret Boomsma), the European Research Council (ERC-230374) (Dorret Boomsma), High Potential Grant Utrecht University (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol), NWO Brain and Cognition 433-09-220 (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol). Brain Imaging Genetics (BIG): This work makes use of the BIG database, first established in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in 2007. This resource is now part of Cognomics (www.cognomics.nl), a joint initiative by researchers of the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, the Human Genetics and Cognitive Neuroscience departments of the Radboud university medical centre and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The Cognomics Initiative has received supported from the participating departments and centres and from external grants, i.e., the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (the Netherlands) (BBMRI-NL), the Hersenstichting Nederland, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The research leading to these results also receives funding from the NWO Gravitation grant 'Language in Interaction', the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreements n° 602450 (IMAGEMEND), n°278948 (TACTICS), and n°602805 (Aggressotype) as well as from the European Community's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n° 643051 (MiND) and from ERC-2010-AdG 268800-NEUROSCHEMA. In addition, the work was supported by a grant for the ENIGMA Consortium (grant number U54 EB020403) from the BD2K Initiative of a cross-NIH partnership. COBRE: This work was supported by a NIH COBRE Phase I grant (1P20RR021938, Lauriello, PI and 2P20GM103472, Calhoun, PI) awarded to the Mind Research Network. We wish to express our gratitude to numerous investigators who were either external consultants to the Cores and projects, mentors on the projects, members of the external advisory committee and members of the internal advisory committee. Decode: The research leading to these results has received financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU-FP7/2007–2013), EU-FP7 funded grant no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND) as well as support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no.115300 (EUAIMS). DemGene: Norwegian Health Association and Research Council of Norway. Dublin: Work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI grant 12/IP/1359 to Gary Donohoe and SFI08/IN.1/B1916-Corvin to Aidan C Corvin) and the European Research Council (ERC-StG-2015-677467). EPIGEN-UK (SMS, CL): The work was partly undertaken at UCLH/UCL, which received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. We are grateful to the Wolfson Trust and the Epilepsy Society for supporting the Epilepsy Society MRI scanner, and the Epilepsy Society for supporting CL. Haavik: The work at the K.G.Jebsen center for neuropsychiatric disorders at the University of Bergen, Norway, was supported by Stiftelsen K.G. Jebsen, European Community's Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement no 602805 and the H2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement numbers 643051 and 667302. HUNT: The HUNT Study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Nord-Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Health Authority, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. HUNT-MRI was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Norwegian National Advisory Unit for functional MRI. IMAGEN: The work received support from the European Union-funded FP6Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant 'STRATIFY' (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: BRain Imaging, cognition Dementia and next generation GEnomics) (MR/N027558/1), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND (602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA' (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-1, SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/1). Further support was provided by grants from: ANR (project AF12-NEUR0008-01—WM2NA, and ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Fondation de France, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), USA (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. MCIC: This work was supported primarily by the Department of Energy DE-FG02-99ER62764 through its support of the Mind Research Network and the consortium as well as by the National Association for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award (to SE) as well as through the Blowitz-Ridgeway and Essel Foundations, and through NWO ZonMw TOP 91211021, the DFG research fellowship (to SE), the Mind Research Network, National Institutes of Health through NCRR 5 month-RR001066 (MGH General Clinical Research Center), NIMH K08 MH068540, the Biomedical Informatics Research Network with NCRR Supplements to P41 RR14075 (MGH), M01 RR 01066 (MGH), NIBIB R01EB006841 (MRN), R01EB005846 (MRN), 2R01 EB000840 (MRN), 1RC1MH089257 (MRN), as well as grant U24 RR021992. NCNG: this sample collection was supported by grants from the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen, the Dr Einar Martens Fund, the K.G. Jebsen Foundation, the Research Council of Norway, to SLH, VMS and TE. The Bergen group was supported by grants from the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Grant 911593 to AL, Grant 911397 and 911687 to AJL). NESDA: Funding for NESDA was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Geestkracht program grant 10-000-1002); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL), VU University's Institutes for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, University Medical Center Groningen, Leiden University Medical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH, R01D0042157-01A, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.Computing was supported by BiG Grid, the Dutch e-Science Grid, which is financially supported by NWO. NTR: The NTR study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), MW904-61-193 (Eco de Geus & Dorret Boomsma), MaGW-nr: 400-07- 080 (Dennis van 't Ent), MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret Boomsma), NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret Boomsma), the European Research Council, ERC-230374 (Dorret Boomsma), and Amsterdam Neuroscience. OATS: OATS (Older Australian Twins Study) was facilitated by access to Twins Research Australia, which is funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Enabling Grant 310667. OATS is also supported via a NHMRC/Australian Research Council Strategic Award (401162) and a NHMRC Project Grant (1045325). DNA extraction was performed by Genetic Repositories Australia, which was funded by a NHMRC Enabling Grant (401184). OATS genotyping was partly funded by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. PAFIP: PAFIP data were collected at the Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, under the following grant support: Carlos III Health Institute PIE14/00031 and SAF2013-46292-R and SAF2015-71526-REDT. We wish to acknowledge IDIVAL Neuroimaging Unit for imaging acquirement and analysis.We want to particularly acknowledge the patients and the BioBankValdecilla (PT13/0010/0024) integrated in the Spanish National Biobanks Network for its collaboration. QTIM: The QTIM study was supported by grants from the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD050735) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (486682, 1009064). Genotyping was supported by NHMRC (389875). Lachlan Strike is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA). AFM is supported by NHMRC CDF 1083656. We thank the twins and siblings for their participation, the many research assistants, as well as the radiographers, for their contribution to data collection and processing of the samples. SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403 and 01ZZ0701), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, and the network 'Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)' funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg- West Pomerania. Whole-body MR imaging was supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the Caché Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. StrokeMRI: StrokeMRI has been supported by the Research Council of Norway (249795), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2014097, 2015044, 2015073) and the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation. TOP: TOP is supported by the Research Council of Norway (223273, 213837, 249711), the South East Norway Health Authority (2017-112), the Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Stiftelsen (SKGJ‐MED‐008) and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013), grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND). We acknowledge the technical support and service from the Genomics Core Facility at the Department of Clinical Science, the University of Bergen ; Peer Reviewed

International audience Animals collecting patchily distributed resources are faced with complex multi-location routing problems. Rather than comparing all possible routes, they often find reasonably short solutions by simply moving to the nearest unvisited resources when foraging. Here, we report the travel optimization performance of bumble-bees (Bombus terrestris) foraging in a flight cage containing six artificial flowers arranged such that movements between nearest-neighbour locations would lead to a long suboptimal route. After extensive training (80 foraging bouts and at least 640 flower visits), bees reduced their flight distances and prioritized shortest possible routes, while almost never following nearest-neighbour solutions. We discuss possible strategies used during the establishment of stable multi-location routes (or traplines), and how these could allow bees and other animals to solve complex routing problems through experience, without necessarily requiring a sophisticated cognitive representation of space.

Introduction. The didactic principle of education-in-studies is one of the most important instruments of quality education at all levels. Compliance with this principle enhances the results of methodological means educators choose. A positive example is considered a widely recognised and effective method of education and upbringing. As such examples, in education it is recommended to use personal and scientific biographies of scholars whose names became a part of scientific eponyms – terms meaning phenomena, laws, theories, inventions, etc. derived from the names of their originators. Eponyms are researched from the prospective of many sciences, including pedagogy. According to the principles of humanisation and historicism declared in governmental documents on education, eponyms can be utilised as means of upbringing while studying natural and other disciplines. However, the research data about this role of eponyms are scarce. In particular, it is unknown how students perceive this component of language and if there is a difference in perception between school and university students. This gap in methodology and teaching technique applies to a number of disciplines including chemistry.The aims of this research publication were to study attitudes of university students in two countries – Belarus and the USA – to chemical eponyms, and to identify correlations between their reflective cognition and solid knowledge of the future professionals.Methodology and research methods. A 27-item questionnaire with different types of answers was developed by the author of the present research. The questionnaire was administered via the Internet for the survey of students at University of Oregon and Belarusian State University. Analysis of the data collected was done in IBM® SPSS® package using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, variance) and inferential (Mann–Whitney and Pearson tests) statistics.Results and scientific novelty. The survey showed that students in both countries recognise chemical eponyms by association better than by their content. Belarusian respondents exhibited a bit higher level of eponym knowledge than American respondents, which is explained by populations (the former one had more chemistry majors), timing and duration of chemistry courses. Recognition of chemical eponyms differs; it is promoted by their repeatability, uniqueness, and phoneticity. The majority of students in both countries perceive eponyms non-reflexively, and the students' attitude towards eponyms is mostly uncertain. It was found that the determinant factor for good knowledge and reflective positive attitude towards eponyms is the student's motivation for learning. This motivation, in turn, is determined by the chosen major. Naturally, the profile majors "Chemistry" and "Chemistry Teaching" motivate students the most. It has been concluded that on the one hand, for implementation of the humanisation and historicism principles, one should not rely exclusively on eponyms. To avoid mistakes, one should keep a systemic approach that implies a set of pedagogical means and methods. On the other hand, systematic, regular work with chemical eponyms helps to get an in-depth understanding of chemical phenomena and to get the chemical theory-and-practice synthesis quick and balanced. Unfortunately, less and less attention is paid in educational literature to both eponyms and scholar personalities as their sources, and that is fundamentally wrong.Practical significance. The research materials and the results obtained in this research will be useful for teachers and instructors of chemistry in the development of lessons, lectures, seminars and laboratory classes as well as in writing tutorials and textbooks. ; Введение. К важнейшим инструментам качественного образования любого уровня относится дидактический принцип воспитывающего обучения, соблюдение которого усиливает результативность выбираемых педагогами методических средств. Общепризнанным эффективным методом обучения и воспитания считается положительный пример. В качестве такового в образовательной сфере рекомендуется использовать биографии и описания деятельности ученых-первооткрывателей, многие фамилии которых стали нарицательными или вошли в состав научных эпонимов (производных от имен собственных терминов и понятий, обозначающих явление, закон, теорию, изобретение и др.). Эпонимы изучаются с позиций многих наук, в том числе педагогики, а согласно декларируемым в национальных документах об образовании принципам гуманизации и историзма они могут применяться как средство воспитания при освоении естественных и других дисциплин. Однако данные об исследованиях подобной роли эпонимов отсутствуют. Неизвестно, в частности, как соответствующий пласт учебной лексики воспринимается учащимися и изменяется ли ее восприятие у студентов университета по сравнению со школьниками. Этот пробел в методологии и методике преподавания в полной мере относится и к такому предмету, как «Химия». Цели представленной в публикации работы состояли в выяснении отношения студентов университетов разных стран – Беларуси и США – к химическим эпонимам и выявлении связей между рефлексивным их осмыслением и прочными знаниями будущих специалистов. Методология и методика. Для опроса обучающихся в Орегонском и Белорусском государственном университетах, проводившегося посредством интернет-ресурсов, была разработана авторская анкета, состоящая из 27 вопросов с разными типами ответов. Анализ собранной информации производился с помощью пакета IBM® SPSS®, методами описательной (вычисление среднего и стандартного отклонений, дисперсии) и выводной (использование тестов Манна – Уитни и Пирсона) статистики. Результаты и научная новизна. По итогам опроса установлено, что студенты обеих стран определяют химические эпонимы по ассоциативному ряду лучше, чем по их содержанию (сущности). У белорусских респондентов показатели знания эпонимов оказались несколько выше, чем у американских испытуемых, что объясняется спецификой выборок (в первой доля студентов химиков была более представительной), графика и продолжительности химических курсов. Узнаваемости химических эпонимов, степень которой различна, способствуют их повторяемость, уникальность и фонетичность. У большинства всей совокупности участников анкетирования зафиксированы нерефлексивное восприятие эпонимов и неопределенное отношение к ним. Главным фактором хорошего знания, рефлексивного положительного отношения к эпонимам является высокая мотивация к их усвоению, которая обусловлена избранной специальностью, – разумеется, наиболее мотивированы в этом плане студенты профильных специальностей «Химия» и «Преподавание химии». Сделан вывод о том, что, с одной стороны, в реализации принципов гуманизации и историзма нельзя делать ставку исключительно на эпонимы: чтобы избежать просчетов, следует придерживаться системного подхода, подразумевающего комплекс средств и методов. С другой стороны, планомерная, регулярная работа с химическими эпонимами помогает глубже проникнуть в суть изучаемых явлений и позволяет ускорить и гармонизировать процесс претворения химической теории в практику. К сожалению, эпонимам, как и их источникам – персоналиям ученых, – в учебной литературе уделяется все меньше внимания, что в корне неправильно. Практическая значимость. Материалы предпринятого автором исследования и полученные результаты будут полезны учителям и преподавателям химии при разработке уроков, лекционных курсов, цикла семинарских и лабораторных занятий, а также при составлении учебных пособий и написании учебников.

Розглянуто комунікативно-стратегічні типи мовленнєво-мисленнєвих маніпуляцій у сучасних політично-дискурсивних практиках з опертям на концепцію об'єктивно-суб'єктивної граматики й висвітленням еволюції поняття маніпуляції, набуття ним усталеного сприйняття в різноманітних медійних практиках. Розуміння комунікації як активного суб'єктно-суб'єктного процесу уможливило визначення співвідносність мовленнєво-мисленнєвих маніпуляцій зі сценаріями. ; Рассмотрено коммуникативно-стратегические типы речемыслительных манипуляций в современных политико-дискурсивных практиках, исходя из концепции объективно-субъективной грамматики, проанализировано эволюцию понятия манипуляции, приобретения им устоявшегося восприятия в различных медийных практиках. Понимание коммуникации как активного субъектно-субъектного процесса стало исходным для определения соотносительности речемыслительных манипуляций со сценариями. ; Relevance of the research is motivated by the necessity of communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations' definition in the modern information and media space, setting of priorities of some of them, the qualification of the tactics of latent manipulation in order to reveal its separate mechanisms as well as recognition. Question of general and communicative and linguistic manipulations has been affected by a number of valued works on psychology, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics (O. Aleksiievets, E. Benveniste, G. Le Bon, T. van Dijk, S. Kara-Murza, V. Klemmperer, T. Kovalevska, D. Makkvil, N. Fairclough etc.). The peculiarities of the influence and subordination of mono- and/or polylinguoperson with the study of the political text cognition (D. Abrams, T. Semashko, M. Hogg and others) as well as its linguopragmatics were also actively investigated (I. Golubovska, O. Dmytruk, L. Shevchenko, O. Yashenkova). Aim of the study is to identify the main communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations with the tracing of the peculiarities of the implementation of certain hidden manipulative tactics. The stated goal defines the need for solving the following problems: 1) to describe the concept of manipulation in the modern linguistic and scientific paradigm; 2) to trace the correlation and/or non-correlation of the concept of manipulation in various sciences; 3) to qualify the main communicative-strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in certain discourse and political practices; 4) to characterize the effective potential of the defined communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulation in separate scenarios; 5) to outline the status load of the individual's behavior in the modern media manipulation space. Object of analysis is a variety of discourse and political practices, and subject is the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in modern political discourse. Research methods are the following ones: descriptive method, interpretation method with the sequential differentiation of the poly-layer intra text plane and the generalization of the types of empirical discursive investigated practices, as well as the method of component analysis, the method of contextual analysis, the linguistic communicative method, the method of discourse analysis and the method of critical analysis. Novelty of the analysis consisted in the consideration of the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in discourse and political practices, the tracing of the response of mono- and / or polylinguoperson to the use of appropriate linguistic manipulations. The theoretical significance of the analysis is determined by the justification of the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations, ascertaining the degree of their correlation with social inquiries, intentions and situations. Practical importance of the obtained results is motivated by the possibility of their use in courses on communicative, functional, cognitive linguistics, the study of linguistic technologies, consideration of actual issues of discourse study, writing of research on political, spatial, visual and multimodal linguistics.Modern communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations are correlated with the relevant society inquiries and needs — the easy solution of extremely complex and controversial problems, the production of psychological attitude — are consistently implemented, since they correlate with social moods. The virtual reality of television is enhanced by the imitation potential because it is possible to simulate imitation, where the kaleidoscope of events, clips, enhances the sense of swiftness, the exclusion of the reflection need, the structuring of cause-conditional, conditional-consequential, reason-tolerant or other varieties of logical relations. The ultimate manifestation is man's suspension from life → from real life. A corresponding language is needed in order to accomplish this task; therefore, the modern objective-subjective grammar is also based on modern and postmodern advertising and clips, kaleidoscope and colloquial verbalization run of news, chronicles of events with support on the semantic space of the used lexical units. The entire media stream must be qualified as a "secondary derivative" (according to S. Kara-Murza), where other vital measurements are produced, transposed into reality, imposed on the latter. It's not about the features of television technics; in fact, the integrity of the television (and / or internet) product, where the verbal and visual interpenetrate, where they are mutually complementary, where the addresser (Waldo) speaks better and more clearly than the real communicants. Transferring the out-of-screen (↔ virtual) language ↔ action into the real world becomes extremely necessary. Another thing is whether suppressed will, self-expression of the viewer, reader (↔ recipient), speech production, possession of it in its entirety, civil society should give an answer, which is related to another aspect of study.Prospects for the study of communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulation are outlined by the needs of generalization of the features of the modern informationally saturated society and the status of the personality in it with its linguistic and mental intentions, as well as the study of the tendencies of transforming by the media resources of the individual into something with an unlimited potential of influence on the latter. An analysis of the possibilities of the individual contacts narrowing with a manipulator or a potential manipulator with the linguo-person formation of counteracting "theater of temptations" played by manipulators, diagnosing the capture, distancing from it, differentiating levels of semantic transparency with the recognition of semantic voids and semantic filling. It is necessary to create a complete information and semantic filters for completion of declared and other tasks, which is possible, provided that the research covers the maximum number of results of discursive practices – texts of different genres, via continuous examination of their space.

Why do we teach cartography? The need for cartographic education: In our day to day life, on an individual or societal level there is a continual need or even demand for geospatial information. On an individual level this need is expressed by questions like: Where am I?, How far away is my new doctor's office?, Which route should I take to get to my destination based on current traffic patterns? Other questions may include: What is the spatial extent of my land parcel? What do I have permission to build on my parcel? On a societal level questions include: What cities suffer from high unemployment? What are the most efficient spots to build a new wind farm? Where is the optimal place to build a new road without fragmenting important species habitats? To offer answers to these questions, geographic information systems (GIS) including tools and instruments have been developed. The most important communication tool to foster decision making, as part of a GIS, is the map. Reality is too complex to comprehend with the naked eye. Therefore patterns are often missed, maps and other cartographic models are an interface between humans and the reality used to abstract, symbolized, a simplify view of the world. These maps then allow us to view spatial patterns and relationships between objects in the world. The world cannot do without maps. Why? Because they tell us about spatial issues on both local and global scale that influence our lives. How? Maps are the most effective and the most efficient tools to into and overview of geographical data which help us answer spatio-temporal questions and to provide new insight. What is ongoing in our world? Trends in our domain: yesterday, today and tomorrow: Looking at the timeline of our domain, cartography, we could argue that after a long period where maps where seen as artifacts, maps are now considered to be interactive and dynamic (web) services, and in the near future we move to human centered cognitive map displays that are immersive and ubiquitous. Yesterday, the map could be considered an artifact, a static object, on paper or on a screen. The map stores the information and can no longer be changed. The user did not play a prominent role in map design. Today, with the internet, there has been a huge increase in data access and generation resulting in maps being produced and used especial to satisfy individual location-based queries such as 'Where am I right now' and 'How-do-I-get-there?' questions. Societal questions are answered by maps available via automated services accessible via dedicated portals. Today maps are no longer artifacts, but provided as a digital map services. However, tomorrow the map will yet again be different. We are able to sense and monitor the world real time and ubiquitously, including human users' spatial abilities, emotions, needs and requirements. With developments in interface design including more opportunities for 3d/4d/Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Human-Computer-Interfaces are becoming even "closer" to our human processing system. Maps will increasingly become human-centered, highly interactive, dynamic and adjustable visual displays. Purpose: What are the cartographic consequences of these developments? Required cartographic competences: The above developments have resulted in the expansion of what define the existing established cartographic method: making geospatial data and information accessible for users to foster discovery and insight into and overview of spatiotemporal data. Map design, including fundamentals such as projection, scale, generalization and symbolization, remain core to cartography. Yesterday, cartographic education was focused on how to optimally create fixed graphical representations at a defined scale constrained by the media, but with an eye for syntactical as well as graphical/aesthetical quality. Today knowledge and skills cartographers require have expanded, and they include an understanding of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that house Big Data and Data Science, Web Services, Programming, Style Definitions, Algorithms, Semantic web and Linked Data and Interactivity and other relevant technological skills. Increasingly, more attention has also been, and will have to be, paid to use and user (requirement) analysis and usability assessment. Users will simple not use cartographic services that are not enjoyable and do not help them meet their goals. We will continue to conduct usability evaluations in new sensing and map display environments. Based on technological advances and social uptake thereof, tomorrow will yet again ask for an adaption of the cartographic education and research dealing more and more with the "human" embodied experience. Figure 1a shows the relation among the current skills and competences a cartographer needs. In the center of the triangle the map and the cartographic method. Data, Media and Users are found around. Knowledge and skills about data handling refer to selection, integration and abstraction, as well as analysis. Media skills and knowledge are about the interface, interaction, adapted design, technology and coding. Users refers to usability (enjoyment), cognition, perception, sensors (robots) and requirements. In Figure 1b the changing paradigm of the map as interface between human and reality as seen yesterday, today and tomorrow. How do we do it? Our MSc Cartography: The Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Cartography program is characterized by its worldwide unique profile and comprehensive and in-depth cartographic lectures and lab works. All four partner universities (see involved authors) jointly developed and defined the learning outcomes after intensive cooperation and consultation. The program takes all theoretical as well as practical aspects of the broad and interdisciplinary field of cartography into account. Graduates of the program are able to meet the variety of requirements placed on a cartographer today. An obvious strength of this program is the clear research-driven orientation of selected lectures, e.g. visual analytics, web and mobile cartography and the close binding of M.Sc. topics to ongoing research projects. Students in the Cartography program learn how to develop and evaluate cartographic tools on the basis of firmly established theories and methods. The focus lays in developing and applying scientific methods and techniques to improve geo-information services for a diverse range of heterogeneous users. Another added value of the program is its educational execution in locations across Europe, a historic center of excellence in the field of cartography, integrating it within interdisciplinary fields. Excellently educated students from this program will fill the gaps not only in the cartographic research community and geosciences, but also in other related research fields that address the global challenges as defined by bodies like the United Nations or the European Union.

Relevance of the research is motivated by the necessity of communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations' definition in the modern information and media space, setting of priorities of some of them, the qualification of the tactics of latent manipulation in order to reveal its separate mechanisms as well as recognition. Question of general and communicative and linguistic manipulations has been affected by a number of valued works on psychology, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics (O. Aleksiievets, E. Benveniste, G. Le Bon, T. van Dijk, S. Kara-Murza, V. Klemmperer, T. Kovalevska, D. Makkvil, N. Fairclough etc.). The peculiarities of the influence and subordination of mono- and/or polylinguoperson with the study of the political text cognition (D. Abrams, T. Semashko, M. Hogg and others) as well as its linguopragmatics were also actively investigated (I. Golubovska, O. Dmytruk, L. Shevchenko, O. Yashenkova). Aim of the study is to identify the main communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations with the tracing of the peculiarities of the implementation of certain hidden manipulative tactics. The stated goal defines the need for solving the following problems: 1) to describe the concept of manipulation in the modern linguistic and scientific paradigm; 2) to trace the correlation and/or non-correlation of the concept of manipulation in various sciences; 3) to qualify the main communicative-strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in certain discourse and political practices; 4) to characterize the effective potential of the defined communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulation in separate scenarios; 5) to outline the status load of the individual's behavior in the modern media manipulation space. Object of analysis is a variety of discourse and political practices, and subject is the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in modern political discourse. Research methods are the following ones: descriptive method, interpretation method with the sequential differentiation of the poly-layer intra text plane and the generalization of the types of empirical discursive investigated practices, as well as the method of component analysis, the method of contextual analysis, the linguistic communicative method, the method of discourse analysis and the method of critical analysis. Novelty of the analysis consisted in the consideration of the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in discourse and political practices, the tracing of the response of mono- and / or polylinguoperson to the use of appropriate linguistic manipulations. The theoretical significance of the analysis is determined by the justification of the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations, ascertaining the degree of their correlation with social inquiries, intentions and situations. Practical importance of the obtained results is motivated by the possibility of their use in courses on communicative, functional, cognitive linguistics, the study of linguistic technologies, consideration of actual issues of discourse study, writing of research on political, spatial, visual and multimodal linguistics.Modern communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations are correlated with the relevant society inquiries and needs — the easy solution of extremely complex and controversial problems, the production of psychological attitude — are consistently implemented, since they correlate with social moods. The virtual reality of television is enhanced by the imitation potential because it is possible to simulate imitation, where the kaleidoscope of events, clips, enhances the sense of swiftness, the exclusion of the reflection need, the structuring of cause-conditional, conditional-consequential, reason-tolerant or other varieties of logical relations. The ultimate manifestation is man's suspension from life → from real life. A corresponding language is needed in order to accomplish this task; therefore, the modern objective-subjective grammar is also based on modern and postmodern advertising and clips, kaleidoscope and colloquial verbalization run of news, chronicles of events with support on the semantic space of the used lexical units. The entire media stream must be qualified as a "secondary derivative" (according to S. Kara-Murza), where other vital measurements are produced, transposed into reality, imposed on the latter. It's not about the features of television technics; in fact, the integrity of the television (and / or internet) product, where the verbal and visual interpenetrate, where they are mutually complementary, where the addresser (Waldo) speaks better and more clearly than the real communicants. Transferring the out-of-screen (↔ virtual) language ↔ action into the real world becomes extremely necessary. Another thing is whether suppressed will, self-expression of the viewer, reader (↔ recipient), speech production, possession of it in its entirety, civil society should give an answer, which is related to another aspect of study.Prospects for the study of communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulation are outlined by the needs of generalization of the features of the modern informationally saturated society and the status of the personality in it with its linguistic and mental intentions, as well as the study of the tendencies of transforming by the media resources of the individual into something with an unlimited potential of influence on the latter. An analysis of the possibilities of the individual contacts narrowing with a manipulator or a potential manipulator with the linguo-person formation of counteracting "theater of temptations" played by manipulators, diagnosing the capture, distancing from it, differentiating levels of semantic transparency with the recognition of semantic voids and semantic filling. It is necessary to create a complete information and semantic filters for completion of declared and other tasks, which is possible, provided that the research covers the maximum number of results of discursive practices – texts of different genres, via continuous examination of their space. ; Рассмотрено коммуникативно-стратегические типы речемыслительных манипуляций в современных политико-дискурсивных практиках, исходя из концепции объективно-субъективной грамматики, проанализировано эволюцию понятия манипуляции, приобретения им устоявшегося восприятия в различных медийных практиках. Понимание коммуникации как активного субъектно-субъектного процесса стало исходным для определения соотносительности речемыслительных манипуляций со сценариями. ; Розглянуто комунікативно-стратегічні типи мовленнєво-мисленнєвих маніпуляцій у сучасних політично-дискурсивних практиках з опертям на концепцію об'єктивно-суб'єктивної граматики й висвітленням еволюції поняття маніпуляції, набуття ним усталеного сприйняття в різноманітних медійних практиках. Розуміння комунікації як активного суб'єктно-суб'єктного процесу уможливило визначення співвідносність мовленнєво-мисленнєвих маніпуляцій зі сценаріями.

Why do we teach cartography? The need for cartographic education: In our day to day life, on an individual or societal level there is a continual need or even demand for geospatial information. On an individual level this need is expressed by questions like: Where am I?, How far away is my new doctor's office?, Which route should I take to get to my destination based on current traffic patterns? Other questions may include: What is the spatial extent of my land parcel? What do I have permission to build on my parcel? On a societal level questions include: What cities suffer from high unemployment? What are the most efficient spots to build a new wind farm? Where is the optimal place to build a new road without fragmenting important species habitats? To offer answers to these questions, geographic information systems (GIS) including tools and instruments have been developed. The most important communication tool to foster decision making, as part of a GIS, is the map. Reality is too complex to comprehend with the naked eye. Therefore patterns are often missed, maps and other cartographic models are an interface between humans and the reality used to abstract, symbolized, a simplify view of the world. These maps then allow us to view spatial patterns and relationships between objects in the world. The world cannot do without maps. Why? Because they tell us about spatial issues on both local and global scale that influence our lives. How? Maps are the most effective and the most efficient tools to into and overview of geographical data which help us answer spatio-temporal questions and to provide new insight. What is ongoing in our world? Trends in our domain: yesterday, today and tomorrow: Looking at the timeline of our domain, cartography, we could argue that after a long period where maps where seen as artifacts, maps are now considered to be interactive and dynamic (web) services, and in the near future we move to human centered cognitive map displays that are immersive and ubiquitous. Yesterday, the map could be considered an artifact, a static object, on paper or on a screen. The map stores the information and can no longer be changed. The user did not play a prominent role in map design. Today, with the internet, there has been a huge increase in data access and generation resulting in maps being produced and used especial to satisfy individual location-based queries such as 'Where am I right now' and 'How-do-I-get-there?' questions. Societal questions are answered by maps available via automated services accessible via dedicated portals. Today maps are no longer artifacts, but provided as a digital map services. However, tomorrow the map will yet again be different. We are able to sense and monitor the world real time and ubiquitously, including human users' spatial abilities, emotions, needs and requirements. With developments in interface design including more opportunities for 3d/4d/Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Human-Computer-Interfaces are becoming even "closer" to our human processing system. Maps will increasingly become human-centered, highly interactive, dynamic and adjustable visual displays. Purpose: What are the cartographic consequences of these developments? Required cartographic competences: The above developments have resulted in the expansion of what define the existing established cartographic method: making geospatial data and information accessible for users to foster discovery and insight into and overview of spatiotemporal data. Map design, including fundamentals such as projection, scale, generalization and symbolization, remain core to cartography. Yesterday, cartographic education was focused on how to optimally create fixed graphical representations at a defined scale constrained by the media, but with an eye for syntactical as well as graphical/aesthetical quality. Today knowledge and skills cartographers require have expanded, and they include an understanding of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) that house Big Data and Data Science, Web Services, Programming, Style Definitions, Algorithms, Semantic web and Linked Data and Interactivity and other relevant technological skills. Increasingly, more attention has also been, and will have to be, paid to use and user (requirement) analysis and usability assessment. Users will simple not use cartographic services that are not enjoyable and do not help them meet their goals. We will continue to conduct usability evaluations in new sensing and map display environments. Based on technological advances and social uptake thereof, tomorrow will yet again ask for an adaption of the cartographic education and research dealing more and more with the "human" embodied experience. Figure 1a shows the relation among the current skills and competences a cartographer needs. In the center of the triangle the map and the cartographic method. Data, Media and Users are found around. Knowledge and skills about data handling refer to selection, integration and abstraction, as well as analysis. Media skills and knowledge are about the interface, interaction, adapted design, technology and coding. Users refers to usability (enjoyment), cognition, perception, sensors (robots) and requirements. In Figure 1b the changing paradigm of the map as interface between human and reality as seen yesterday, today and tomorrow. How do we do it? Our MSc Cartography: The Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Cartography program is characterized by its worldwide unique profile and comprehensive and in-depth cartographic lectures and lab works. All four partner universities (see involved authors) jointly developed and defined the learning outcomes after intensive cooperation and consultation. The program takes all theoretical as well as practical aspects of the broad and interdisciplinary field of cartography into account. Graduates of the program are able to meet the variety of requirements placed on a cartographer today. An obvious strength of this program is the clear research-driven orientation of selected lectures, e.g. visual analytics, web and mobile cartography and the close binding of M.Sc. topics to ongoing research projects. Students in the Cartography program learn how to develop and evaluate cartographic tools on the basis of firmly established theories and methods. The focus lays in developing and applying scientific methods and techniques to improve geo-information services for a diverse range of heterogeneous users. Another added value of the program is its educational execution in locations across Europe, a historic center of excellence in the field of cartography, integrating it within interdisciplinary fields. Excellently educated students from this program will fill the gaps not only in the cartographic research community and geosciences, but also in other related research fields that address the global challenges as defined by bodies like the United Nations or the European Union.

Розглянуто комунікативно-стратегічні типи мовленнєво-мисленнєвих маніпуляцій у сучасних політично-дискурсивних практиках з опертям на концепцію об'єктивно-суб'єктивної граматики й висвітленням еволюції поняття маніпуляції, набуття ним усталеного сприйняття в різноманітних медійних практиках. Розуміння комунікації як активного суб'єктно-суб'єктного процесу уможливило визначення співвідносність мовленнєво-мисленнєвих маніпуляцій зі сценаріями. ; Рассмотрено коммуникативно-стратегические типы речемыслительных манипуляций в современных политико-дискурсивных практиках, исходя из концепции объективно-субъективной грамматики, проанализировано эволюцию понятия манипуляции, приобретения им устоявшегося восприятия в различных медийных практиках. Понимание коммуникации как активного субъектно-субъектного процесса стало исходным для определения соотносительности речемыслительных манипуляций со сценариями. ; Relevance of the research is motivated by the necessity of communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations' definition in the modern information and media space, setting of priorities of some of them, the qualification of the tactics of latent manipulation in order to reveal its separate mechanisms as well as recognition. Question of general and communicative and linguistic manipulations has been affected by a number of valued works on psychology, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics (O. Aleksiievets, E. Benveniste, G. Le Bon, T. van Dijk, S. Kara-Murza, V. Klemmperer, T. Kovalevska, D. Makkvil, N. Fairclough etc.). The peculiarities of the influence and subordination of mono- and/or polylinguoperson with the study of the political text cognition (D. Abrams, T. Semashko, M. Hogg and others) as well as its linguopragmatics were also actively investigated (I. Golubovska, O. Dmytruk, L. Shevchenko, O. Yashenkova). Aim of the study is to identify the main communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations with the tracing of the peculiarities of the implementation of certain hidden manipulative tactics. The stated goal defines the need for solving the following problems: 1) to describe the concept of manipulation in the modern linguistic and scientific paradigm; 2) to trace the correlation and/or non-correlation of the concept of manipulation in various sciences; 3) to qualify the main communicative-strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in certain discourse and political practices; 4) to characterize the effective potential of the defined communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulation in separate scenarios; 5) to outline the status load of the individual's behavior in the modern media manipulation space. Object of analysis is a variety of discourse and political practices, and subject is the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in modern political discourse. Research methods are the following ones: descriptive method, interpretation method with the sequential differentiation of the poly-layer intra text plane and the generalization of the types of empirical discursive investigated practices, as well as the method of component analysis, the method of contextual analysis, the linguistic communicative method, the method of discourse analysis and the method of critical analysis. Novelty of the analysis consisted in the consideration of the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations in discourse and political practices, the tracing of the response of mono- and / or polylinguoperson to the use of appropriate linguistic manipulations. The theoretical significance of the analysis is determined by the justification of the communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations, ascertaining the degree of their correlation with social inquiries, intentions and situations. Practical importance of the obtained results is motivated by the possibility of their use in courses on communicative, functional, cognitive linguistics, the study of linguistic technologies, consideration of actual issues of discourse study, writing of research on political, spatial, visual and multimodal linguistics.Modern communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulations are correlated with the relevant society inquiries and needs — the easy solution of extremely complex and controversial problems, the production of psychological attitude — are consistently implemented, since they correlate with social moods. The virtual reality of television is enhanced by the imitation potential because it is possible to simulate imitation, where the kaleidoscope of events, clips, enhances the sense of swiftness, the exclusion of the reflection need, the structuring of cause-conditional, conditional-consequential, reason-tolerant or other varieties of logical relations. The ultimate manifestation is man's suspension from life → from real life. A corresponding language is needed in order to accomplish this task; therefore, the modern objective-subjective grammar is also based on modern and postmodern advertising and clips, kaleidoscope and colloquial verbalization run of news, chronicles of events with support on the semantic space of the used lexical units. The entire media stream must be qualified as a "secondary derivative" (according to S. Kara-Murza), where other vital measurements are produced, transposed into reality, imposed on the latter. It's not about the features of television technics; in fact, the integrity of the television (and / or internet) product, where the verbal and visual interpenetrate, where they are mutually complementary, where the addresser (Waldo) speaks better and more clearly than the real communicants. Transferring the out-of-screen (↔ virtual) language ↔ action into the real world becomes extremely necessary. Another thing is whether suppressed will, self-expression of the viewer, reader (↔ recipient), speech production, possession of it in its entirety, civil society should give an answer, which is related to another aspect of study.Prospects for the study of communicative and strategic types of linguistic and mental manipulation are outlined by the needs of generalization of the features of the modern informationally saturated society and the status of the personality in it with its linguistic and mental intentions, as well as the study of the tendencies of transforming by the media resources of the individual into something with an unlimited potential of influence on the latter. An analysis of the possibilities of the individual contacts narrowing with a manipulator or a potential manipulator with the linguo-person formation of counteracting "theater of temptations" played by manipulators, diagnosing the capture, distancing from it, differentiating levels of semantic transparency with the recognition of semantic voids and semantic filling. It is necessary to create a complete information and semantic filters for completion of declared and other tasks, which is possible, provided that the research covers the maximum number of results of discursive practices – texts of different genres, via continuous examination of their space.