Search results

In 1892, just before the colonial conquest of the territories which became the "Dahomey", the hinterland of the "Slave Coast" stood mostly unknown. The travellers and european residents' written works were limited at the coast area and at the itinerary followed to go to Abomey, capital of Dahomey's kingdom. The political power imposed a roads' control, prohibiting the European to move without the royal authorization. This situation overcame until the conquest. This one was preceded by a number of exploration and information missions in the aim to know the hinterland topography, his vegetation, crops, sols, human settlements, and climatic conditions, the object of these operations was to choose the best itinerary for a military expedition. After a rapid presentation of the actual vegetable landscapes and a review of the relations established beetween african states and the different european nations, we will try to show the evolution of the environment perception, more particularly vegetable landscapes, in connection with the interests and purposes researched by the Europeans. This study will lean on the european pieces of writing and cartographical documents. ; En 1892, à la veille de la conquête coloniale des territoires qui devinrent le "Dahomey", l'arrière-pays de la "Côte des Esclaves" demeure en grande partie inconnu. Les écrits des voyageurs et résidents européens depuis le XVII° siècle se limitaient à la zone côtière et à l'itinéraire suivi pour aller à Abomey, capitale du royaume du Dahomey. Le pouvoir politique imposait un contrôle des routes, interdisant aux Européens de se déplacer sans l'autorisation royale. Cette situation prévalut jusqu'à la conquête. Celle-ci fut précédée d'un certain nombre de missions d'exploration et d'information visant à la connaissance de la topographie de l'intérieur du pays, de sa végétation et des productions agricoles, de la nature des sols, de l'implantation humaine et des conditions climatiques dans l'objectif de choisir le meilleur itinéraire à suivre pour une colonne expéditionnaire. Après une brève présentation des paysages végétaux actuels et un rappel historique des relations établies entre les états africains et les différentes nations européennes, nous essaierons de montrer l'évolution de la perception de l'environnement , plus particulièrement les paysages végétaux, en fonction des intérêts et des objectis recherchés par les Européens en nous appuyant sur leurs écrits et des documents cartographiques.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Interference with prisoners' mail — Whether a breach of right to respect for correspondence — Right to an effective remedy before a national court — Internal channels of complaint — Petitions to Home Secretary and court proceedings — Whether an effective remedy — Refusal of petitions for permission to seek legal advice — Whether a violation of right of access to courts — Subsequent modifications to law and practice — Whether remedying previously existing breaches of Convention — Just satisfaction in respect of breach establishedState responsibility — Damages (Measure of damages) — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950-Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breaches established — General non-pecuniary damages — Whether finding of breach adequate just satisfaction — Special non-pecuniary damages — Legal costs and expenses referable to proceedings before Convention institutionsDisputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Scope of review — Subsequent modifications of State party's law and practice — Whether remedying previously existing breaches of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950334The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Interference with prisoners' correspondence — Whether a breach of right to respect for correspondence — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Whether interferences justifiable — Whether in accordance with the law — Whether law adequately accessible and reasonably foreseeable — Ministerial directives — Whether to be taken into account — Need for safeguards against abuse of executive discretion — Legitimate aim of interferences with correspondence — Whether necessary in a democratic societyFreedom of expression — Article 10 — Whether necessary to examine issue — Right to an effective remedy before a national court — Article 13 — Whether necessary to examine issue in conjunction with Article 6(1) or Article 10 — Internal channels of complaint — Petitions to Home Secretary and court proceedings — Whether effective remedies — Scope of jurisdiction and enforceability of decisions — Refusal of petition for permission to seek legal advice — Whether a violation of right of access to courts — Article 6(1) — Subsequent modifications to law and practice — Whether remedying previously existing breaches of Convention — Whether within scope of review of CourtArticle 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of breaches established — General non-pecuniary damages — Whether finding of breach provides adequate just satisfaction — Special non-pecuniary damages — Assessment in light of particular circumstances — Legal costs and expenses referable to proceedings before Convention institutions

Objectives: Menopause involves hypoestrogenism, which is associated with numerous detrimental effects, including on respiratory health. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often used to improve symptoms of menopause. The effects of HRT on lung function decline, hence lung ageing, have not yet been investigated despite the recognized effects of HRT on other health outcomes. Study design: The population-based multi-centre European Community Respiratory Health Survey provided complete data for 275 oral HRT users at two time points, who were matched with 383 nonusers and analysed with a two-level linear mixed effects regression model. Main outcome measures: We studied whether HRT use was associated with the annual decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Results: Lung function of women using oral HRT for more than five years declined less rapidly than that of nonusers. The adjusted difference in FVC decline was 5.6 mL/y (95%CI: 1.8 to 9.3, p = 0.01) for women who had taken HRT for six to ten years and 8.9 mL/y (3.5 to 14.2, p = 0.003) for those who had taken it for more than ten years. The adjusted difference in FEV1 decline was 4.4 mL/y (0.9 to 8.0, p = 0.02) with treatment from six to ten years and 5.3 mL/y (0.4 to 10.2, p = 0.048) with treatment for over ten years. Conclusions: In this longitudinal population-based study, the decline in lung function was less rapid in women who used HRT, following a dose-response pattern, and consistent when adjusting for potential confounding factors. This may signify that female sex hormones are of importance for lung ageing. ; Kai Triebner has received a postdoctoral fellowship from the University of Bergen. The present analyses are part of a project funded by the Norwegian Research Council (Project No. 228174) as well as part of the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts (ALEC) Study (www.alecstudy.org), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant No. 633212). The European Commission supported the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, as part of the "Quality of Life" program. Bodies funding the local studies are listed in the online data supplement.

"Ayatollah 'Ali Hosseini Khamenei, Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most controversial and influential Muslim leaders in the world today. As Iran's main decision-maker, his theocratic ideology and decisions carry global consequences. The Political Ideology of Ayatollah 'Ali Hosseini Khamenei is the first book to identify and analyse the ideological framework of the Supreme Leader from 1962 to 2014, using his own writings, speeches and biographical records, and literature published in Iran in their original Farsi. This work provides new insight into Khamenei's political thought and behavior as well as their impact on Iran's policies domestically, regionally and internationally. Correlating the development of Khamenei's personality, character and political behaviour with Iran's internal and external struggles, this study explores key issues of the region, in particular Iran's political posture toward Israel and the United States and the diplomatic crises unfolding over Iran's nuclear development program, as well as providing a comprehensive chronological and thematic survey of Khamenei's life. This book will appeal to students, scholars, researchers and policy-makers of Middle Eastern Politics, Iranian Studies, Islamic Studies, and International Relations, and is an essential resource for those interested in understanding Iran's policies toward Israel, the United States and the Muslim world from the perspectives of its top Leader"--Provided by publisher

Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Editorial Note -- First Keynote Address: Fragmentation and Cohesion in the ANC: The First 70 Years -- Second Keynote Address: A Continuing Search for Identity: Carrying the Burden of History -- Chapter One: One Hundred Years of the ANC: Debating Struggle History After Apartheid -- Chapter Two: Religion And Resistance In Natal, 1900-1910 -- Chapter Three: Christianity and African Nationalism in South Africa in the First Half of the Twentieth Century -- Chapter Four: Charlotte Maxeke: A Celebrated and Neglected Figure in History -- Chapter Five: Imagining the Patriotic Worker: The Idea of 'Decent Work' in the ANC's Political Discourse -- Chapter Six: Popular Movements, Contentious Spaces and the ANC, 1943-1956 -- Chapter Seven: Unravelling the 1947 'Doctors' Pact': Race, Metonymy and the Evasions of Nationalist History -- Chapter Eight: The Politics of Language and Chief Albert Luthuli's funeral, 30 July 1967 -- Chapter Nine: Robben Island University Revisited -- Chapter Ten: Shishita: A Crisis in the ANC in Exile in Zambia, 1980-1981 -- Chapter Eleven: Comrade Mzwai -- Chapter Twelve: Revisiting Sekhukhuneland: Trajectories of Former UDF Activists in Post-Apartheid South Africa -- Chapter Thirteen: Regeneration of ANC Political Power, from the 1994 Electoral Victory to the 2012 Centenary -- Chapter Fourteen: The ANC: Party Vanguard of the Black Middle Class? -- Chapter Fifteen: Globalisation, Recolonisation and the Paradox of Liberation in Southern Africa -- Contributors -- Index -- Back Cover.

The CRC research project Different Aesthetics aims to change perspectives in aesthetic discussions by directing attention to the 2000-year history of European art and culture before the 18th century.

Europäische Aspekte der modernen Sportgeschichte – European Aspects in Current Sport History -- Ein Blick nach Asien – The View to Asia -- Sport, Gesundheit und Erziehung – Sports, Health and Education -- Theoretische und methodische Perspektiven – Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives.

Introduction: My Lincoln lessons -- The second shot heard 'round the world -- African lessons -- European lessons -- German lessons -- English lessons -- Lessons in international law -- German lessons for reelection -- The last lesson

Contemporary Protest and the Legacy of Dissent offers an insight into modern European protest movements, focusing on the strategies, activities, and developments associated with the current wave of public dissent.

Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, this book examines why most Western European countries have reoriented their welfare states away from income protection and in the direction of employment promotion.

This volume analyses security strategies in the American world order, systematically comparing Russian, Middle Eastern and European policies, developing new theoretical and conceptual tools for policy analysis as it does so.

Citizen-making processes in European and Asian countries are compared in this interdisciplinary text which adopts an original approach by focusing upon the concept of citizenship as an effect of the educational enterprise.

"Die in diesem Band zusammengefassten Vorträge wurden auf der VI. Internationalen Konferenz in Deidesheim vom 1. bis 3. April 1970 gehalten. Veranstalter dieser Konferenz waren: Studiengesellschaft für Fragen mittel- und osteuropäischer Partnerschaft, Bonn, sowie die Study Group for Central European Problems, Chicago."

For our podcast by UACES, the University Association for European Studies, we welcome Scott Arthurson
The post Populism and it’s Definitional Dilemmas appeared first on Crossroads Europe.

European leaders must not only double down on Ukraine and Eastern Europe. They need to figure out how they are going to deal with Russia now and in the future.