Supplemental Environmental Projects (SUPs) are environmentally benefical projects included in settlements of environmental law enforcement cases. Courts have addressed SEPs in two contexts: where proposed by parties in consent decrees and where courts have fashioned SEPs as apart of the relief ordered in an enforcement case. SEPs have been extensively used in both government and citizen enforcement cases despite the nearly universal absence of any explicit legislative authorization by Congress. Congress has tangentially recognized the place of SEPs in the penalty and deterrence scheme by giving the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Attorney General of the United States oversight of settlements (which may include SEPs) proposed in Clean Water Act citizen suits by providing an opportunity for comment on proposed settlements before thy are entered by the federal district court. Congress has not enacted any statutory language to guide the input from the EPA or the Department of Justice on settlements in general or SEPs in particular. The U.S. Comptroller General has been the most critical voice regarding SEPs on fiscal and legal grounds, determining in 1993 that federal SEP settlements violated the Miscellaneous Receipts Act (MRA). The SEP Policy adopted by the EPA in 1998 addressed such concerns and implemented measures to guide its use of SEPs in environmental enforcement cases.
This article examines the significance and the content of the principle of judicial independence and its assurance based on Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and Article 19 (1) of the Treaty on European Union. The interaction between these provisions is analysed in the context of the development of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami teismų nepriklausomumo principo reikšmė, turinys ir jo užtikrinimas remiantis Sutarties dėl Europos Sąjungos veikimo 267 straipsnio, Europos Sąjungos sutarties 19straipsnio 1 dalies nuostatomis. Tiriant Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo jurisprudencijos raidą vertinama šių nuostatų tarpusavio sąveika.
Wie können Menschenrechte im Gesundheitswesen respektiert und umgesetzt werden?Dieser Band, der aus einer Forschungsgruppe der »Emerging Fields Initiative« hervorgegangen ist und Ergebnisse einer langjährigen Kooperation von Expert_innen vorstellt, legt theoretische Grundlagen für das Recht auf Gesundheit und zeigt praktische Anwendungen in nationalen wie auch globalen Zusammenhängen.In Kooperation von Autor_innen aus Philosophie, Medizin, Ethik, Recht und Politikwissenschaft sowie unter Beachtung internationaler Perspektiven - u.a. aus der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) - werden zentrale Fragen an der Schnittstelle von Menschenrechten und Medizinethik erörtert.Mit Beiträgen von Heiner Bielefeldt (Erlangen-Nürnberg/Genf), Lotta Eriksson (Stockholm), Andreas Frewer (Erlangen-Nürnberg), Christina Heinicke (Erlangen-Nürnberg), Michael Krennerich (Erlangen-Nürnberg), Amrei Müller (Oslo), Andreas Reis (Genf), Abha Saxena (Genf), Martina Schmidhuber (Erlangen-Nürnberg/Salzburg) und Caroline Welsh (Berlin) sowie einem Anhang mit der deutschen Übersetzung des General Comment 14 »Das Recht auf ein Höchstmaß an Gesundheit« des UN-Ausschusses für wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Menschenrechte.
The School of Public Affairs' annual report presents a magazine-style look back at the school's year. Contents include the stories and accomplishments of current students, alumni, faculty, and other community partnerships. It also celebrates the generous giving of donors. A limited amount of print copies are produced and mailed to constituents. Support and collaboration of the annual report is regularly given by University Communications, the St. Cloud State University Foundation, St. Cloud State University Alumni Relations, University Archives, and the Departments of Criminal Justice, Economics, Geography & Planning, and Political Science. Note: The School of Public Affairs annual report evolved from seasonal newsletters. The first issue was published in April of 2018.
In: Devaney , J 2014 , ' Male Perpetrators of Domestic Violence: How should we hold them to account? ' , The Political Quarterly , vol. 85 , no. 4 , pp. 480-486 . https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12111
Domestic violence is now widely acknowledged as being a significant social, health and legal issue. At both a national and transnational level governments have sought to develop strategies built upon prevention, support for victims and holding perpetrators to account through criminal justice sanctions. However, the current paradigm that informs the policy response to most perpetrators of domestic violence has failed to deliver the outcomes required, in terms of a reduction in levels of recidivism or the improved safety of women and children. It is argued that holding men to account through external controls has failed and that interventions should support men to take responsibility for their own behaviour.
In: Hurri , S (Guest ed.) & Kestilä , I (Guest ed.) 2019 , ' The Politics of Knowledge ' , No Foundations: an Interdisciplinary Journal of Law and Justice , no. 17 , pp. 1-206 .
This is an edited volume on the politics of knowledge. It presents discussions on the politics between dominant and subjugated knowledge in the context of cultural pluralism; on phenomenology as one the traditions critical of knowledge; on the politics of knowing other cultures and learning about one's own in its mirror; as well as critiques of information-based society focusing on specific fields of scientific knowledge and their use in practices of governing
In: Sinclair , S , McKendrick , J H & Scott , G 2010 , ' Failing young people? Education and aspirations in a deprived community ' , Education, Citizenship and Social Justice , vol. 5 , no. 1 , pp. 5-20 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197909353564
Recent UK government statements and education policies have emphasized the need to instil a 'culture of aspiration' among young people in deprived communities to address social exclusion. Specific proposals include raising the school leaving age to 18 and extending compulsory employment training. These statements and measures express the employment-oriented model of citizenship that underpins New Labour's approach to social justice. This article reflects on this approach by discussing survey evidence that explored the attitudes towards education and employment among young people in a deprived community in Glasgow. These data show that the majority of these young people were ambitious regarding their post-school career paths and optimistic about their employment prospects.
Problem setting. The COVID-19 pandemic, global quarantine, quarantine restrictions created the conditions for society to react quickly. Digital technologies are now being used more intensively, and the public administration sector is no exception. At the same time, the country's development requires systematic strategic and tactical decisions that will accelerate the introduction of modern digital technologies in all spheres of Ukrainian society, also forming and implementation of public policy at various levels of government. The analysis of recent researches and publications. Problems of digital society are studied by such Ukrainian scientists as O.Klepanchuk, O.Petryk, S.Lisovsky, S.Romanyuk, L.Rudenko (the emphasis – achieving by Ukraine the goals of sustainable development, where the development of the digital society is considered as one of the tools); issues of implementation of e-government and e-democracy are studied by A.Emelyanova, S.Loboyko, O.Maevska, A.Semenchenko, V.Dreshpak; research on the implementation of public policy in a particular area, including in the field of justice and the provision of administrative services, are among the research interests of Y.Starylov, J.Sobko, I.Markvych and others. Among foreign researchers, these issues are being investigated by C. Emmanuelli, N. Jain, N. Maechler, D.Malfara etc. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: the main contradictions, trends, problems and prospects for the provision of digital public services, based on the conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, namely – the application of quarantine restrictions; influence of digitalization on the public policy forming in Ukraine. Paper main body. The article analyzes the problems inherent in modern Ukrainian society in connection with the rapid digitalization processes, that have taken place over the past year. The influence of digitalization on the forming and implementation of public policy is considered on the example of the activity of the Ministry of justice of Ukraine. Based on the results of a survey of civil servants and local government officials conducted by the author, the main trends, problems and prospects for providing public services online are identified. 2020 turned out to be the crisis year for all mankind on the one hand, and on the other hand – it encouraged the rapid development of certain industries, including the field of digital transformation. In public administration, this has been embodied in promoting the use of digital services and governance platforms. In the direction of forming and implementation of justice state policy main efforts are aimed at building online interaction between citizens and the state, reducing the number of paper documents, more efficient administration of open state registers, ensuring control at each step of citizens' appeals, reducing corruption risks. minimization of the human factor in the processes of providing administrative services. The author conducted the survey among students of the Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine on the provision of administrative services online. 66 applicants from eight regions of Ukraine were involved in the survey. The question was asked: what hinders the development of administrative services online? Among the answers, the most common are (in order from most popular to least): low technical literacy of service consumers; technical unpreparedness of networks; unpreparedness of the citizens; unpreparedness of officials; insecurity of the information processed; lack of habit to use online; distrust to the state. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Contradictions of the digital society development in Ukraine include: the digital divide (the gap in the level of digital equipment); technological unemployment; digital dependence and digital control; digital opportunities for crime; unlimited digital space and its content; the need for large-scale efforts and resources to address the digital space, and needs will only increase; unavailability of information created by bodies-not information managers; form of obtaining information, information is created or obtained in a form unsuitable for machine processing; method of information processing – non-interoperability of data sets from different managers. Among the factors that will determine digitalization processes on the public policy forming in Ukraine, we consider: increasing the technical literacy of service consumers; improving the technical readiness of networks; work with the population to promote the tools of consumption of administrative services online; training of officials to work in the digital space; taking measures to protect information held by the authorities; forming the habit of using online in the field of forming and implementation the public policy; increasing the level of trust to the state. ; Проаналізовано проблеми, притаманні сучасному суспільству у зв'язку зі стрімкими процесами діджиталізації, що відбулися за останній рік. На прикладі діяльності органів юстиції розглянено впливи діджиталізації на формування і реалізацію публічної політики. Базуючись на результатах анкетування державних службовців та посадових осіб місцевого самоврядування, які були проведені автором, визначено основні тенденції, проблеми і перспективи надання публічних послуг он-лайн. Крізь призму готовності надавати та споживати публічні послуги он-лайн вивчено вплив процесів діджиталізації на формування публічної політики.
Problem setting. The COVID-19 pandemic, global quarantine, quarantine restrictions created the conditions for society to react quickly. Digital technologies are now being used more intensively, and the public administration sector is no exception. At the same time, the country's development requires systematic strategic and tactical decisions that will accelerate the introduction of modern digital technologies in all spheres of Ukrainian society, also forming and implementation of public policy at various levels of government. The analysis of recent researches and publications. Problems of digital society are studied by such Ukrainian scientists as O.Klepanchuk, O.Petryk, S.Lisovsky, S.Romanyuk, L.Rudenko (the emphasis – achieving by Ukraine the goals of sustainable development, where the development of the digital society is considered as one of the tools); issues of implementation of e-government and e-democracy are studied by A.Emelyanova, S.Loboyko, O.Maevska, A.Semenchenko, V.Dreshpak; research on the implementation of public policy in a particular area, including in the field of justice and the provision of administrative services, are among the research interests of Y.Starylov, J.Sobko, I.Markvych and others. Among foreign researchers, these issues are being investigated by C. Emmanuelli, N. Jain, N. Maechler, D.Malfara etc. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: the main contradictions, trends, problems and prospects for the provision of digital public services, based on the conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, namely – the application of quarantine restrictions; influence of digitalization on the public policy forming in Ukraine. Paper main body. The article analyzes the problems inherent in modern Ukrainian society in connection with the rapid digitalization processes, that have taken place over the past year. The influence of digitalization on the forming and implementation of public policy is considered on the example of the activity of the Ministry of justice of Ukraine. Based on the results of a survey of civil servants and local government officials conducted by the author, the main trends, problems and prospects for providing public services online are identified. 2020 turned out to be the crisis year for all mankind on the one hand, and on the other hand – it encouraged the rapid development of certain industries, including the field of digital transformation. In public administration, this has been embodied in promoting the use of digital services and governance platforms. In the direction of forming and implementation of justice state policy main efforts are aimed at building online interaction between citizens and the state, reducing the number of paper documents, more efficient administration of open state registers, ensuring control at each step of citizens' appeals, reducing corruption risks. minimization of the human factor in the processes of providing administrative services. The author conducted the survey among students of the Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine on the provision of administrative services online. 66 applicants from eight regions of Ukraine were involved in the survey. The question was asked: what hinders the development of administrative services online? Among the answers, the most common are (in order from most popular to least): low technical literacy of service consumers; technical unpreparedness of networks; unpreparedness of the citizens; unpreparedness of officials; insecurity of the information processed; lack of habit to use online; distrust to the state. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Contradictions of the digital society development in Ukraine include: the digital divide (the gap in the level of digital equipment); technological unemployment; digital dependence and digital control; digital opportunities for crime; unlimited digital space and its content; the need for large-scale efforts and resources to address the digital space, and needs will only increase; unavailability of information created by bodies-not information managers; form of obtaining information, information is created or obtained in a form unsuitable for machine processing; method of information processing – non-interoperability of data sets from different managers. Among the factors that will determine digitalization processes on the public policy forming in Ukraine, we consider: increasing the technical literacy of service consumers; improving the technical readiness of networks; work with the population to promote the tools of consumption of administrative services online; training of officials to work in the digital space; taking measures to protect information held by the authorities; forming the habit of using online in the field of forming and implementation the public policy; increasing the level of trust to the state. ; Проаналізовано проблеми, притаманні сучасному суспільству у зв'язку зі стрімкими процесами діджиталізації, що відбулися за останній рік. На прикладі діяльності органів юстиції розглянено впливи діджиталізації на формування і реалізацію публічної політики. Базуючись на результатах анкетування державних службовців та посадових осіб місцевого самоврядування, які були проведені автором, визначено основні тенденції, проблеми і перспективи надання публічних послуг он-лайн. Крізь призму готовності надавати та споживати публічні послуги он-лайн вивчено вплив процесів діджиталізації на формування публічної політики.
The Army has used civilian contractors to provide supplies and services to its forces in the field since the Revolutionary War. These early contractors fed the cavalry's horses and transported supplies. Over the years, the role of the civilian contractor has dramatically evolved. Following the Vietnam War and the end of the draft, there has been an ever-increasing privatization of functions previously performed by the military.The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which began in response to the September 11 attacks and have only recently started to come to a formal end, have significantly accelerated this process. As a result, by 2010 the number of contractors in these battle zones began to exceed the number of U.S. troops.This massive privatization of functions previously carried out by the military has also resulted in an actual re-definition of their roles. Private contractors now perform many jobs that were formerly the responsibility of uniformed personnel, including those in forward battlefield positions as well as in active combat. This significant change in role has been accompanied by a corresponding rise in deaths and injuries for contractor employees, so that they now surpass those sustained by military personnel.The redefinition of the civilians' role in battle has raised many new legal issues, for which there was very limited prior relevant precedent. In the civil context, these issues include the applicability of the political question doctrine to tort cases arising on the battlefield; contractor immunity under the Feres doctrine, the government contractor defense and the so-called combatant activities exception; the application of the state secrets doctrine and the enforceability of arbitration clauses in employment contracts. Legal questions also arise in the criminal sphere, such as the liability of civilian employees for breaches of local laws as well as the Military Code of Justice and the extra-territorial jurisdiction of U.S. courts to hear cases arising from alleged criminal acts occurring in overseas war zones.As a result, the federal courts have been left to struggle with many new and complex questions raised by these changed civilian roles, relationships and functions without any significant framework for guidance. Consequently, some cases have dragged on for over a decade, while others have reached diametrically opposite results, which are often not logically capable of reconciliation.If there was ever an area of overwhelmingly unique federal interest, it is the subject of military contractors' legal liabilities and responsibilities in war zones. The present patchwork quilt of remedies is neither adequate nor fair and is totally lacking in the predictability, which the law should provide to its citizens. Too often the families of civilian men and women, who died while serving in the roles traditionally performed by soldiers in war time, have been denied any effective remedy for their loved one's sacrifices.
Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "This testimony discusses issues related to the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). In hearings conducted from 1990 through 1994, Congress noted that violence against women was a problem of national scope and that the majority of crimes associated with domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking were perpetrated against women. These hearings culminated in the enactment of VAWA in 1994 to address these issues on a national level. VAWA established grant programs within the Departments of Justice (DOJ) and Health and Human Services (HHS) for state, local, and Indian tribal governments and communities. These grants have various purposes, such as providing funding for direct services including emergency shelter, counseling, and legal services for victims of domestic violence, sexual assaults and stalking across all segments of the population. Recipients of funds from these grant programs include, among others, state agencies, tribes, shelters, rape crisis centers, organizations that provide legal services, and hotlines. In 2000, during the reauthorization of VAWA, language was added to the law to provide greater emphasis on dating violence. The 2006 reauthorization of VAWA expanded existing grant programs and added new programs addressing, among other things, young victims. In fiscal year 2011, Congress appropriated approximately $418 million for violence against women programs administered by DOJ and made an additional $133 million available for programs administered by HHS. The 2006 reauthorization of VAWA required us to study and report on data indicating the prevalence of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking among men, women, youth, and children, as well as services available to the victims. Such data could be used to inform decisions regarding investments in grant programs. In response, we issued two reports in November 2006 and July 2007 on these issues, respectively. This testimony is based on these reports and selected updates we conducted in July 2011 related to actions DOJ and HHS have taken since our prior reviews to improve the quality of recipient data. This testimony, as requested, highlights findings from those reports and discusses the extent to which (1) national data collection efforts report on the prevalence of men, women, youth, and children who are victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence, and stalking, and (2) the federal government has collected data to track the types of services provided to these categories of victims and any challenges federal departments report that they and their grant recipients face in collecting and reporting demographic characteristics of victims receiving such services by type of service."
В данной статье рассматриваются теоретические и практические проблемы уголовно-процессуального института особого порядка судебного разбирательства. Дается краткая характеристика идеи упрощения судебного разбирательства посредством усечения этапа доказывания. Целью статьи стало выявление некоторых недостатков нормативно-правового регулирования и формулирование предложений дальнейших уголовно-процессуальных исследований, а также направлений совершенствования законодательства. Авторы прослеживают законодательные изменения, регламентирующие особый порядок, высказывают обоснованные сомнения в соответствии особого порядка судебного разбирательства основным уголовно-процессуальным принципам. Проводится сравнение правовой природы приговора, вынесенного в общем и в особом порядке, и обосновывается мысль о двойственности приговора как судебного акта, чему дается критическая оценка. Особое внимание уделено установленной законодателем зависимости особого порядка судопроизводства от согласия потерпевшего, а также критике порядка обжалования постановления следователя об отказе в удовлетворении ходатайства о заключении соглашения о сотрудничестве. ; This article discusses theoretical and practical problems of a special procedure for criminal justice. A brief description of the idea of simplifying the trial by truncating the stage of proof is given. The purpose of the article is to identify some shortcomings of the regulatory framework and formulate proposals for further research, as well as ways to improve the legislation. The authors trace the legislative changes about the special proceeding, and express reasonable doubts regarding the compliance of the special proceeding of the trial with the basic criminal procedural principles. There is a comparison of the legal nature of the sentence in general and special order. The idea of the duality of the sentence is criticized. Special attention is paid to the dependence of the special proceeding on the consent of the victim, as well as to criticism of the procedure for appealing against the investigators decision to refuse the petition for concluding a cooperation agreement.
When thirteen-year-old Matthew appeared in front of Judge Mark Ciavarella for throwing a piece of steak at his mother's boyfriend, he was sentenced to seven weeks at PA Child Care, a private, for-profit juvenile detention center in northeastern Pennsylvania. Angelia was fourteen when she and a friend scrawled "Vote for Michael Jackson" on five stop signs. Charged with vandalism and defacing public property, Angelia was sent by Ciavarella to PA Child Care without her epilepsy medication and suffered a grand mal seizure her second night. Fifteen-year-old Charlie, arrested for unknowingly purchasing a stolen motorbike, was convicted of a felony and sent to PA Child Care for six weeks. Matthew, Angelia, and Charlie are just three children among the thousands who appeared in Ciavarella's courtroom between 2003 and 2008 and were sent away-often with no attorney present and after only cursory hearings-to a detention facility in which, it later came to light, Ciavarella had a personal financial stake. As Kids for Cash reveals, this miscarriage of justice underscores a multitude of problems with our juvenile justice system, which too often criminalizes standard adolescent behavior, treats adolescents more harshly than if they were adults, and denies them their most fundamental constitutional rights. William Ecenbarger, a Pulitzer Prize and George Polk Award-winning investigative journalist who covered the case for the Philadelphia Inquirer, now gives us the first book-length account of this shocking story. In the tradition of true-crime legal thrillers from The Executioner's Song to A Civil Action, Ecenbarger exposes a deeply corrupt and broken system that ruined the lives of many children and ultimately led to the judge's conviction on charges of racketeering, fraud, tax violations, money laundering, extortion, and bribery. Fastidiously researched and
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This article provides a discussion of the prevailing punitive rationalities in today's globalized world. The author uses Ferrajoli as a reference to show the emergence of the welfare model of the State form after the end of the Second World War and points out how the fiscal crisis of the State laid the groundwork for the beginning of the economic failure of the welfare State and the associated implications for the criminal justice system, especially in the United States of America, namely, thefall of the myth of rehabilitation, the construction of the penitentiary business, and the consolidation of "criminology of intolerance." Finally, the author also discusses the exportation of this welfare crisis and the North American criminal industry to the European continent, thus unveiling new punitive rationalities (i.e. globalization and post-Fordism), as well as the restriction of guarantees and the militarization of the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and the United States. ; En el artículo se hace una presentación de las racionalidades punitivas prevalentes en el mundo globalizado actual. El autor toma como referencia a Ferrajoli para mostrar el surgimiento del modelo welfare de la forma-Estado con el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y señala cómo, con la crisis (fiscal) de Estado, empieza a quebrarse económicamente el welfare State y las consecuencias que ello acarrea para el sistema penal, especialmente en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica: la caída del mito de la rehabilitación, la construcción del business penitenciario y la consolidación de la "criminología de la intolerancia". Por último, el autor discute sobre la exportación de esta crisis del welfare y la exportación de la industria penal norteamericana al continente europeo, develando las "nuevas" racionalidades punitivas (globalización y post-fordismo) y la restricción de garantías y militarización del sistema penal en el Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, España y Estados Unidos.
