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The new political conditions generated by the separation of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns —which took place in 1640 and resulted in selective forced deportations and inquisitorial persecution in the native Portuguese population settled in the Spanish colonies— forced both the families seated in different locations and the members of local and regional social networks to build-up strategies to avoid the consequences of such provisions. Through a case analysis, this paper seeks to showcase and analyze some of the main relational trends and reproductive patterns that were developed by a discrete family originally settled in San Salvador de Jujuy, but whose residence and heritage extended itself to the cities of Cordoba and Buenos Aires. We focused our research on the characteristics, endeavors, and consequences derived from family bonds and network construction with the purpose of revealing how a family of suspected new Christian origin could built notability and maintain a social position that reached the independence hero Martín Miguel de Güemes Goyechea. ; Las nuevas condiciones políticas generadas por la separación de las coronas española y portuguesa —ocurrida en 1640 y que trajo aparejadas deportaciones forzosas selectivas y persecución inquisitorial sobre la población portuguesa en las colonias españolas— obligó a familias asentadas en distintas poblaciones e integrantes de redes sociales locales y regionales a maniobrar para evitar las consecuencias de tales disposiciones. A través de un análisis de caso, intentamos exponer y analizar algunas de las principales tendencias y patrones vinculares y reproductivos que se dieron al interior de un conjunto familiar discreto que estuvo principalmente asentado en San Salvador de Jujuy y que extendió su esfera de acción, residencia y patrimonio hasta las ciudades de Córdoba y Buenos Aires. Nos interesamos por explorar el carácter, contenido y consecuencias de algunas de esas tramas vinculares y de cómo fueron construyendo la notabilidad de parte de la familia, desde sus inicios como presuntos cristianos nuevos, hasta llegar al héroe de la independencia, Martín Miguel de Güemes Goyechea.

This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2015 The Authors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved ; Dust grains migrating under Poynting-Robertson drag may be trapped in mean-motion resonances with planets. Such resonantly trapped grains are observed in the Solar system. In extrasolar systems, the exozodiacal light produced by dust grains is expected to be a major obstacle to future missions attempting to directly image terrestrial planets. The patterns made by resonantly trapped dust, however, can be used to infer the presence of planets, and the properties of those planets, if the capture and evolution of the grains can be modelled. This has been done with N-body methods, but such methods are computationally expensive, limiting their usefulness when considering large, slowly evolving grains, and for extrasolar systems with unknown planets and parent bodies, where the possible parameter space for investigation is large. In this work, we present a semi-analytic method for calculating the capture and evolution of dust grains in resonance, which can be orders of magnitude faster than N-body methods. We calibrate the model against N-body simulations, finding excellent agreement for Earth to Neptune mass planets, for a variety of grain sizes, initial eccentricities, and initial semimajor axes. We then apply the model to observations of dust resonantly trapped by the Earth. We find that resonantly trapped, asteroidally produced grains naturally produce the 'trailing blob' structure in the zodiacal cloud, while to match the intensity of the blob, most of the cloud must be composed of cometary grains, which owing to their high eccentricity are not captured, but produce a smooth disc ; AS and MW are supported by the European Union through ERC grant number 279973, AJM acknowledges support from Spanish grant AYA 2010/20630, grant number KAW 2012.0150 from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation, and the Swedish Research Council (grant 2011-3991)

This article addresses the challenges associated with the publication of electoral polls in the media from the perspective of the polling organizations that produce them. Methodology: From 7 in-depth interviews with responsible for the main opinion studies in Spain, characteristics of the making of the electoral polls and their publication are identified. Results and conclusions: In conclusion, three challenges related to the legislative structure that governs the publication of the electoral polls and their limitations, the verification of the published data and the disclosure of them based on three relationship patterns established between the polling organizations and media: distanced, embedded and integrated models. ; Este artículo aborda los retos asociados a la publicación de encuestas electorales en medios de comunicación desde la óptica de las empresas demoscópicas que las elaboran. Metodología: a partir de siete entrevistas en profundidad con los responsables de los principales estudios de opinión en España se identifican características de la realización de los sondeos y su publicación. Resultados y conclusiones: como conclusión, se señalan tres desafíos relacionados con la estructura legislativa que rige la publicación de las encuestas y sus limitaciones, la verificación de los datos publicados y la divulgación de los mismos a partir de tres patrones de relación establecidos entre las empresas demoscópicas y los medios comunicación: modelos distanciado, empotrado e integrado. ; Este artigo aborda os desafios associados à publicação de pesquisas eleitorais na mídia sob a óptica das empresas demoscópicas que as elaboram. Metodologia: a partir de sete entrevistas em profundidade com os responsáveis dos principais estudos de opinião na Espanha identificam-se características da realização dos inquéritos e a sua publicação. Resultados e conclusões: como conclusão destacam-se três desafios relacionados à estrutura legislativa que rege a publicação dos inquéritos e suas limitações, verificação dos dados publicados e sua divulgação com base em três padrões de relação estabelecidos entre as empresas demoscópicas e a mídia: modelo distanciado, embutido e integrado.

COOPERATIVE CLINIC and SME is intended as a forum for consultation and mentoring activities for Cooperatives and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Tangerang City. COOPERATIVE CLINICS and SMEs are made on the proposal procedurally through consultation and submission to the local government through the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. COOPERATIVE CLINICS AND SMEs in line with the Tangerang City Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) 2014-2018 where the realization through the establishment and development of empowerment sector of Cooperatives and SMEs in supporting local economic activities based on local resources. This is done as a government effort in increasing economic growth, employment, and increasing people's purchasing power by strengthening synergy among regional economic sectors. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs are under the control of the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs at least can overcome some classic problems such as: capital access problems, management problems, product quality problems, limited access to markets, the ability of human resources and institutional cooperatives and SMEs, cooperative and SME partnership patterns with large businesses, the role and capacity of cooperatives and SMEs have not been optimal, and have not memdainya access cooperatives and SMEs to productive resources. CLINIC COOPERATION and SMEs attached and become the work program of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City. To run CLINIC COOPERATIVES and SMEs, the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs can form a TEAM represented by elements of the Office, cooperative practitioners, academics and communities that meet the required criteria. Working mechanism that has been prepared can be run by TIM through Decree (SK) Head of Department of Cooperatives and UMKM. To carry out its activities the Dinas Koperasi and UMKM need to facilitate the building or work space, then the cost incurred from this activity is fully returned to the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs Tangerang City Government. Keywords: Kopersi Clinic and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM)

The article analyzes the development of humanity through self-knowledge and gradual unification into a separate subject of social and legal relations. The processes of globalization, deepening interdependence between states, as well as global problems are affecting humanity as a whole. These processes require understanding of the philosophical basis for the further legal implementation of the concept of "humanity" as a subject of rights. Humanity can be understood from different standpoints, not only as a unity of all people, but also as the unifying quality of human society. The arguments of researchers from various fields are presented in the article, proving the idea that globalization has created a global human society, which has to be taken into consideration for future law-making. Humanity should accept the change of consciousness and culture in order to solve global problems and to prevent their recurrence. Acceleration of the information exchange, new economic and political patterns, ICT, migration, and intercultural exchange should be taken seriously to prevent future global conflicts. Besides, the absolute sovereignty is no longer feasible. The international community has the right to interfere into internal affairs through the courts pointing out the essential universal criteria for assessing events and human rights violations; the restriction of wars without UN sanctions; international development aid and monitoring missions; combating international terrorism, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings, etc. Joint development of ideological, political and institutional principles of solving international and internal problems of statesare needed. The modern reality indicates the active phase of the process of creating a new type of social consciousness – universal consciousness, which is a sign that humanity can be viewed as a subject of social affairs, including possibility to have rights.Article received 11.07.2018 ; У статті здійснено аналіз розвитку людства через самопізнання та поступового об'єднання в окремого суб'єкта суспільних та правових відносин. Осмислення процесів глобалізації, поглиблення взаємозалежності між державами, а також глобальні проблеми, що впливають на людство загалом, вимагає розуміння філософського підґрунтя для подальшого юридичного впровадження поняття «людство» як суб'єкта прав.Матеріал надійшов 11.07.2018

The engagement of civil society actors in energy generation can be defined by the term community energy. Community energy initiatives have increased in several countries. This thesis aims at better understanding how this phenomenon emerges and how it can contribute to the decarbonization of our economy. For this purpose, a multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions and strategic niche management theory were employed as theoretical lenses. The research material consisted of 75 qualitative interviews, a survey of 26 distributed energy experts, and a panel data study of 66 large electric utilities from various countries. Thematic, narrative, regression and descriptive statistical analysis were utilized to analyse the data collected. The main findings showed that four main development patterns are triggering the rise of community energy projects. They are: (a) the characteristics of individuals, (b) social needs, (c) economic factors and (d) policy factors. The type of drivers behind community energy development is linked to the possibilities for scaling up the sector. Along with the drivers, some barriers were also identified. These included the resistance of incumbent regime actors to renewable energy diffusion, regulation and, in a few cases, technology performance. Regression analysis and the Granger test for causality showed that this resistance of incumbent energy firms was due to the negative correlation between an increase in renewable energy production and firms' long-term financial performance. The thesis concluded that community energy could have an important role to play in the ongoing energy transition. Its impact, however, is contingent on the degree of internal niche development and on the ways the community energy niche will engage with important regime actors such as energy companies, governments, and network operators. This work contributed to better understanding the factors influencing the development of socio-technical niches in the case of non-market driven innovation and the reasons that lead to the locking-up of energy regimes. In the future, researchers should make further attempts to uncover the ways in which regimes can be unlocked and social innovation for sustainability diffused.

The object of this paper is to identify the specific land use patterns in relation to a general framework of the fringe belts formation and modification through the urban expansion of Milan, a city with solid Italian planning tradition, by defining strong characteristics and land use transformations through comparative map analysis in a consistent timeline period. Adapting the study of fringe belts, as signatures of the pulsations of urban growth, and a reflection of urban space needs beyond those of the residential and retail sectors, is pertinent as it contributes to understand each phase of city alteration and urban growth and relate them to economic and political forces linked to the contemporary development of metropolitan areas. Applied adequately, fringe belt studies have been taken in different parts of Europe, but few have been done in Italy. This research, as a comparative study of superposition data approach, has aimed to verify the true development pattern of a city with dynamic typo-morphological transitions, with powerful industrial and service sector shifts recently, strictly reflecting on the shaping of the overall urbanized territory.A general study of the urban evolution has been undertaken and development of the municipality has been observed with a focus on defining land use maps, and obtaining a comparative data analyzes by overlapping and tracking land use transformations and expounding fringe belt modifications through different expansion periods of the urban territory. In the contemporary city, fringe belts can play crucial role as vast green open spaces for recreation and leisure, natural boundaries from harmful industrial surroundings, as well as ecological corridors and mediums for natural systems maintenance and natural remedy to improve the quality of life and provide healthier environments for the overall urban systems.Adapting the study of fringe belts in a regulated conceptual framework, and referring them into the historico-geographical structure of the urban development could lead up to adequate planning and urban design strategies that aim to improve the quality of life in contemporary urban landscapes.

Context
The study of the spatial variation in abundance of wild populations and the identification of factors explaining the observed patterns are key both to understand aspects of basic ecology and the effects of human activities. This is usually difficult to evaluate for low-density and widely distributed species, such as the lesser rhea (Rhea pennata pennata), an endemic bird from South America. Recent advances in spatial modelling such as the density surface models (DSM) combine distance-sampling procedures with modelling techniques to produce maps of spatial variation in abundance, and its relationship with predictive variables.

Aims
We aimed to analyse the spatial distribution and abundance of lesser rhea, and the variables that affect its abundance in Península Valdés (PV) Argentine Patagonia.

Methods
We conducted 338.4 km of ground surveys of lesser rheas in PV during the end of the Austral summer of 2015. Spatial models were constructed using DSM. Ecological and human-related variables were included in the models to account for variation in the abundance of animals at 4-km2 spatial resolution.

Key results
We estimated an overall density of 0.44 birds km–2 (CV = 32%) for the prediction area of 3320 km2. High values of normalised difference vegetation index, a correlate of plant productivity, were associated with increased numbers of lesser rheas. The location of ranch buildings, indicators of human presence, had a strong negative effect on lesser rheas, although their abundance increased at high sheep stocking rates.

Conclusions
As reported by previous studies in different sites, the abundance of lesser rheas in our study area was low. The use of DSM allowed a detailed examination of the spatial variation, as well as the variables involved and the uncertainty of the prediction.

Implications
The use of DSM techniques can be a useful tool for conservation planning and monitoring. Spatial, high-resolution data combined with knowledge on the factors affecting the number of animals are crucial to target specific conservation actions and monitor their results, and should allow government agencies to make better decisions concerning conservation-oriented management.

Resumen: El presente artículo aborda el cine moderno latinoamericano a partir de la articulación del cortometraje y el documental en tanto agentes fundamentales en el asentamiento de este fenómeno en la región. Para ello hemos escogido tres países –México, Brasil y Cuba– que han atravesado realidades disímiles en cuanto a la conformación de una tradición cinematográfica industrial. De este modo, corroboramos en un primer apartado el rol del cortometraje documental en las tres cinematografías contempladas a través del desarrollo del mismo a lo largo de la historia para desembocar en la renovación expresiva y semántica de los años cincuenta y sesenta. El film de corta duración se ha convertido en un medio eficaz para la transición o el ingreso a la modernidad. En una segunda sección examinamos las potencialidades del cortometraje en conjunción con las características del documental y realizamos un análisis textual comparado de tres ejemplos representativos de esos tres países con el propósito de rastrear patrones estéticos comunes y constatar en los textos fílmicos las marcas significantes del cine moderno. Abstract: This article deals with modern Latin American cinema based on the articulation of the short film and the documentary as fundamental agents in the settlement of this phenomenon in the region. For this we have chosen three countries –Mexico, Brazil and Cuba– that have experienced dissimilar realities in terms of the conformation of an industrial cinematographic tradition, deployment we explore in a first section. Then, in the second section we corroborate the role of the short documentary in the three cinemas contemplated through the development of the short film throughout history to lead to the expressive and semantic renewal of the fifties and sixties. Short film has become an effective means for transition or entry into modernity. In a third section, we examine the potentialities of the short film in conjunction with the characteristics of documentary film and perform a comparative textual analysis of three representative examples of those three countries, in order to trace common aesthetic patterns and note the significant marks of modern cinema.

Modern theoreticians of Global History differ in opinion as to the definition of Globalization and up till now there is no single definition, which would satisfy most scientists. Some of them believe this phenomenon to be irreal because it is impossible to clearly separate it from other social processes and phenomena or because it do not has clearly defined place in the geographical space. In most cases Globalization are understood as: We are living today in an age of rapid globalization. Its pace has accelerated in the past several decades, particularly since the end of the Cold War. The main thrust for globalization involved a high degree of Westernization, it by no means resulted in homogenization but everywhere produced diverse responses to the West rooted in indigenous cultures. In fact, we have witnessed homogeneity resulting from processes of globalization and at the some time increasing heterogeneity. Globalization thus is extremely complex and variegated, on the one hand indeed leading to high degrees of homogeneity in economic organization, technological and scientific developments and even lifestyles following Western patterns, on the other hand to marked divergences from Western outlooks and practices and even to pronounced resistance to Western influences. In this article we intend to examine the transformation of historical thinking and writing within this larger global context. Globalization is realized in the form of bilateral, multilateral and collective relation. Global System is usually understood as hierarchically structurized integral complex of actors of international relation, which are interconnected by constant relations. Until the early 21th century the investigation of Global History was performed within a whole number of social science: philosophy, history, sociology, legal and economic sciences. The theory of globalization is a science, which tries to logically and reasonably interpret the most essential phenomena and processes as well as interrelation between them using its own methods. Conflict and cooperation are the most important manifestation of the state of international relations and logically proceed from structural peculiarities of current global system.

SummaryThis paper examines the fertility transition and its recent dynamics in Sri Lanka using data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Population Censuses. Fertility trends and patterns were analysed for two periods: 1953–2000 and 2000–2012. The findings revealed that Sri Lanka's fertility transition has been relatively rapid and has taken place over a period of about four decades to reach replacement level. Social and health-related factors, including decline in maternal and infant mortality, increase in women's education, changes in institutions, reproductive values and behaviour, and increased contraceptive use all contributed to bringing down the fertility level by 2000. However, in the 2006/07 Sri Lankan DHS and 2012 Population Census, a slight increase in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.3 and 2.4, respectively, was observed. Binary logistic regression estimates based on 2006/2007 DHS data were used to identify the significant predictors of fertility preferences of ever-married women. The analysis of factors affecting the likelihood of having a larger family (more than 2 children) revealed that lower educated women were more likely to have a higher number of children than their counterparts with a higher level of education. Women who lived in rural and estate (commercial area of 20 acres or more employing 10 or more labourers) sectors were 1.4 and 1.2 times, respectively, more likely to prefer more children compared with urban women. In terms of ethnic groups, Moor and Tamil women were 4.5 and 1.4 times, respectively, more likely to prefer more children than Sinhalese women. When the economic status of women was considered, the poorer women were 1.4 times more likely to desire a higher number of children compared with rich women, while women in the middle wealth quintile were 1.2 times more likely to desire more children. The findings suggest that the Sri Lankan government should re-visit population and reproductive health policy and family planning programmes to see how it can better manage fertility among the different population groups in Sri Lanka.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to create a value variation measurement model to define the relationship among various roles in resource management within a service system; and divide value creation into two states (i.e. cocreation and codestruction) and use them as crucial indicators for value variation by adopting the service-dominant logic and using the Markov switching model.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposed that variations in value are similar to changes in economy because both are abstract, indefinable and not easy to identify. Therefore, this study used the Markov switching model to define the state of value through value cocreation and codestruction; analyze value variations in a service system; and provide a numerical evaluation method by using the concept of probability to depict state transitions. In addition, open data from the Kaohsiung City Government's 1999 call center were collected to address the aforementioned research objectives. The 1999 call center (service provider) offers citizens (customers) efficient consultant services to help them solve problems regarding the city government's affairs or policies. Thus, this call center can be considered a complex service system.FindingsThis study revealed that the call center can utilize the analysis results of the Markov switching model on answer rates to predict service quality patterns. In addition, most first call resolution rates occurred under State 1 (value cocreation). To address problems caused by accidental or rare events, the call center should formulate policies to increase people and technical resources and improve service system effectiveness.Originality/valueEnterprises currently focus on catering to customers' needs and offering services through comprehensive service procedures to sustainably generate multiple values for customers, helping them to create values. Previous studies have mostly focused on analyzing the values of a service system and have failed to extensively explore actual value variations. Thus, the value variation measurement model proposed in the present study was able to analyze value variations of a set of call center data and illustrate value variations by using state transitions.

The dynamics of peripheral capitalism in Latin America includes the employment or self-employment of a significant proportion of the working class under informal arrangements. The neoliberal transformations of the 1990s deepened this feature of Latin American labor markets, and it was not reversed during the period of economic growth that followed the collapse of neoliberalism. In this context, sociological debates have focused on the relationship between the formal and the informal fractions of the working class. Examination of the biographical and family linkages between formal and informal workers in Argentina and the effect of these connections on the patterns of class self-identification of individuals shows that lived experience across the informality boundary makes formal workers similar to informal workers in terms of class self-identification. This research provides preliminary evidence that the two kinds of workers belong to the same social class because of the fluidity of the boundary that separates them. Instead of a class cleavage, this boundary is better defined as the separation between fractions of the working class. La dinámica del capitalismo periférico en América Latina implica la informalidad laboral (sea entre trabajadores contratados o autónomos) de una sustancial parte de la clase obrera. Las transformaciones neoliberales de los años noventa profundizaron esta característica de los mercados de trabajo latinoamericanos, y el problema no se revirtió durante el período de crecimiento económico que siguió al colapso del neoliberalismo. En este contexto, los debates sociológicos se han centrado en la relación entre los grupos formales e informales de la clase obrera. Un análisis de los vínculos biográficos y familiares entre los trabajadores formales e informales en Argentina y el efecto de dichas conexiones en los patrones individuales de autoidentificación de clase muestra que la experiencia vivida en los límites de la informalidad hace que los trabajadores formales se consideren similares a los informales en términos de identificación de clase. Esta investigación brinda evidencia preliminar de que los dos tipos de trabajadores pertenecen a la misma clase social.

O presente artigo discute o tema da inserção internacional dos governos não centrais brasileiros e argentinos dentro contexto de integração regional que resulta na criação do Mercosul. Inicialmente, busca-se inserir o fenômeno dentro do debate teórico das Relações Internacionais, identificando suas principais correntes explicativas. Posteriormente, busca-se analisar as experiências pioneiras do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e da província de Misiones no contexto inicial da integração regional, ainda antes da criação do Mercosul. Por fim, com o surgimento do bloco em 1991, busca-se analisar seus impactos no âmbito estadual (Brasil) e provincial (Argentina) para compreender as diferentes estratégias adotadas pelos diferentes governos não centrais com base em estudos de caso que abrangem diferentes regiões brasileiras e argentinas, identificando padrões similares nos dois países. A metodologia utilizada ao longo da pesquisa foi o da política comparada aplicada a um pequeno número de casos (small n).
Palavras-chave: Paradiplomacia, Diplomacia Federativa, Governos Não Centrais, Mercosul.


Abstract: This article discusses the theme of the international insertion of Brazilian and Argentinian non-central governments within the context of regional integration that results into the creation of Mercosul. Initially, it seeks to insert the phenomenon within the theoretical debate of International Relations, identifying its main explanatory approaches. Then, it seeks to analyze the pioneering experiences of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the province of Misiones in the initial context of regional integration, even before the creation of Mercosul. Finally, with the appearance of the block in 1991, it seeks to analyze its impacts at the state (Brazil) and provincial (Argentina) level in order to comprehend the different strategies taken by the different non-central governments based in case studies that includes different regions of Brazil and Argentina, identifying similar patterns in both countries. The methodology used during the research was the comparative politics applied to a small number of cases (small n).
Key-words: Paradiplomacy, Federative Diplomacy, Non-central Governments, Mercosur.


Recebido em: julho/2016;
Aprobado em: janeiro/2017.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a taxonomy of how companies implement Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) in terms of two fundamental approaches: the first emerging from internal actions and operations within companies, and the other involving inter-organizational actions undertaken with external supply chain partners. This taxonomy aims to predict firms' performance with regard to the frequency of supply chain disruption.Design/methodology/approachA cluster analysis of survey data from 908 firms representing 69 countries together with an analysis of variance.FindingsThe authors' analysis demonstrates a clear structure of four different patterns of how companies manage supply chain risks: passive, internal, collaborative, and integral. The authors found that firms pursuing an inter-organizational orientation (collaborative and integral) face the lowest levels of supply chain disruption. On the contrary, strategies which simply concentrate on having greater control of internal operations are not vigorous enough to stop the cascade effect of a disruption at the supply chain level. Furthermore, the excellent performance of integral SCRM strategies also suggests that collaboration between buyers and suppliers ensures the efficacy of internal business continuity plans and security procedures.Practical implicationsManagers should play an active role in making sure that supply chain management and risk management disciplines evolve together. Obviously, when an exogenous event results in a supply chain disruption, a firm will try to put its operations under control through internal capabilities. But SCRM strategies designed proactively in advance with relevant partners are even more beneficial.Originality/valueFirst, previous studies have limited the analysis of SCRM mainly to its reactive internal initiatives within a firm. This paper takes the SCRM literature beyond the internal focus by considering both internal and inter-organizational efforts and, more importantly, developing a single configurational model to analyze modes of interaction. Second, there is little empirical evidence showing the current situation of SCRM. Research in SCRM has been more qualitative than empirical, especially in global coverage. The research tackles this gap and, based on a broader scope of the samples the empirical findings show a higher level of generalizability.