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The purpose of the work – to help understand the philosophical and legal essence; to formulate a modern vision of the legal profession; to develop a conscious and responsible attitude to it; to master the principles and organizational forms of activity of the court, human rights and law enforcement agencies, to determine the role and importance of the profession in building the rule of law, ensuring the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities protected by law. It covers issues of the origin and development of legal deontology; the ratio of morality and law; ethics of lawyers as one of the integral elements of professional culture. Emphasis is placed on the forms of legal activity, the specifics of legal professions, in particular, judge, prosecutor, lawyer, investigator, notary, legal adviser. Legal deontology occupies a prominent place among legal disciplines in the network of higher education in Ukraine. It provides a system, forms, methods and tools for training highly qualified, intellectually developed lawyers. After all, their professional activity must be correlated with moral principles, cover the rules of ethics, achieve true results with those who provide legal services. Therefore, in order to understand state and legal phenomena, to transfer the principles of regularity, harmony of nature into the legal sphere, it is necessary to know the spiritual basis of life more deeply from internal positions, to evaluate one'sown vision of official duties, to feel the essence of being according to time. This is the relevance of this work. Legal deontology is actively combined with special courses: theory of state and law, culturology, philosophy of law, psychology. Because it is the philosophical direction that actualizes theoretical knowledge and practical skills in this discipline. After all, such concepts as the rule of law, moral and legal values, justice - focus on legal activities. Legal deontology is the discipline from which the study of jurisprudence begins. It is here that students learn about legal science and practice. After all, without mastering the knowledge of legal activity, its types - it is impossible to consider the qualities of lawyers and the requirements for their various specialties. The subject of legal deontology is a set of rules that a lawyer should follow; a system of legal, political, psychological, ethical norms that determine the rules of communication between a lawyer and people, relationships with clients and his behavior. Legal deontology, in particular, belongs to the group of applied sciences; submits ethical requirements aimed at the performance of professional duties by lawyers. ; У праці досліджується питання розвитку юридичної деонтології; співвідношення моралі і права; етики юристів, як одного з невід'ємних елементів професійної культури. Мета праці – розкрити філософсько-правову сутність; сформулювати сучасне бачення професії юриста; підкреслити свідоме й відповідальне ставлення до неї; сконцентрувати увагу на деонтологічних особливостях стосовно вимог до особистісних і професійних якостей юриста; визначити роль і значення професії у побудові правової держави, забезпеченні прав та інтересів громадян і юридичних осіб, що охороняються законом.

ABSTRAKPraperadilan adalah wewenang Pengadilan Negeri untuk memeriksa dan memutus tentang sah atau tidaknya suatu penangkapan dan/atau penahanan atas permintaan tersangka atau keluarganya atau pihak lain atau kuasa tersangka; sah atau tidaknya penghentian penyidikan atau penghentian penuntutan atas permintaan demi tegaknya hukum dan keadilan; serta permintaan ganti kerugian atau rehabilitasi oleh tersangka atau keluarganya atau pihak lain atau kuasanya yang perkaranya tidak diajukan ke pengadilan. Dengan melihat fenomena hukum sebagaimana yang telah diuraikan pada latar belakang di atas maka Penulis tertarik untuk menjadikan pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah. Apa Saja Yang Harus Diperhatikan Dalam Melakukan Praperadilan. Pertama, Antisipasi Praperadilan dapat dilakukan mulai dari Proses Penyidikan yang dilakukan oleh Polisi sebagai Penyidik. Kedua, Hal Yang Perlu Diperhatikan Penyidik Sebagai Antisipasi Praperadilan Adalah mengenai Etika Penyidikan. Seorang penyidik dalam melaksanakan tugasnya memiliki koridor hukum yang harus dipatuhi, dan diatur secara formal apa dan bagaimana tata cara pelaksanaan, tugas-tugas dalam penyidikan. Artinya para penyidik terikat kepada peraturan-peraturan, perundang-undangan, dan ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Dalam pelaksanaan proses penyidikan, peluang-peluang untuk melakukan penyimpangan atau penyalahgunaan wewenang untuk tujuan tertentu bukan mustahil sangat dimungkinkan terjadi, karena itulah semua ahli kriminalistik menempatkan etika penyidikan sebagai bagian dari profesionalisme yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang penyidik.Kata kunci: antisipasi; mekanisme; pidana; praperadilan; sistem peradilan. ABSTRACTPretrial is the authority of the District Court to examine and decide on whether or not an arrest and/ or detention is valid is the request of a suspect or his family or other party or the power of a suspect; whether valid or not the termination of the investigation or termination of prosecution at the request of law and justice; and requests for compensation or rehabilitation by the suspect or his family or other parties or their proxies whose cases are not brought to trial. By looking at legal phenomena as described in the background above, the authors are interested in making the subject matter in this research. What should be take into account in conducting pretrial. First, anticipation of pretrial can be carried out starting from the investigation process carried out by the police as investigators. Investigation aims to find and collect evidence to make a crime clear, investigators are authorized to carry out seizures. Secondly, the Things to Look Out for Investigators as Anticipating Pretrial is concerning the Ethics of Investigation. An investigator in carrying out his duties has a legal corridor that must be obeyed and formally regulated and how the procedures for carrying out the tasks in the investigation. This means that investigators are bound to the regulations, legislation, and provisions that apply in carrying out their duties. In carrying out the investigation process, opportunities for deviating or misusing authority for a particular purpose are not impossible to occur, which is why all criminalist experts place the ethics of investigation as part of the professionalism that must be possessed by an investigator.Keywords: anticipation; mechanism; pretrial; system tort; trial. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v3n2.21

สื่อมวลชน ถือได้ว่ามีบทบาทหน้าที่สำคัญในการกำหนดวาระข่าวสาร (Agenda Setting) รายงานเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้น โดยตั้งอยู่บนพื้นฐานของความถูกต้อง เป็นกลาง การไหลของข้อมูลข่าวสารไม่ได้ถูกจำกัดอยู่เพียงสื่อใดสื่อหนึ่งเท่านั้น แต่เกิดจากการหลอมรวมกันของสื่อหลายๆ ประเภทโดยที่ไม่ได้มีการแบ่งพื้นที่ในการนำเสนออย่างชัดเจนอีกต่อไป จนสามารถกล่าวได้ว่า ปัจจุบันได้ก้าวเข้าสู่ยุคแห่งการหลอมรวมสื่อ (Media Convergence) การกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชน (Media Self-Regulation) ถือได้ว่าเป็นหนึ่งในกลไกที่สื่อมวลชนใช้ในการควบคุมการทำงานของสื่อด้วยกันเอง เพื่อให้สื่อมวลชนยังคงมีเสรีภาพภายใต้ความรับผิดชอบในการนำเสนอข่าวสาร ซึ่งกลไกการกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชนไทยยังไม่สามารถนำมาบังคับใช้ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพมากนัก สังคมเองก็ได้วิพากษ์วิจารณ์การทำงานของสื่อมวลชนอยู่บ่อยครั้ง ข้อขัดแย้งนี้ทำให้หน่วยงานภาครัฐได้พยายามออกร่างพระราชบัญญัติการคุ้มครองสิทธิเสรีภาพ ส่งเสริมจริยธรรมและมาตรฐานวิชาชีพสื่อมวลชน เพื่อนำมาใช้ในการควบคุมการทำงานของสื่อมวลชน ทว่ากลับได้รับเสียงคัดค้านจากวงการสื่อมวลชนอย่างมาก ซึ่งบทความนี้ผู้เขียนได้ประมวลแนวคิด งานวิจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องเพื่อทบทวน อธิบายถึงกลไกการกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชนไทย รวมทั้งชี้ให้เห็นถึงปัญหาการกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชนในประเทศไทย The media have an important role as an agenda-setting and reporting events that happened based on the accuracy and objectivity. The information flow is not limited to any media channel, but created by the convergence of media whose landscapes are no longer clearly divided as it used to be. It can be said that we are now entering an era of media convergence. The media self-regulation is a mechanism that the media control the works of media. Thus the mass media still have their own right of the freedom of expression accompanied by their responsibility in news informing. However, this self-regulation of Thai mass media is still not effectively enforced. The performance of the mass media have been often negatively criticized from society. As a result, the government sector has tried to enact the Bill on the protection and promotion of media rights, freedom, ethics and professional standards to control the work of the mass media. Nevetheless, it was greatly opposed by the mass media.In this article, this paper accumulated various data from many sources and researches in the past in order to examine and explain the self-regulation of the Thai media, as well as to point out the problems of the self-regulation mechanism of the media in Thailand. ; สื่อมวลชน ถือได้ว่ามีบทบาทหน้าที่สำคัญในการกำหนดวาระข่าวสาร (Agenda Setting) รายงานเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้น โดยตั้งอยู่บนพื้นฐานของความถูกต้อง เป็นกลาง การไหลของข้อมูลข่าวสารไม่ได้ถูกจำกัดอยู่เพียงสื่อใดสื่อหนึ่งเท่านั้น แต่เกิดจากการหลอมรวมกันของสื่อหลายๆ ประเภทโดยที่ไม่ได้มีการแบ่งพื้นที่ในการนำเสนออย่างชัดเจนอีกต่อไป จนสามารถกล่าวได้ว่า ปัจจุบันได้ก้าวเข้าสู่ยุคแห่งการหลอมรวมสื่อ (Media Convergence) การกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชน (Media Self-Regulation) ถือได้ว่าเป็นหนึ่งในกลไกที่สื่อมวลชนใช้ในการควบคุมการทำงานของสื่อด้วยกันเอง เพื่อให้สื่อมวลชนยังคงมีเสรีภาพภายใต้ความรับผิดชอบในการนำเสนอข่าวสาร ซึ่งกลไกการกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชนไทยยังไม่สามารถนำมาบังคับใช้ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพมากนัก สังคมเองก็ได้วิพากษ์วิจารณ์การทำงานของสื่อมวลชนอยู่บ่อยครั้ง ข้อขัดแย้งนี้ทำให้หน่วยงานภาครัฐได้พยายามออกร่างพระราชบัญญัติการคุ้มครองสิทธิเสรีภาพ ส่งเสริมจริยธรรมและมาตรฐานวิชาชีพสื่อมวลชน เพื่อนำมาใช้ในการควบคุมการทำงานของสื่อมวลชน ทว่ากลับได้รับเสียงคัดค้านจากวงการสื่อมวลชนอย่างมาก ซึ่งบทความนี้ผู้เขียนได้ประมวลแนวคิด งานวิจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องเพื่อทบทวน อธิบายถึงกลไกการกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชนไทย รวมทั้งชี้ให้เห็นถึงปัญหาการกำกับดูแลกันเองของสื่อมวลชนในประเทศไทย The media have an important role as an agenda-setting and reporting events that happened based on the accuracy and objectivity. The information flow is not limited to any media channel, but created by the convergence of media whose landscapes are no longer clearly divided as it used to be. It can be said that we are now entering an era of media convergence. The media self-regulation is a mechanism that the media control the works of media. Thus the mass media still have their own right of the freedom of expression accompanied by their responsibility in news informing. However, this self-regulation of Thai mass media is still not effectively enforced. The performance of the mass media have been often negatively criticized from society. As a result, the government sector has tried to enact the Bill on the protection and promotion of media rights, freedom, ethics and professional standards to control the work of the mass media. Nevetheless, it was greatly opposed by the mass media.In this article, this paper accumulated various data from many sources and researches in the past in order to examine and explain the self-regulation of the Thai media, as well as to point out the problems of the self-regulation mechanism of the media in Thailand.

Kazimierz Poznański, Konfucjanizm jako ekonomia moralna [Confucianism as a moral economy] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, "Człowiek i Społeczeństwo" vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 11–42, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.Western economic system is usually called "democratic capitalism". But how should be called the system in today's China? China is not a capitalist economy, but a market economy without capitalism. She is also a democracy but without direct voting for the highest posts. The doctrinal roots of "democratic capitalism" are in liberalism and the Chinese system is ingrained in Confucianism. For this reason, what is in use in China can be called "Confucian system" or, alternatively "Confucian meritocracy". This kind of meritocracy is not limited to Chinese state, it operates through entire society. As Confucians argue, state is a function of family. Thus, only when family is a meritocracy, so is the state, actually the whole society. Chinese meritocracy is an ethical concept, because in Confucian tradition "merit" means "virtue". Two thousand years old, Chinese system of ethics has continued. But two hundred years ago, parallel Western ethical vision of society has been assaulted by liberalism. This marked a gigantic split between the two civilizations. Escaping from ethics to – call it – logic, is the reason why liberalism has been failing to accurately reflect economic reality. As a consequence, Western economies work below their potential. In contrast, sticking to her ethical philosophy – of life – China has been excelling. To properly address this dynamic, it is necessary to determine what constitutes Chinese view of economy as a study of wealth. Not yet formalized, it is her peoples' "second nature". It all begins with a claim that goal of people is the extension of life to next generations. But liberalism – with "liberal (classical) economics" – argues that the goal is an "instant gratification", i.e., consumption of goods. In pursuit of personal satisfaction, individuals face no moral dilemma. But since life is a gift, for Confucians choices are moral. Chinese reject the liberal notion of scarcity and claim abundance of resources. With excess, people can "afford" morality which is about sharing. Since there is no need for live-or-die competition for resources, to survive people need only to work. For Confucians, not market but family is the prime form of organization. This is so, since morality comes from family. Market can enhance efficiency only when "embedded" in morality. This is true about other key institution – state. China continues her "success story" by restoring Confucian past, with meritocracy at the core. To stimulate its economy, Western civilization also needs a return to the past. It needs to remake its mainstream liberalism by returning to roots as formulated by proto-liberalism. Focused on morality and family, this approach has been renewed by Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School. Parallel reforms may bring two grand civilizations close by again.

Introduction: Few studies have reported the amount of physical activity (PA) and its associations to physical performance of warfighters during military field training (MFT). The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular performance and PA among male Finnish Army conscripts during a 21-d MFT and to evaluate their recovery during 4 d after MFT. Methods: Body composition and physical performance were measured four times during the study (before MFT (PRE), after 12 d (MID), post training (POST) and after 4 d of recovery (RECO)). PA was measured throughout MFT in a group of healthy young male conscripts (n=49) by using a tri-axial accelerometer. The study was approved by the Finnish Defence Forces and was granted ethics approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of Jyväskylä. Results: Body mass declined significantly from 73.5 ± 8.7 to 71.6 ± 8.2 kg, but it recovered close to the PRE values (73.0 ± 8.3 kg). The same trend was also found in skeletal muscle mass and fat mass. The change in body mass and in skeletal muscle mass correlated negatively with the change in vigorous physical activity (r = −0.374, p = 0.016, and r = −0.337, p = 0.031, respectively). Muscular endurance decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in sit-ups from the PRE (46 ± 9 reps/min) values compared with MID (40 ± 8 reps/min), POST (42 ± 8 reps/min), and RECO (34 ± 11 reps/min) values. Also in push-ups, the declines in the POST (34 ± 10 reps/min) and RECO (34 ± 13 reps/min) values (p < 0.001) from the PRE (40 ± 13 reps/min) and MID (39 ± 12 reps/min) values were observed. There was a significant decrease in a standing long jump in all measurement points MID (220 ± 20 cm), POST (216 ± 20 cm), and RECO (213 ± 20 cm) as compared with the PRE values (229 ± 23 cm, p < 0.001). There was no change in 3.2 km loaded march time between the PRE (23:57 ± 4:12 min:s) and POST (23:44 ± 5:02 min:s) measurement time points. In PA, the total number of steps per day was significantly (p < 0.001) greater during ST (13,722 ± 2,379 steps) and MFT (13,937 ± 2,276 steps) than during garrison days (9,550 ± 2,569 steps). In POST, there was significantly (p < 0.001) more light (1.5–3.0 metabolic equivalent) (2:34:38 ± 0:22:53 h:min:s in ST and 3:03:27 ± 0:23:24 h:min:s in MFT) and moderate (3.0–6.0 metabolic equivalent) (2:12:15 ± 0:23:14 h:min:s in ST and 2:47:59 ± 0:27:23 h:min:s in MFT) PA than in the PRE measurements. Conclusion: This study demonstrated slight decrements in warfighter physical performance during the 21-d MFT. The conscripts were overloaded during MFT, but 4 d of recovery seemed not to be enough to obtain the PRE measurement values in physical performance. This study also showed changes in the muscular endurance levels and PA during the 21-d MFT. It is important for warfighters to have a good physical fitness level PRE training or combat. As the prolonged MFT may have adverse effects in warfighters muscular endurance and PA levels, it is important to have sufficient recovery time after long MFT to regain combat readiness. ; peerReviewed

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie der Konsum von Fleischprodukten mit Aspekten des Tierwohls in Beziehung gesetzt wird. Mit Hilfe qualitativer Methoden wurde untersucht, wie im Rahmen von alternative food networks (AFNs), der Fleischkonsum und die Produktion von Fleisch über emotionale und materielle Praktiken einerseits vom (Nutz-)Tier getrennt wird, andererseits gleichzeitig aber auch eine Verbindung zum (Nutz-)Tier aufgebaut wird. Außerdem wurde gefragt, wie diese Praktiken die Erfahrung des "Geschmacks" von Fleisch beeinflussen. Es wird argumentiert, dass von einem "glücklichen" Fleisch gesprochen werden kann, wenn eine Mensch-Tier Beziehung gegeben ist, bei der sich Menschen emotional und affektiv um ein Tier sorgen bzw. bei der das Tierwohl in den Mittelpunkt gestellt wird. Dabei bleibt jedoch die Beziehung von Mensch und Tier im Rahmen des Fleischkonsums durch eine utilitaristische Handlungslogik begrenzt. Um die emotionalen und materiellen Praktiken der Verbindung zum und der gleichzeitigen Abkoppelung vom Körper des (Nutz-)Tiers näher zu verstehen, wurden qualitative Daten über Interviews, Beobachtungen und die Methode des bodymappings erhoben, wobei Konsument_innen, Produzent_innen und Händler_innen als Akteure in AFNs in der Steiermark (Österreich) im Fokus standen. Die kumulative Dissertation gliedert sich in drei Teile, welche jeweils schwerpunktmäßig methodologische, theoretische und praxisorientierte Fragen thematisieren. Im methodologischen Teil der Arbeit wird die "viszerale" Methode des bodymappings diskutiert, die einen innovativen Ansatz darstellt, um die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Konsument_innen, (Nutz-)Tier und Fleischprodukten offenzulegen. Der theoretische Beitrag zeigt auf, wie die Grenze zwischen Mensch und Tier, einerseits in der "glücklichen" "Sorge"-Beziehung zwischen Landwirt_in und Nutztier, andererseits in der metabolischen und "intimen" Beziehung zwischen Fleischkonsument_innen und dem Körper des Tieres, unklar und durchlässig werden kann. Im praxisorientierten Teil werden schließlich auf Basis der Forschungsergebnisse neue Möglichkeiten einer nicht-moralisierenden Ethik in Bezug auf Fleisch basierte food networks vorgeschlagen. Die an der Schnittstelle von Agro-Food Studies, Human-Animal Studies und Politischer Ökologie angesiedelte Dissertation leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zu einer relationalen Theorie und zu einer Ethik der "mehr als menschlichen" (more-than-human) Dynamiken in Ernährungssystemen. ; This dissertation addresses the question of how people reconcile care for farm animals with eating meat. Specifically within "humane" or "happy" alternative food networks (AFNs), the project uses qualitative methods to assess material and emotional ways people simultaneously distance themselves from, and connect to, animals as part of meat consumption and production practices. Furthermore, it discusses how these practices impact the experience of the "taste" of meat. Central to the argument is the notion that "happy" meat is a human-animal relation in which human participants are emotionally and affectively moved to care about animal lives. Nonetheless, within the framework of eating animals, the ways people understand their relations of care with/for farm animals are constrained by utilitarian logics.To understand the material and affective ways (dis)connection to farm animals occurs, the research draws on interview, observational, and body-mapping data with producers, consumers, and retailers in AFNs in Styria, Austria. Structured as a cumulative dissertation in three parts, the central findings from the research are presented in methodological, theoretical, and praxis-oriented terms. Methodologically, the dissertation discusses the innovative use of body mapping as a visceral method to probe consumer-animal-meat linkages. Theoretically, it demonstrates how boundaries between human and animal become blurred when considering shared happiness of farmers and animals, or metabolic intimacies between meat eaters and animal bodies. In praxis, the research findings suggest new directions for a non-moralizing ethics of food networks of meat.At the nexus of agro-food studies, human-animal studies, and political ecology, the present research makes important contributions to relational theories and ethics of the more-than-human dynamics of food systems. ; Heide Katherine Bruckner ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Dissertation, 2018 ; OeBB ; (VLID)2679671

Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, especially after Indonesia's independence, the production of Middle Eastern intellectual traditions in South Sumatra declined, because the contact of the Archipelago, especially the Malays of South Sumatra with the Middle East was no longer intensive. This has caused changes in the style aspects, themes, forms and characteristics of the works of the Malay scholars of South Sumatra. This process certainly does not take place in a simple manner, but is complex. Because, in the 20th century, Indonesia has become independent, science has developed, technology has become more sophisticated, information has become global and easily accessible. Because of this, contact between the Middle East and South Sumatra Malays should be more intensive. However, the fact is the opposite. The complexity of the changes and developments in the works of the 20th century Malay ulama of South Sumatra was a very significant problem to be discussed in order to know and construct the motifs, patterns, themes, forms, characteristics, and influence of the works of the South Sumatra Malay Ulama in the century 20th. The themes contained in the works of the Malay ulama of South Sumatra in the twentieth century consisted of philosophical issues, life views, values and ethics, science, ethos work, spirituality, ethics and systems of government, social order, Islamic history, law- Islamic law. The forms of the works of the Malay ulama of South Sumatra in the twentieth century AD consisted of a yellow book, in the form of a religious book. The style consists of Sufism, historical patterns, theological or monotheistic patterns, scholarly patterns, adab, laws, morals, benefits and wisdom, history, social life, entertaining, and solace. Keyword: Malay Ulama, South Sumatera. ; Abstrak: Pada awal abad ke-20, khususnya pasca Indonesia merdeka, produksi tradisi intelektual Timur Tengah di Sumatera Selatan semakin menurun, karena kontak Nusantara, khususnya Melayu Sumatera Selatan dengan Timur Tengah tidak lagi intensif. Hal ini menyebabkan aspek corak, tema, bentuk, dan karakteristik karya-karya ulama Melayu Sumatera Selatan mengalami perubahan. Proses ini tentu saja tidak berlangsung secara sederhana, tetapi bersifat berkompleks. Sebab, pada abad ke-20, Indonesia telah merdeka, ilmu pengetahuan telah berkembang, teknologi semakin canggih, informasi sudah mengglobal dan mudah diakses. Karena itu, seharusnya kontak antara Timur Tengah dengan Melayu Sumatera Selatan semakin intensif. Akan tetapi, fakta yang terjadi sebaliknya. Kompleksitas perubahan dan perkembangan karya-karya ulama Melayu Sumatera Selatan pada abad ke-20 merupakan masalah yang sangat signifikan untuk dibahas guna mengetahui dan mengkonstruksi motif, corak, tema-tema, bentuk,karakteristik, dan pengaruh karya-karya Ulama Melayu Sumatera Selatan pada abad ke-20. Tema-tema yang terdapat dalam karya-karya ulama Melayu Sumatera Selatan pada abad XX M terdiri dari persoalan falsafah, pandangan hidup, nilai dan etika, ilmu pengetahuan, ethos kerja, spiritualitas, etika dan sistem pemerintahan, tatanan sosial, sejarah Islam, hukum-hukum Islam. Bentuk karya-karya ulama Melayu Sumatera Selatan pada abad XX M terdiri dari berbentuk kitab kuning, berbentuk buku agama. Adapun coraknya terdiri dari tasawuf, bercorak kesejarahan, bercorak teologi atau tauhid, bercorak keilmuan, bercorak adab, undang-undang, akhlak, faedah dan hikmah, sejarah, kehidupan sosial, menghibur, dan pelipur lara, Katakunci: Ulama Melayu, Sumatera Selatan.

The thesis challenges the legal positivist exclusion of morality and essential meaning from international legal doctrine due to the formers' alleged mysticism, and systematizes a method of dialectical reasoning that makes a broad use of logic and continental philosophy. It is an intellectual exercise that starts off from the narrow positivist examination of the relation between self-determination and constitutional law and gradually opens up to a broader logical and philosophical query about the essence of self-determination and legal rights. The thesis exposes various rationality and legitimation deficits in the mainstream treatment of the relation. This is because the doctrinal problem cannot be answered from the legal positivist perspective alone but one must necessarily appeal to rules of syllogistic logic and particularly Aristotelian induction and eidetic phenomenology in order to conceive what is that that connects the two normative sources. In terms of methodology, the thesis adopts the revelation process of the Socratic allegory of the Cave, which is a dialectic towards essential disclosure. False semantic presumptions such as the incorporation in legal theory of the Wittgensteinian premise that meaning is produced and asserted in social use are bracketed and suspended. The Wittgensteinian presumption has prompted among jurists the use of the concept of 'social contract' as syllogistic connector between self-determination and constitutional law (middle term). Social contract is unsound from the scope of logic for it is a political metaphor that induces in legal syllogisms the fallacy of the ambiguous middle. For the unraveling of a sound middle term the thesis employs Aristotelian induction, which consists of an insightful and an empirical facet. The insightful demonstrates that legal rights are dormant potentialities that can become actualities once an act or event, which acts as mobilizer, produces disturbance. The empirical combines a wide range of psychological and hermeneutic theories on collective identity, which it applies to five case-studies: the history of the Cherokee Nation, Nauru, Palestine, Cyprus and Kosovo. It takes note of two forms of collective disturbance: relative deprivation as the product of liberal comparisons and objective deprivation as the amalgam of actual removal, or separation, and loss. Between these two forms, only objective deprivation galvanizes psychological mechanisms that can traumatize collective identity. The thesis concludes that it is therefore an act of objective constitutional deprivation that affects the collective identity of peoples and 'resurrects' self-determination from the mode of potentiality to that of actuality. The reconstructed legal syllogism is a small fraction of the wider morality of corrective justice, which provides justifications for the moral demerit of deprivation and the moral necessity of rectification. The synergy between logical synthesis and corrective justice demonstrates that the rationalization of international legal reasoning cannot be effectuated without a theory on morality and ethics. To this effect, the thesis suggests a legal paradigm shift towards the incorporation in international law and legal reasoning of both syllogistic logic and Aristotelian ethics, which will enable international jurists to become intellectually conscious of the irrational and morally aware of the unjust. ; published_or_final_version ; Law ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Indetermination of modern economy conditions and the lack of theoretical knowledge gained by domestic scientists about risk in factoring business actualize the research concerning the methodology and technique of factoring companies' risk management. The article examines compliance which is the technology innovative for Ukrainian market of factoring risk management technologies. It is determined that the compliance is the risk management process directed to free will correspondence to state, international legislation as well as to the ethics standards accepted in the field of regulated legal relations and to the traditions of business circulation to sustain the necessary regulations and standards of market behaviour, and to consolidate the image of a factoring company. Compliance risks should be understood as the risks of missed profit or losses caused by the conflicts of interests and the discrepancy of employees' actions to internal and external standard documents. The attention is paid to the control over the compliance. The author singles out 3 kinds of the compliance control such as institutional, operational and the compliance control over the observance of conducting business professional ethics regulations which are necessary for providing of efficient management of factoring business risks. The paper shows the organizing process of factoring business compliance control (by the development of internal standard documents, a compliance program, the foundation of compliance control subdivision, monitoring of the risks) cause the choice, made by management entities of a factoring company, of the management methods of risks for their business. The development of new and improvement of existed forms of compliance control organizing process help satisfy users' information needs and requests of the risk management factoring company department. The suggestions proposed create the grounds for the transformation and improvement of factoring companies' risk management technology. ; Невизначеність сучасних умов господарювання та недостатній рівень теоретичних напрацювань вітчизняних вчених у питаннях ризикованості факторингового бізнесу актуалізують дослідження щодо методики та техніки управління ризиками факторингових компаній. Розглянуто одну із новітніх для українського ринку технологій управління ризиками в факторинговому бізнесі – комплаєнс. Визначено, що комплаєнс є процесом управління ризиками, спрямованим на добровільну відповідність державному, міжнародному законодавству, а також нормам етики, прийнятим у сфері регульованих правовідносин, і традиціям ділового обігу з метою підтримки належних правил, і стандартів поведінки на ринку, а також закріплення іміджу факторингової компанії. При цьому під комплаєнс-ризиками варто розуміти ризики упущеної вигоди (прибуток) або збитків внаслідок виникнення конфліктів інтересів та невідповідності дій співробітників внутрішнім і зовнішнім нормативним документам. Акцентовано увагу на комплаєнс-контролі. Виділено три напрямки комплаєнс-контролю: інституційний комплаєнс-контроль, операційний комплаєнс-контроль та комплаєнс-контроль дотримання правил професійної етики ведення бізнесу, що є необхідністю для забезпечення ефективного управління ризиками факторингового бізнесу. Окреслено процес організації комплаєнс-контролю факторингового бізнесу шляхом розробки внутрішніх нормативних документів, комплаєнс-програми, створення підрозділу комплаєнс-контролю, моніторингу ризиків, що зумовлюють вибір суб'єктами управління факторинговою компанією методів управління ризиками їх бізнесу. Розробка нових й удосконалення існуючих форм організації процесу комплаєнс-контролю сприяє задоволенню інформаційних потреб користувачів та запитів служб факторингової компанії для управління ризиками. Наведені пропозиції створюють передумови до трансформації та удосконалення технології управління ризиками діяльності факторингових компаній.

OBJECTIVE: To explain patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in nine former Soviet Union countries by exploring the influence of a range of individual- and community-level determinants. DESIGN: Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys and area profiles were undertaken in 2010 in nine countries of the former Soviet Union as part of the Health in Times of Transition (HITT) study. Individual- and area-level determinants were analysed, taking into account potential confounding at the individual and area level. SETTING: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. SUBJECTS: Adult survey respondents (n 17 998) aged 18-95 years. RESULTS: Being male, increasing age, lack of education and lack of financial resources were associated with lower probability of consuming adequate amounts of fruit or vegetables. Daily fruit or vegetable consumption was positively correlated with the number of shops selling fruit and vegetables (for women) and with the number of convenience stores (for men). Billboard advertising of snacks and sweet drinks was negatively related to daily fruit or vegetable consumption, although the reverse was true for billboards advertising soft drinks. Men living near a fast-food outlet had a lower probability of fruit or vegetable consumption, while the opposite was true for the number of local food restaurants. CONCLUSIONS: Overall fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union is inadequate, particularly among lower socio-economic groups. Both individual- and community-level factors play a role in explaining inadequate nutrition and thus provide potential entry points for policy interventions, while the nuanced influence of community factors informs the agenda for future research. ; Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to all members of the Health in Times of Transition (HITT) Project study teams who participated in the coordination and organization of data collection for this paper. Financial support: The HITT Project was funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme (project HEALTH-F2- 2009-223344). The European Commission cannot accept any responsibility for any information provided or views expressed. The contributions of Y.G. and M.S. were partly funded by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Conflicts of interest: None. Authors' contributions: Y.G. conducted the analyses and drafted the initial manuscript, as well as subsequent revisions. B.R., M.S., L.R. and M.M helped interpret the results, revised the drafts and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: The research was approved by the ethics committee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. All persons gave informed consent. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Cambridge University Press via http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000105

Este trabajo pretende caracterizar y comprender la producción de conocimientos y saberes generados en torno a la formación política (FP) en el contexto escolar colombiano, elaborando un estado del arte y de la práctica, derivando un conjunto de orientaciones para fortalecer la FP en la escuela. Se trabajó la metodología de investigación cualitativa-documental, para identificar las construcciones teóricas y resultados de investigaciones vinculadas a prácticas de FP. Se llevó a cabo una revisión documental de experiencias en las áreas de Ciencias Sociales y Ética y Valores presentadas al Premio Compartir al Maestro en los años 2012 y 2013. Se construyó una matriz de análisis para visibilizar, por un lado, conceptos, fundamentos pedagógicos y enfoques epistemológicos, entre otros, y por otro, objetivos, problemática, estrategias pedagógicas, logros, alcance e impacto. Así mismo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a investigadores y docentes en educación, puntualizando sobre los procesos de FP. Se identificaron tres dimensiones conceptuales: ciudadanía, democracia y derechos humanos con sus respectivas categorías: La ética y los valores, lo político y lo jurídico, las relaciones de poder y la participación política, social, y la paz, conflicto, convivencia, justicia y memoria. Las experiencias analizadas giran en torno a la construcción de una sociedad justa e incluyente, al conocimiento de normas y a la creación de espacios para resolver conflictos mediante procesos de mediación, conciliación, reflexión y aceptación. Los resultados presentan elementos que destacan retos y desafíos sobre los cuales se aportan algunas orientaciones para viabilizar y fortalecer los procesos de FP en la escuela. ; This research aims to characterize and understand the production of knowledge generated around the concept of political education (PE) in Colombian education, developing a state of the art and practice, in order to derive a set of guidelines to strengthen the PE in the school context. The qualitative-documental research methodology was used to identify the theoretical constructions and results of investigations related to practices of PE. A document review of the experiences in the areas of Social Sciences and Ethics and Values presented to the Premio Compartir al Maestro in the years 2012 and 2013 was carried out. The analysis was oriented towards classifying, on one hand, concepts, pedagogical foundations and epistemological approaches, among others, and objectives, issues, teaching strategies, accomplishments, scope and impact, on the other. With semi-structured interviews to researchers and teachers in primary and secondary education, PE processes were detailed. We identified three conceptual dimensions: citizenship, democracy and human rights, with their respective categories: Ethics and values, the political and the legal, Power relations and political, social, and school participation, and peace, conflict, living together in harmony, justice and memory. The experiences analyzed revolve around the construction of a just and inclusive society, the knowledge of rules and social problems, and the creation of spaces to resolve conflicts through mediation, conciliation, reflection and acceptance. The results presented a set of elements that highlight challenges on which guidelines are provided that enable and strengthen the processes of PE in school.

This article argues that the accumulative bad governance in Egypt over three decades and its failure to realize the intended development for the people represents one of the main reasons why people revolted. Bad governance contributed to the fall of Mubarak regime in three fundamental ways: first, it created the conditions (such as rampant corruption, violation of human rights and absence of rule of law) that served to inspire public action against the rulers; second, it led to the breakdown of core elements critical for regime stability (within the bureaucracy and the judiciary for example) and third it catalyzed the middle-class who played a key role in agitating for the uprisings via Face-book and other social media. However, in exposing the dynamics of bad governance in Egypt, this article suggests that the problem is not only one of governance gone badly; but also the lack of comprehensive 'good governance' paradigm capable to overcome bad governance aspects. So, by focusing only on institutional reform, the good governance paradigm did not capture the way in which actors, processes and values become diffuse across the state–society divide.A relational governance approach would be more analytically useful in capturing and engaging with some of these dynamics. Whereby, through partnership adoption-which is one of good governance pillars- decentralization of powers and responsibilities from a higher to a lower level of government should been held out as an answer to a multitude of diverse political challenges to realize the desired societal development. It is often assumed that as an organizing principle, decentralization reduces corruption by bringing government closer to the people (citizens' empowerment). Citizens are central to this thinking in terms of sensitizing them to public ethics. (Re)orienting public officials towards becoming reflective (responding) public officials according to new public management perspective (NPM) that may pave the way for effective development administration (DA) resurrection; which might be capable to translate people aspirations into actions; that could be more pertinent to recent revolutionary events in much of the Arab world countries as Egypt. A relational governance approach would be more analytically useful in capturing and engaging with some of these dynamics. Whereby, through partnership adoption-which is one of good governance pillars- decentralization of powers and responsibilities from a higher to a lower level of government should been held out as an answer to a multitude of diverse political challenges to realize the desired societal development. It is often assumed that as an organizing principle, decentralization reduces corruption by bringing government closer to the people (citizens' empowerment). Citizens are central to this thinking in terms of sensitizing them to public ethics. (Re)orienting public officials towards becoming reflective (responding) public officials according to new public management perspective (NPM) that may pave the way for effective development administration (DA) resurrection; which might be capable to translate people aspirations into actions; that could be more pertinent to recent revolutionary events in much of the Arab world countries as Egypt. Key words: bad governance, development administration, new public management.

Александр Панарин является одним из неоевразийских мыслителей постсоветской России, который восстановил общественный интерес к идее, где Россия выступает связующим звеном между Востоком и Западом, славянской и европейской культурами и является евразийской имперской моделью. Распад СССР в 1991 г. привел общество к идеологическому кризису. Философия славянского евразийства Александра Панарина пытается способствовать патриотическим чувствам у россиян, которые помнят значение Православных ценностей и Евразийскую политическую теорию русских эмигрантов. Александр Панарин участвует в интеллектуальном развитии российского мессианизма, ищет русскую идентичность в постсоветский период. Эта статья сфокусирована на евразийской геополитической теории Александра Панарина на основе православной этики и славянской культуры. Основными дихотомиями в его политической философии являются: современные и постмодернистские значения, закон и вера, социализм и либерализм, свобода и воля, соборность и индивидуализм, правительство и неолиберальный рынок. Славянское евразийство Александра Панарина противостоит главному врагу неолиберальной идеологии на основе рыночных отношений. ; Alexander Panarin is one of neo-eurasian thinkers of Post-Soviet Russia, restoring public interest in Russian idea as a connection between East and West, Slavic and European culture and Eurasian imperial model. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 bring the russian society on an identity and ideological crisis. The philosophy of Slavic Eurasianism of Alexander Panarin is trying to foster patriotic feelings among Russians remembering the Orthodox values and the Eurasian political theory of Russian emigrants. Alexander Panarin takes part of intellectual development of Russian messianism seeking the Russian identity in Post-Soviet Era. This article is focused on Alexander Panarin's Eurasian geopolitical theory, based on Orthodox ethics and Slavic culture. The fundamental dichotomies in his political philosophy are: Modern and Post-Modern values, Law and Faith, Socialism and Liberalism, Freedom and Liberty, Sobornost and Individualism, Government and Neoliberal Market. The Slavic Eurasianism of Alexander Panarin is opposed to his main enemy the Neoliberal ideology of market values. In his opinion, Russian globalization is a Christian globalization: Christian universalism to keep the human and moral face of the globalized world, the Orthodox ethics is a Protestant alternative, Slavic (Slavic-Eurasian) world is an alternative to the Anglo-Saxon one. His concept of orthodox historical project of Eurasianism as an alternative to "the new world order" is original. Extremes in his views are purely Russian too and it is a polarization of the world metric dualistic thinking. A.S. Panarin creates not just a philosophy, he creates an ideology the chivalrous one as he is on the side of the underdogs, outcasts of the progress and Orthodox, in view of the fact that orthodox Christianity legitimizes the right of Russia to revive "Third Rome." His teaching represents an ideology because he justifies the hypertrophied role of the state as a means to realization of the messianic idea. The model of A.S. Panarin's ideology is similar to a spell of the Mysteries, initiated person symbolically passes through all the trials encountered on the hero's way to gain immortality and to get to the island of blessed people (real time or future), and save from the kingdom of Hades (historical, i.e., linear time, or past). The role of leader-priest is played by the state the carrier of "charismatic authority.

El objetivo del presente artículo es confrontar algunas ideas que puedan ayudarnos a salvar los desacuerdos en sociedades pluralistas, conflictivas y complejas como América Latina. En específico, las ideas que serán vertidas y confrontadas en el texto iniciarán con una breve introducción, para luego exponer el pluralismo en nuestras sociedades actuales y cómo éste nos impele a buscar salidas viables para salvar nuestras diferencias. Posteriormente trataremos el tipo de consenso al que deberíamos adscribir y la opción del diálogo o pacto comunicativo para lograrlo. Tomaremos, para el apartado anterior, algunos conceptos de la Acción Comunicativa y una Ética discursiva, para luego abordar el andamiaje donde se deberían sustentar ciertos mínimos deseables para dar cuenta del disenso y/o el conflicto y la propuesta de algunos mínimos. Consecuentemente, expondremos el rol del Estado como garante del bien común, para finalmente esbozar algunas conclusiones. PALABRAS-CLAVES: resolución de conflictos, comunicación, pluralismo, diálogo, diferenciación. CONFLITIVITY AND MODERNITY: an minimalist ethics for conflict resolution Arturo Vallejos Romero The objective of this paper is to confront some ideas that can help us to save the disagreements in pluralist societies, conflictive and complex like Latin America itself. Specifically, the ideas that will be exposed and confronted in the text will begin with a brief introduction, and, afterwards, with an exposition of the pluralism in our current societies and how this impels us to look for viable exits to save our differences. Later, we will discuss the kind of consensus that we should assume and the dialogue option or communicative pact to obtain it. We will take, for the previous topic, some concepts of communicative action and a discursive ethics, to then approach the structure in which certain desirable minimal denominators would be sustained to account for dissension and (or) conflict, and the proposal of some minimal denominators. Consequently, we will talk about the State role as a warranty of the commonwealth, for, finally, to sketch some conclusions. KEYWORDS: conflict resolution, communication, pluralism, dialogue, differentiation. CONFLICTUALITÉ ET MODERNITÉ: une étique de minima pour résoudre les conflits Arturo Vallejos Romero L'objectif de cet article est de confronter certaines idées capables de nous aider à sauver les mésententes dans les sociétés pluralistes, conflictuelles et complexes comme en Amérique Latine. Plus précisément, après une brève introduction pour présenter et confronter les idées, le texte présentera le pluralisme dans les sociétés actuelles afin de nous obliger à rechercher des solutions viables capables de sauver nos différences. Ensuite, nous parlerons du type de consensus que nous devrions assumer et du choix des dialogues ou pactes communicatifs pour y arriver. Quelques concepts d'actions communicative et d'éthique discursive seront adoptés pour cela afin d'aborder la structure dans laquelle quelques minima désirables devront être maintenus pour rendre compte des dissensions et (ou) conflits, et en arriver à la proposition de quelques minima. Par conséquent, le discours portera sur le rôle de l'Etat en tant que garantie du bien commun pour ébaucher enfin quelques conclusions. MOTS-CLÉS: solution de conflits, communication, pluralisme, dialogue, différenciation. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas. Institucional en Filosofía de la Cultura ; The following investigation approaches topics of the work of Villoro very little treaties, but not hence of little importance. He/she helps us to have a deeper vision of their work and to repensar the philosophy in general. They are collateral topics to the main lines philosophical of our Mexican thinker that keep certain lateralidad in the sense of that the main topics of their work have been about the indigenismo, problems of the one multiculturalism and interculturalidad, Marxism, phenomenology, epistemology, politics and ethics. The topics that here are approached they are on mystic, aesthetics, history philosophy, philosophy of the religion, utopia, Hindu thought, reflections on the sense and the one I silence that in spite of their irrational character, like they are commonly conceived, they are marked by a strict, logical and systematic rationalism; they have a logical character- rational that always looks from the lens epistemological to all the angles of the world of that lived that he/she settles down between the man and the being in general. These thematic ones are very far from the abstract and universal philosophy, but they are very important in the mark of a theory of the culture and of an anthropological ethics, that is to say, in the relationship of him human and their world of significances; in the vital dimension of the culture where the one man looks for the sense of the existence, it is where they charge his importance; they belong to the sphere of the practical reason. ; La siguiente investigación aborda temas de la obra de Villoro muy poco tratados, pero no por ello de poca importancia. Nos ayuda a tener una visión más profunda de su obra y a repensar la filosofía en general. Son temas colaterales a las principales líneas filosóficas de nuestro pensador mexicano que guardan cierta lateralidad en el sentido de que los temas principales de su obra han sido acerca del indigenismo, problemas del multiculturalismo e interculturalidad, marxismo, fenomenología, epistemología, política y ética. Los temas que aquí se abordan son sobre mística, estética, filosofía de historia, filosofía de la religión, utopía, pensamiento hindú, reflexiones sobre el sentido y el silencio, que a pesar de su carácter irracional, como se conciben comúnmente, están marcados por un racionalismo estricto, lógico y sistemático; tienen un carácter lógico- racional que siempre mira desde el lente epistemológico a todos los ángulos del mundo de lo vivido que se establece entre el hombre y el ser en general. Estas temáticas son muy alejadas de la filosofía abstracta y universal, pero son muy importantes en el marco de una teoría de la cultura y de una ética antropológica, es decir, en la relación de lo humano y su mundo de significaciones; en la dimensión vital de la cultura, en donde el hombre busca el sentido de la existencia, es donde cobran su importancia; pertenecen a la esfera de la razón práctica.