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Apartheid as a system which set up strict segregation between races and whose ultimate aim was the foundation of an entirely white South Africa, was introduced officially when the National Party took power in 1948.Reports and descriptions on the different aspects of the system have been published in the main French Christian newspapers and periodicals, Catholic and Reformed. Beyond just delivering information, Christian groups enquired into the nature of the system (particularly its religious nature) and its effect on the black population. They were organised in small groups, religious affiliations and in ecumenic activities. It was these groups that fostered different types of campaigns and possible forms of Christian involvement. South Africa, albeit distant, was a subject of reflection among French Christians, about their own reaction towards the political aspect of the matter and their position on the social doctrine of Apartheid, particularly in the case of the Catholics.The Protestants, in dealing with the South African question, confronted themselves with pre-existent tensions between different internal strains.Moving beyond politics towards the general area of the defence of human rights, active French Christians scrutinised the hostility of certain South African churches towards the Pretoria regime and contributed to the elaboration of a contestation theology born in a context of crisis.If certain groups pondered and acted on Apartheid, French Christians on an individual level became involved on South African ground in more concrete campaigns among the oppressed population. ; L'apartheid, système instaurant une ségrégation stricte entre les races et dont le but ultime visait à la formation d'une Afrique du Sud exclusivement blanche, a été mis en place de manière officielle lors de l'arrivée au pouvoir du Parti national en 1948.Les différentes dimensions du système ont été rapportées et décrites dans les principaux journaux et périodiques chrétiens français, catholiques et réformés. Mais au delà de la simple volonté d'informer, des groupes de chrétiens furent interpellés par les natures du système (particulièrement sa nature religieuse) et par ses effets sur les populations noires. Ils se mobilisèrent à l'intérieur de groupes restreints, au sein de leur confession ou dans le cadre d'actions œcuméniques. C'est principalement au sein de ces groupes que s'élabora une réflexion autour des différents types d'actions à mener et sur les formes possibles d'un engagement chrétien.L'Afrique du Sud, bien que lointaine, amena des chrétiens à s'interroger sur leur prise en compte de la teinte politique de la question ou sur leur adhésion à la doctrine sociale, chez les catholiques particulièrement. Chez les protestants particulièrement, la mobilisation autour de la question sud-africaine fut l'illustration de tensions pré-existantes entre différents courants internes au protestantisme.Au delà d'une question relevant du politique mais touchant plus globalement au thème de la défense des droits de l'homme, les chrétiens français mobilisés se penchèrent sur l'engagement de certaines Eglises chrétiennes sud-africaines contre le régime de Pretoria et sur l'élaboration d'une théologie de la contestation née dans un contexte de crise.Si des groupes ont élaboré une réflexion et une action autour de l'apartheid, des chrétiens français, à titre individuel, se sont engagés sur le terrain sud-africain, pour une action plus concrète, au plus proche des populations opprimées.

A sociological approach to understanding new media's impact on society We use cell phones, computers, and tablets to access the Internet, read the news, watch television, chat with our friends, make our appointments, and post on social networking sites. New media provide the backdrop for most of our encounters. We swim in a technological world yet we rarely think about how new media potentially change the ways in which we interact with one another or shape how we live our lives. In New Media and Society, Deana Rohlinger provides a sociological approach to understanding how new media shape our interactions, our experiences, and our institutions. Using case studies and in-class exercises, Rohlinger explores how new media alter everything from our relationships with friends and family to our experiences in the workplace. Each chapter takes up a different topic – our sense of self and our relationships, education, religion, law, work, and politics – and assesses how new media alter our worlds as well as our expectations and experiences in institutional settings. Instead of arguing that these changes are "good" or "bad" for American society, the book uses sociological theory to challenge readers to think about the consequences of these changes, which typically have both positive and negative aspects. New Media and Society begins with a brief explanation of new media and social institutions, highlighting how sociologists understand complex, changing relationships. After outlining the influence of new media on our identities and relationships, it discusses the effects new media have on how we think about education, practice our religions, understand police surveillance, conceptualize work, and participate in politics. Each chapter includes key sociological concepts, engaging activities that illustrate the ideas covered in the chapter, as well as links, films, and references to additional online material

International audience ; Transdisciplinary research on borders has flourished since the late 1980s, but most so called Border Studies focus on social and cultural life in border areas, or on the effects of frontiers on the experience and perceptions of local populations. In contrast to this now well-established trend in research, studies concerned with the practices and perceptions of professional groups stationed on the border - that is to say, the police - are relatively underdeveloped1. Police cooperation on borders, as a specific aspect of policing activities, has received little attention by social scientists, as well. The few studies to be found are written by English-language researchers who often prefer to investigate supranational cross-border cooperation policies and the policing schemes such as Interpol in charge of enforcing them, rather than observing local cooperative practices on the borders themselves. For Europe as a whole, research on border protection is particularly valuable, since border control is central to the EU project : the Schengen Agreement, signed by Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in 1985, provides for the elimination of border checks within the Schengen area, in exchange for the reinforced control of its outer limits (with provisions made, essentially, by the Convention implementing the agreement, adopted in June 1990). The distinction between internal and external borders then became central to the EU project as well as to the integration of new member States. The present research project, based on observations made between 2004 and 2007 at the border between Austria and the Czech Republic (an external frontier of the Schengen area at the time), attempted to determine how police border control practices were modified on a Schengen area border destined to become an internal EU border. To do so, interviews were conducted with upper-echelon police officers in Vienna and Prague, completed by field observations and interviews with border police officers ...

International audience ; Transdisciplinary research on borders has flourished since the late 1980s, but most so called Border Studies focus on social and cultural life in border areas, or on the effects of frontiers on the experience and perceptions of local populations. In contrast to this now well-established trend in research, studies concerned with the practices and perceptions of professional groups stationed on the border - that is to say, the police - are relatively underdeveloped1. Police cooperation on borders, as a specific aspect of policing activities, has received little attention by social scientists, as well. The few studies to be found are written by English-language researchers who often prefer to investigate supranational cross-border cooperation policies and the policing schemes such as Interpol in charge of enforcing them, rather than observing local cooperative practices on the borders themselves. For Europe as a whole, research on border protection is particularly valuable, since border control is central to the EU project : the Schengen Agreement, signed by Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in 1985, provides for the elimination of border checks within the Schengen area, in exchange for the reinforced control of its outer limits (with provisions made, essentially, by the Convention implementing the agreement, adopted in June 1990). The distinction between internal and external borders then became central to the EU project as well as to the integration of new member States. The present research project, based on observations made between 2004 and 2007 at the border between Austria and the Czech Republic (an external frontier of the Schengen area at the time), attempted to determine how police border control practices were modified on a Schengen area border destined to become an internal EU border. To do so, interviews were conducted with upper-echelon police officers in Vienna and Prague, completed by field observations and interviews with border police officers stationed at the Czech/Austrian border.

International audience ; Transdisciplinary research on borders has flourished since the late 1980s, but most so called Border Studies focus on social and cultural life in border areas, or on the effects of frontiers on the experience and perceptions of local populations. In contrast to this now well-established trend in research, studies concerned with the practices and perceptions of professional groups stationed on the border - that is to say, the police - are relatively underdeveloped1. Police cooperation on borders, as a specific aspect of policing activities, has received little attention by social scientists, as well. The few studies to be found are written by English-language researchers who often prefer to investigate supranational cross-border cooperation policies and the policing schemes such as Interpol in charge of enforcing them, rather than observing local cooperative practices on the borders themselves. For Europe as a whole, research on border protection is particularly valuable, since border control is central to the EU project : the Schengen Agreement, signed by Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in 1985, provides for the elimination of border checks within the Schengen area, in exchange for the reinforced control of its outer limits (with provisions made, essentially, by the Convention implementing the agreement, adopted in June 1990). The distinction between internal and external borders then became central to the EU project as well as to the integration of new member States. The present research project, based on observations made between 2004 and 2007 at the border between Austria and the Czech Republic (an external frontier of the Schengen area at the time), attempted to determine how police border control practices were modified on a Schengen area border destined to become an internal EU border. To do so, interviews were conducted with upper-echelon police officers in Vienna and Prague, completed by field observations and interviews with border police officers stationed at the Czech/Austrian border.

Discusses massification and post-massification of the higher educational system; examines such trends as the price-income squeeze, bifurcation of institutions into medallions and outlets, reduced demand for young workers, and dynamics of local labor and education markets; since 1975, chiefly; US. Theoretical framework based on Professor Akira Arimoto's analysis of recent changes in the Japanese higher education system.

Based on a conference sponsored by the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, held in Bonn, 1984. Policy implications of the resurgence of global mass unemployment associated with a breakdown in postwar economic growth to which the labor markets have not adjusted. Contents are grouped under the headings: The slow growth of the global economy; The global labor surplus; Toward economic solutions; Politics.

In recent decades, scientists and practitioners have increasingly focused on identifying and codifying the best ways to manage activities in marine systems, leading to the development and implementation of concepts such as the social-ecological systems approach, ecosystem-based management, integrated management, marine spatial planning, participatory co-management, and the precautionary approach. To date, these concepts appear as separate entities: they have parallel literature streams; have been applied most often individually in attempts to improve governance and management; and in many ways, seem to be competing for attention. This patchwork of approaches may be hindering effective ocean governance. We propose that desirable features from these frameworks could be woven together to form the basis of more effective and equitable ocean governance arrangements across contexts, sectors, and scales. This article synthesizes the efforts of an IMBeR (Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project) conference session and working group, that brought together experts in these diverse concepts with the objective of producing a synthesis of how they could be more effectively integrated for improved ocean sustainability outcomes. We reviewed and compared the concepts in terms of (a) the need to achieve a comprehensive suite of sustainability objectives, (b) similarities and differences in their scope, and (c) their place in practical management, policy and regulation. Achieving greater cross-sectoral integration, or a more holistic perspective on management for sustainability is at the core of each concept. All deal with aspects of governance and most, with improved participation in governance. The major differences in the origin and historical application of each concept are reflected in the degree of implicit or explicit focus given to different objectives of sustainability. Overall, the concepts are especially strong for ecological and institutional or governance considerations, moderately strong for economic aspects, and weakest for the social-cultural pillar of full spectrum sustainability. There is no panacea, and no emergent hierarchy among concepts. Some concepts fit better with top-down legislation-based efforts, others with more bottom-up stakeholder driven efforts. The selection of the core concepts for a situation will depend in a large part on which concepts are specified, or demand focus, in the legal and policy context of the situation (or area) of interest. No matter how influential or dominant a single concept might be, pragmatically, different concepts will be used in different areas, and there may always be the need for a combination of concepts and objectives woven together to achieve a cohesive quilt of sustainability. ; Peer reviewed

Argues that WTO has failed to prioritize human rights over international trade law despite efforts of human rights activists; analyzes reasons for this failure, and possible alternative strategies to promote human rights. Some focus on right to health and "hormone-beef" and asbestos cases, pharmaceutical companies and access to drugs; right to food, and other issues.

Identifies emerging areas where protective policies will be needed. Plant closings and unemployment, occupational risks to health and safety, women workers, effects of technology.

This introductory essay to the HSR Special Issue "Economists, Politics, and Society" argues for a strong field-theoretical programme inspired by Pierre Bourdieu to research economic life as an integral part of different social forms. Its main aim is threefold. First, we spell out the very distinct Durkheimian legacy in Bourdieu's thinking and the way he applies it in researching economic phenomena. Without this background, much of what is actually part of how Bourdieu analysed economic aspects of social life would be overlooked or reduced to mere economic sociology. Second, we sketch the main theoretical concepts and heuristics used to analyse economic life from a field perspective. Third, we focus on practical methodological issues of field-analytical research into economic phenomena. We conclude with a short summary of the basic characteristics of this approach and discuss the main insights provided by the contributions to this special issue.