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In elf Beiträgen beschäftigen sich die Autoren des Sammelbandes mit den Ergebnissen der Umweltpolitik in Südafrika unter dem Blickwinkel der Umweltgerechtigkeit in Theorie und Praxis. McDonald unternimmt eine Begriffsklärung, Khan geht den Ursachen des "Umweltrassismus" nach, Dodson untersucht die gemeinsamen Schnittmengen von Ökofeminismus und der Umweltgerechtigkeitsbewegung. Ruiters unternimmt eine Ideologiekritik des Umweltgerechtigkeitsdiskurses; Cock/Fig untersuchen die Politik in den Nationalparks unter dem Aspekt der Umweltgerechtigkeit. Moloi berichtet über die Wirkung des Bergbaus auf die Umwelt, Glazewski diskutiert die rechtliche Verankerung des Umweltgerechtigkeitsgedankens in der neuen demokratischen Ordnung. Bei Peek geht es um die Abfallentsorgung in Durban, bei Bond um die politische Ökonomie von Dammbauten und die Wasserversorgung von Haushalten. Lukey diskutiert die ökologische Plattform der Gewerkschaften und McDonald die Privatisierung städtischer Dienstleistungen. (DÜI-Sbd)

Perspective is a publicly available, machine learning API that can score text for toxicity. It is available for use in online platforms and communities to limit toxicity and promote civil dialogue. In this work, we adopt a human-centered approach to evaluating Perspective by investigating if human ratings of toxicity align with Perspective's toxicity scores. We also test its transferability by making this comparison for comments from three platforms that have different commenting styles and moderation strategies: news websites, YouTube, and Twitter. Apart from toxicity, the main attribute, we collect participant ratings for three additional attributes: respectfulness, formality, and presence of stereotypes. While disrespect is part of how Perspective defines toxicity, formality and presence of stereotypes were included in the study to explore if they could be hidden/latent attributes that affect toxicity scores from Perspective. We analyzed how participant ratings for these additional attributes vary with respect to Perspective's toxicity score for comments from each platform. We find that for high toxicity scores, Perspective strongly aligns with participant ratings of toxicity and disrespectfulness across all three platforms, providing weak evidence of its transferability. However, our evaluation also surfaced formality and presence of stereotypes as latent attributes that are unrecognized parts of Perspective's scores. We discuss how and why this evaluation is "human-centered," the importance of conducting such evaluations, and implications of these results for content moderation in social platforms.

The organizational affiliations of four groups of nineteenth century women in New York State provide the basis for an exploration of tensions between local and national level organizations within a social movement. Information about overlapping membership among women's organizations over a period of almost seventy years is used to map the geography of connections between organizations affiliated with the early women's movement and other voluntary groups. In particular, we explore the connections of the movement's organizations to non-insurgent voluntarism in each setting, describing the range and patterning of organizational ties, the factors that determined the movement's niche in each location, and the differential consequences for national and local organizations within the same movement. Based on this analysis, we propose an ecological model of movement heterogeneity, suggesting that organizational niche differences are a significant source of tension in successful social movements.

Explores tensions between local- & national-level organizations in a social movement, drawing on recorded affiliation data from 4 women's groups in 19th-century NY, 1840-1914. Connections of the organizations to noninsurgent voluntarism are examined in terms of the range & setting of organizational ties, niche-determining factors, & differential consequences at the national & local levels. An ecological model of movement heterogeneity is proposed, suggesting that tension in successful social movements originates in organizational niches. 8 Tables, 4 Figures, 51 References. Adapted from the source document.

Although a more balanced debate about cross-border migration in South Africa is starting to take place, xenophobic stereotypes about migrants of African origin are still all too common. Allusions to a "flood of illegal aliens" who bring disease and crime to the country and who are seen to be a threat to the social and fiscal stability of South Africa are, unfortunately, still rife in the mainstream press in South Africa. This article is an attempt to challenge some of these stereotypes. Drawing on national surveys recently conducted by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) in Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe, it will be argued that much of the negative stereotyping around cross-border migration from these three countries in particular is unfounded. A profile of migration histories of those interviewed is followed by a discussion of peoples' attitudes towards cross-border movement and immigration policy as well as an analysis of possible future migration trends. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy relevance of the research and makes some general policy recommendations.

"This international, multiauthor collection of essays examines Russian and early Soviet international relations from the Great War's outbreak in August 1914 through the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War, ending with the Peace of Riga in 1921. Taking a broad definition of international relations, the chapters range from state-to-state diplomacy to NGOs, civil society, commerce and culture"--

Crush, Jonathan ; McDonald, David A.: Introduction to special issue. Evaluating South African immigration policy under apartheid. - S. 1-13. Peberdy, Sally: Imagining immigration. Inclusive identities and exclusive policies in post-1994 South Africa. - S. 15-32. Klaaren, Jonathan ; Ramji, Jaya: Inside illegality. Migration policing in South Africa after apartheid. - S. 35-47. Crush, Jonathan ; Tshitereke, Clarence: Contesting migrancy. The foreign labor debate in post-1994 South AFrica. - S. 49-70. Dodson, Belinda: Discrimination by default? Gender concerns in South African migration policy. - S. 73-89. Handmaker, Jeff: No easy walk. Advancing refugee protection in South AFrica. - S. 91-113. Danso, Ransford ; McDonald, David A.: Writing xenophobia. Immigration and the print media in post-apartheid South Africa. - S. 115-137. Oucho, John O. ; Crush, Jonathan: Contra free movement. South Africa and SADC migration protocols. - S. 139-158

Auf der Grundlage von Fallstudien in südafrikanischen Gemeinden untersuchen die Autoren das Konzept der Kostendeckung als Lösungsstrategie für die Misere der öffentlichen Finanzen. Die Anwendung der Prinzips der Kostendeckung habe weit reichende Konsequenzen für den Zugang zu öffentlichen Dienstleistungen und Gütern, auf ihre Erschwinglichkeit und auf deren Privatisierung. Die Autoren untersuchen auch auf theoretischer Ebene, wie die ungewollten negativen Effekte einer Politik vermieden werden können, die versucht, öffentliche Güter und Dienstleistungen "marktfähig" zu machen. Sie untersuchen, welchen Einfluss der Markt auf die Verfügbarkeit von Güter und Dienstleistungen hat und wie Grundgüter, z.B. Wasser, bewertet werden könnten oder sollten. (DÜI-Sbd)