Um die Umsetzung der Klimaziele der EU und Österreichs zu unterstützen, hat der Klima- und Energiefonds das Programm der Klima- und Energie-Modellregionen (KEMs) gegründet. Österreichische Gemeinden haben so die Möglichkeit, sich zu einer KEM zusammenzuschließen und gemeinsam in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit und Energieunabhängigkeit zu arbeiten, und dadurch neue Arbeitsplätze und gesteigerte regionale Wertschöpfung zu schaffen. Die KEMs unterscheiden sich in einigen demographischen und wirtschaftlichen Indikatoren sowie ihrer Potenziale erneuerbarer Ressourcen voneinander, und lassen sich in drei Gruppen einteilen: einen ländlichen, einen semi-ländlichen, sowie einen städtischen Cluster. Setzen alle KEMs vermehrt oder zur Gänze auf erneuerbare Stromproduktion, so wirkt sich das auf die gesamte Volkswirtschaft aus. Um die makroökonomischen Effekte der erneuerbaren Stromproduktion besser zu verstehen, werden die drei KEM-Cluster in ein Computable General Equilibrium Modell der österreichischen Wirtschaft eingebettet. Durch die Disaggregierung des Energiesektors können mehrere Szenarien gerechnet werden, die die Auswirkungen der Stromproduktion aus jeweils einer erneuerbaren Energiequelle abbilden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass besonders die teureren Stromproduktionstechnologien, wie Strom aus Biogas und Biomasse, die stark von nationalen Förderungen abhängen, die Produktionsniveaus fast aller Sektoren sowie die Wohlfahrt negativ beeinflussen. Der hohe Bedarf an Förderungen senkt die Staatseinnahmen und somit auch die ausgaben. Auch die Nachfrage des Staates nach Gütern sinkt. Die wettbewerbsfähigeren Technologien Photovoltaik, Wasser- und Windkraft haben hingegen viel geringere negative Auswirkungen. Ein Energiemix aus diesen Technologien liefert die besten Ergebnisse sowohl für die Produktion als auch für die Wohlfahrt. Ein breites Technologieportfolio mit Fokus auf Technologien die mit geringen Förderungen auskommen wird daher empfohlen. ; In support of Austrias and the European Unions climate targets, the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund founded the Climate and Energy Model Region (CEM) program. The CEM program enables Austrian municipalities to join efforts and pursue energy self-sufficiency. Apart from mitigating climate change, regional development is an important factor in CEM efforts. Through implementing measures towards sustainability, CEMs hope to raise employment rates and increase regional value added. An analysis shows that CEMs are heterogeneous in demographic and economic characteristics, as well as their energy demand and production potentials. They can be divided into three clusters: suburban CEMs with high population densities and value added per capita, semi-rural CEMs with higher employment shares in the secondary sector, and rural CEMs with high employment shares in agriculture and biomass energy potentials. An increase in renewable electricity production in CEMs affects the whole economy, both on a regional and a national level. To analyse these direct and indirect effects, we include the three clusters as subnational regions into a Computable General Equilibrium Model of the Austrian economy. Through the differentiation of the energy sector we can apply different scenarios to the model, each depicting the employment of a specific renewable electricity generation technology. The results show that especially more expensive technologies, such as electricity from biogas and biomass, which depend heavily on subsidies, have negative impacts on production levels and welfare. The high subsidy volume cuts government income and hence expenditure, reducing government demand and thus production. The more competitive technologies photovoltaics, wind and hydro power lead to negligible negative impacts. An electricity production mix of all these technologies yields the best results, and a broad technology portfolio focusing on already competitive technologies can therefore be recommended. ; submitted by Barbara Truger, BSc ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)3140249
The thermal exploitation of wastewood with Greek lignite was investigated by performing tests in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor, a 1-MW th semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed combustor, and an industrial boiler. Blends of natural wood, demolition wood, railroad sleepers, medium-density fiberboard residues, and power poles with lignite were used, and the co-combustion efficiency and the effect of wastewood addition on the emitted pollutants were investigated. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen emissions were continuously monitored, and, during the industrial-scale tests, the toxic emissions (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans and heavy metals) were determined. Ash samples were analyzed for heavy metals in an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy spectrophotometer. Problems were observed during the preparation of wastewood, because species embedded with different compounds, such as railway sleepers and demolition wood, were not easily treated. All wastewood blends were proven good fuels; co-combustion proceeded smoothly and homogeneous temperature and pressure profiles were obtained. Although some fluctuations were observed, low emissions of gaseous pollutants were obtained for all fuel blends. The metal element emissions (in the flue gases and the solid residues) were lower than the legislative limits. Therefore, wastewood co-combustion with lignite can be realized, provided that the fuel handling and preparation can be practically performed in large-scale installations.
South Africa faces imperatives to secure a supply of clean water and to protect water resources, as well as to provide a secure supply of energy. Over and above the mandates of ensuring clean water provision and of improving the coverage and security of a reliable energy supply, the government faces challenges of reducing poverty and unemployment, and of ensuring sustainable development. In order to meet these challenges, the national government has developed a set of progressive policies. Harmonisation of these policies is itself a considerable challenge.
Intro -- POLLUTION STATUS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MARINE SYSTEMS -- POLLUTION STATUS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MARINE SYSTEMS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE POLLUTION STATUS ALONG THE RED SEA: A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. DESCRIPTION OF AREA -- 2. EGYPT -- 3. JORDAN -- 4. SAUDI ARABIA -- 5. YEMEN -- 6. SUDAN -- 7. ISRAEL -- 8. POLLUTION STATUS ALONG RED SEA -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 ADSORPTION OF THE ANIONIC DYE DIRECT RED 23 ONTO NEW ACTIVATED CARBONS DEVELOPED FROM CYNARA CARDUNCULUS: KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMICS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Preparation of Dye Solution -- 2.2. Biomass -- 2.3. Activated Carbon from Artichoke -- 2.4. Effect of pH on DR 23 Adsorption -- 2.5. Effect of Activated Carbon Dose -- 2.6. Kinetics Studies -- 2.7. Adsorption Isotherm -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Influence of pH -- 3.2. Effect of Contact Time -- 3.3. Effect of Carbon Mass on Dye Adsorption -- 3.4. Adsorption Isotherms -- 3.4.1. Freundlich Isotherm -- 3.4.2. Langmuir Isotherm -- 3.4.3. Tempkin Isotherm -- 3.4.4. Flory-Huggins Isotherm -- 3.4.5. Halsey Model -- 3.5. Best-Fit Isotherm Model -- 3.5.1. The Average Percentage Errors (APE) -- 3.5.2. The Hybrid Fractional Error (HYBRID) -- 3.5.3. The Chi-Square Error (X2) -- 3.5.4. The Sum of the Squares of the Errors (ERRSQ) -- 3.5.5. Marquardt's Percent Standard Deviation (MPSD) -- 3.5.6. The Sum of the Absolute Errors (EABS) -- 3.5.7. The Root Mean Square Errors (RMS) -- 3.6. Adsorption Kinetic Study -- 3.6.1. Pseudo-First-Order Kinetic Model -- 3.6.2. Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model -- 3.6.3. Elovich Kinetic Equation -- 3.6.4. Intra-Particle Diffusion Model -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES.
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