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The history of humanity is a history of rationality. As a result, mankind has progressed from the Stone Age to the era of modern medicine,
genetics, computer science, robotics, and nanotechnology. The life span
of a man in ancient times was about twenty years, and today, in highly developed societies, a man lives, on average, to eighty-six years. Advances in science and technology have not always had a positive impact. Suffice to say, the ongoing environmental problems that seriously affect humanity or, for example, the dietary problems that have resulted due to genetic manipulation. Scientific and technological development must be considered in a serious and philosophical manner. Ethics are increasingly becoming an integral part of life. In this paper, we focused on the new coronavirus that has led to the planetary-wide disease called COVID-19. All countries have engaged in their efforts to suppress the resulting pandemic. However, some of the utilized measures have been suspect: whether to lock-down people in quarantine, whether their movement should be restricted, whether they should be forced to vaccinate, and so on. Claiming to act prophylactically, scientists, by adding some DNA, RNA segments (gain of function, GOF) to an innocuous human virus, have created a dangerous artificial influenza virus. Likewise, an artificial, infectious coronavirus was created in a laboratory. Both procedures for creating these dangerous, hybrid viruses have been described in eminent scientific journals. The scientists involved in this research told us that they wanted to find cures and vaccines for these non-natural viruses on the off-chance they ever appeared among humans; when carefully handled, engineered organisms provide a unique opportunity to study biological systems in a controlled fashion. Biotechnology is a powerful tool to advance medical research and should not be abandoned because of irrational fears. But the chance of this type of virus appearing among humans is almost non-existent. However, what if these viruses "escape" from the lab, as has happened in the recent past? What if a terrorist organization start producing these viruses on their own according to detailed instructions and then use them? Finally, since the
two great world powers, the US and China, that jointly created the artificial coronavirus, called SHC014-MA15, who can stop them from continuing this practice? Isn't it possible that they also created the current SARS-CoV-2 provoking a death of two and a half million people? Related to these questions, this study deals with the issue of tolerance. A large number of world-renowned scientists really believe that the current cause of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is an artificial, laboratory-created virus, presenting a number of facts for this. It is not disputed that their claims are arguable. This, however, does not mean that their opponents, pharmaceutical companies and some superpowers, who have far greater political and economic power, have to incorrectly and utterly embarrass them all over, morally discredit them,
nor ban their texts on the subject. In science, the struggle must be waged by arguments, not by totalitarian Orwellian methods.

Science is key to solving the challenge of managing ecosystems for sustainable development. How do we achieve the benefits that result from the transformation and exploitation of ecosystems, and at the same time preserve ecosystem services and protected areas? In the ecosystem of the Everglades, a subtropical wetland located in South Florida (United States), an economic and environmental transformation occurred in the middle of the 20th century. Today, the Everglades Restoration Program is addressing the challenge of maintaining the benefits of the transformed ecosystem while at the same time protecting and restoring Everglades National Park. An analysis of the governance of this program highlights three important aspects of the system with respect to science. First, the primary decision-making body is the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force, a diverse group of 14 agency leads at the highest level of national, tribal, state and local government. Second, the role of science in the restoration program is written into the federal laws and regulations governing the program. Finally, all the member agencies of the Task Force employ qualified technicians and scientists whose work is to conduct, collect and synthesize scientific research. This system reduces the distance between scientists and decision makers. At the same time, the program's governance system allows actors with less financial or political power to exercise power through their scientific results, thus achieving a balance between the economic benefits and environmental benefits of the program. ; La ciencia es clave para asumir el reto principal del manejo de ecosistemas para el desarrollo sostenible: ¿cómo lograr los beneficios que resultan de la transformación y explotación de ecosistemas, y al mismo tiempo conservar los servicios ecosistémicos y las áreas naturales protegidas? En el ecosistema de los Everglades, humedal subtropical localizado en el sur de Florida (Estados Unidos), ocurrió una transformación económica y ambiental a mediados del siglo XX. Hoy, el Programa de Restauración de los Everglades está abordando el reto de mantener los beneficios del ecosistema transformado y, al mismo tiempo, proteger y restaurar el Parque Nacional Everglades. Un análisis de la ciencia y gobernanza del Programa de Restauración de los Everglades nos permite entender este proceso. Las decisiones fuertes sobre el programa son tomadas por una comisión especial diversa, compuesta al nivel más alto del gobierno, equivalente al nivel de ministros. El rol de la ciencia en el diseño, ejecución y monitoreo está escrito dentro de la ley y reglamento que rige el Programa. Finalmente, todas las agencias miembros de la Comisión emplean técnicos y científicos calificados, cuyo trabajo es el de hacer, recopilar y sintetizar investigaciones científicas. Este sistema reduce la distancia entre los científicos y los tomadores de decisiones. Al mismo tiempo, el sistema de gobernanza del Programa permite que los actores con menor poder financiero o político puedan ejercer poder por medio de sus resultados científicos, logrando así un balance entre los beneficios económicos y los beneficios ambientales del Programa.

Science is key to solving the challenge of managing ecosystems for sustainable development. How do we achieve the benefits that result from the transformation and exploitation of ecosystems, and at the same time preserve ecosystem services and protected areas? In the ecosystem of the Everglades, a subtropical wetland located in South Florida (United States), an economic and environmental transformation occurred in the middle of the 20th century. Today, the Everglades Restoration Program is addressing the challenge of maintaining the benefits of the transformed ecosystem while at the same time protecting and restoring Everglades National Park. An analysis of the governance of this program highlights three important aspects of the system with respect to science. First, the primary decision-making body is the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force, a diverse group of 14 agency leads at the highest level of national, tribal, state and local government. Second, the role of science in the restoration program is written into the federal laws and regulations governing the program. Finally, all the member agencies of the Task Force employ qualified technicians and scientists whose work is to conduct, collect and synthesize scientific research. This system reduces the distance between scientists and decision makers. At the same time, the program's governance system allows actors with less financial or political power to exercise power through their scientific results, thus achieving a balance between the economic benefits and environmental benefits of the program. ; La ciencia es clave para asumir el reto principal del manejo de ecosistemas para el desarrollo sostenible: ¿cómo lograr los beneficios que resultan de la transformación y explotación de ecosistemas, y al mismo tiempo conservar los servicios ecosistémicos y las áreas naturales protegidas? En el ecosistema de los Everglades, humedal subtropical localizado en el sur de Florida (Estados Unidos), ocurrió una transformación económica y ambiental a mediados del siglo XX. Hoy, el Programa de Restauración de los Everglades está abordando el reto de mantener los beneficios del ecosistema transformado y, al mismo tiempo, proteger y restaurar el Parque Nacional Everglades. Un análisis de la ciencia y gobernanza del Programa de Restauración de los Everglades nos permite entender este proceso. Las decisiones fuertes sobre el programa son tomadas por una comisión especial diversa, compuesta al nivel más alto del gobierno, equivalente al nivel de ministros. El rol de la ciencia en el diseño, ejecución y monitoreo está escrito dentro de la ley y reglamento que rige el Programa. Finalmente, todas las agencias miembros de la Comisión emplean técnicos y científicos calificados, cuyo trabajo es el de hacer, recopilar y sintetizar investigaciones científicas. Este sistema reduce la distancia entre los científicos y los tomadores de decisiones. Al mismo tiempo, el sistema de gobernanza del Programa permite que los actores con menor poder financiero o político puedan ejercer poder por medio de sus resultados científicos, logrando así un balance entre los beneficios económicos y los beneficios ambientales del Programa.

El potencial investigativo y académico de la facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales y Políticas de la Universidad Estatal de Guayaquil, deberá tener dentro de sus prioridades investigativas y académicas la evaluación de riesgos y el análisis de las vulnerabilidades, que permita buscar soluciones de fondo a la problemática de los desastres naturales y artificiales que pueden afectar a la institución, logrando mayor objetividad en el abordaje de estas problemáticas e integrando el esfuerzo colectivo para encontrar las vías más acertadas y factibles que permitan realmente una gestión efectiva. Un enfoque integral de manejo de riesgos. Se traduce en tener en cuenta un grupo de elementos básicos que posibiliten la misma. Dentro de estos podríamos citar entre otros: La preparación previa de la comunidad de la facultad, la protección financiera a través de seguros y la presencia de un liderazgo competente para adoptar acciones inteligentes y decididas posteriores a un gran desastre, todo lo que pudiera contribuir a la Resiliencia organizacional. En los análisis realizados en la Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales y Políticas de la Universidad Estatal de Guayaquil, se identifica como una debilidad la no existencia de un plan que viabilice el manejo de situaciones excepcionales que integre las acciones con una visión preventiva, que posibilite desde condiciones normales trabajar para la reducción de vulnerabilidades y de la misma manera, al presentarse las mismas tener un desempeño adecuado y ajustado a las necesidades de la institución.PALABRAS CLAVE: prevención; resiliencia; desastres y vulnerabilidades.APPROACH TO A STRATEGY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RISK AT THE FACULTY OF LAW AND SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF GUAYAQUILABSTRACTThe research and academic potential of the Faculty of jurisprudence and social sciences and policies of the State University of Guayaquil, shall have within its research and academic priorities risk assessment and analysis of vulnerabilities, enabling to search fund solutions to the problems of natural and man-made disasters that may affect the institution achieving greater objectivity in addressing these issues and integrating the collective effort to find more successful and feasible pathways that enable truly effective management. Comprehensive approach to risk management. This translates into take account of a group of basic elements that enable it. These could include among others: the prior preparation of the Faculty community, financial protection through insurance and the presence of a leadership that is competent to adopt intelligent and decisive action after a large disaster, everything that could contribute to organizational resilience. In analyses carried out in the Faculty of jurisprudence and social sciences and policies of the State University of Guayaquil, the non-existence of a plan that guarantee exceptional situations management that integrates the actions with a preventive vision, enabling from normal work for the reduction of vulnerabilities and likewise is identified as a weakness, presented the same perform appropriate and adjusted to the needs of the institution.KEYWORDS: prevention; resilience; disasters and vulnerabilities.

Рассматривается проблема использования понятия маргинального в исторической науке. Дается обзор появления понятия маргинальное™ в социальных науках, оценка его сегодняшней методологической состоятельности. Подвергаются критике понятия «структурной» и «объективной» маргинальности. Отталкиваясь от психологических переживаний индивида, маргинальность определяется как кризисное состояние неуверенности, неопределенности или самоопределения человека. В связи с этим определением предлагается перейти к типологизации исторических личностей или социальных групп, что даст возможность новых, актуальных интерпретаций мотивации и поведения маргиналов, причин формирования и распада маргинальных групп. ; Definition of marginality is becoming more and more relevant for the Humanities, in this connection its methodological potential for historical science needs to be studied. The emergence of the marginality definition traces back to the American School of Sociology of the 1930s. This definition is based on the social and psychological aspects of socialization and cultural conflict, connected with the period of removal, changing, which can be defined as a crisis. The further development of American Sociology led to the expansion of the described marginality cases. New approaches appeared, marginality became a sociological definition to a large extent, the study of the social causes of marginalization began to dominate. Sociology became the science studying the social structure of the society, and persons, who ''really'' were in a position marginal to the defined social structure, began to be called ''marginal persons''. The psychological aspects of marginality receded into the background. Therefore, in our opinion, the monolithic notion of marginality phenomenon could not be worked out in sociology of our country as well as in sociology of other countries. The scientists either cannot explain the definition of marginal persons or expand this definition to all people. Therefore, to use this definition in the historical science we propose to return to the psychological understanding of this definition and to define marginality as the crisis state of uncertainty, vagueness or self-determination of a person in the world. It means that this understanding of marginality is based not on the position of the person in the social structure, which can be regarded as a secondary phenomenon, but on the doubts of the person about the stability of their social position. Such a person has a definite motivation and demonstrates typical behaviour, what is important to take into account for the study of a medieval person. Ivan the Terrible can be regarded as a glaring example of a marginal medieval person. According to the traditional point of view it is impossible to define Ivan IV as a marginal person, because the Tsar is considered to be on the top of the social hierarchy. Many scientists rather prefer to call him a brain-sick person than to explain his specific behaviour. But the use of marginality conception lets us see the conflict between the Tsar and the society, which was caused not by the different notions of political, ideological doctrines or psychological crises but by the different notions of morality, the due, which underlie socialization. The use of our definition of marginality let us study effectively and distinguish types of marginal groups, for example, insurgent peasants, suppressed ethnic minorities, sectarians, etc.

Durante los últimos dos siglos se ha venido sosteniendo la neutralidad y apoliticidad de la ciencia, pero se ha pasado por alto que esta, como construcción humana, no puede ostentar un estatus especial. Es decir, está condicionada históricamente al igual que cualquier otra actividad. La ciencia moderna adquirió su actual división disciplinaria en el siglo XIX, en gran parte por el desarrollo del capitalismo industrial que cubrió el orbe y la conformación de estados-nación y su organización dentro del sistema interestatal, de modo que es una particular forma de entender y estudiar la realidad, pero no la única posible. Las elecciones teóricas y metodológicas hechas desde entonces se han impuesto como la forma natural de aprehender la realidad. La fase actual del proceso de la globalización ha puesto de manifiesto que el marco epistemológico decimonónico –y como parte de él, el nacionalismo metodológico– resulta insuficiente en el presente para explicar ciertos fenómenos sistémicos y ha revelado la necesidad de su superación. En el presente contexto histórico se hace más necesario que nunca superar la dependencia académica y la adopción de una actitud crítica para que la división internacional del trabajo académico y la estructuración de una agenda transnacional para la educación no operen en contra de las zonas y poblaciones pobres del mundo. Ello supone que la universidad defina su papel con respecto a la sociedad desde una dimensión política, antes de que decida y realice su propia reforma. La transdisciplinariedad juega un papel principal en la superación de los viejos modelos de la ciencia y la universidad. ; Over the past two centuries, it has been claimed that science is neutral and apolitical, without considering that, as a human construction, it cannot hold a special status. That is, it is historically conditioned as any other activity. Modern science acquired its current disciplinary division in the nineteenth century, largely because of the development of industrial capitalism that covered the globe and the formation of nation states and their organization within the interstate system. Thus, it is a particular way of understanding and studying reality, but not the only one. The theoretical and methodological choices made during this period have been imposed as the natural way of apprehending reality. The current phase of the process of globalization has shown that, the nineteenth-century epistemological framework, and the methodological nationalism as part of this framework, is insufficient to explain systemic phenomena and revealed the necessity to transcend it. In this historical context, it is more important than ever to overcome academic dependency, and to adopt a critical attitude for international division of academic work, and the structuring of an agenda for transnational education so as not to be detrimental to the poorest areas and populations of the world. This means that, the university should define its role with regard to society from a political dimension, before deciding and making its own transition to a reform. Transdisciplinarity plays a major role in overcoming the old models of science and university.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- The Importance of The Arab Countries in the Western Coalition on the Ukraine Conflict -- The Middle East at a Crossroad -- The Empirical Studies on Global Resilience, Based on the World Values Survey -- The Methodology of Our Study -- The Depressing Results -- The Factor Analytical Results -- Factor Analytical Results about Different Countries, Political Orientations and Denominational Groups -- The Dynamics of Value Change and Resilience -- The Political Sociology of Global Putin Support/Rejection -- Ridiculous Nationalism (Popper)? -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- For the First Time in the Global Literature -- Outlining Our Study -- Chapter 2 -- Background Developments at the Global Level -- The Debates on Resilience Gather in Pace -- The Cambridge Study on the Ukraine Opinions of 97% of the Global Population -- The United Nations General Assembly Vote of 22 February 2023 -- All Countries of the World Are Resilient, But Some Are More Resilient Than the Others? -- Chapter 3 -- Assessing the Developing Security Threats Facing Israel in a Changing Middle East -- From Independence Till October 1973 Yom Kippur War -- A New Deal: Sadat's Egypt Signs Peace Treaty with Israel -- The First Lebanon War: The Changing Threat -- The Rise of Hezbollah as the Burgeoning New Threat To Israel -- Israel in the Face of New Security Threats -- The Security Challenges Facing Israel -- Is American Influence in the Middle East Waning? -- Israel Faces Deadly Iranian Threats on Two Major Fronts -- The Ignored Water-Related Threats -- Egypt's Pivotal Role -- Türkiye -- The ISIS /Daesh Threat -- The Reappearance of Russia as a Superpower in the Middle East -- The Decline of U.S. Influence -- What Are the Prospects Ahead? -- Chapter 4 -- The Analysis of Global Values -- Hofstede.

Illegitimacy was an important subject in medieval Scotland. It was a legal barrier to inheritance, and its associations with wrongful sexual conduct could be socially stigmatising. We know that these disadvantages were taken seriously, since many parents turned to legal remedies either to ensure their children's legitimate status or to mitigate the effects of their illegitimacy. But neither legal sanctions nor the disapproval of illegitimacy that lay behind them extinguished the phenomenon of illegitimate birth in medieval Scottish society. Although we cannot know the full extent of its prevalence, there is plentiful evidence of it in royal and noble families and in the Scottish Church, and it was certainly known in urban life as well. Medieval Scots had a complex relationship with illegitimacy. Most understood it to be an undesirable condition linked to moral fault, but in general they accommodated this view alongside a pragmatic acceptance of their peers who were illegitimate or were parents of illegitimate offspring. The literary texts and chronicles examined in this study reveal something of these contemporary attitudes. They also provide some insight into how Scots, legitimate and illegitimate alike, engaged with illegitimacy to reconcile its negative associations with the reality that those born outside marriage may live as virtuously, and have as much to offer their communities, as anyone else. Consideration of the role of illegitimacy and illegitimates in political events and developments between 1165 and 1500 bears out the evidence of these texts, and reinforces the impression that Scottish people in the middle ages had a highly nuanced view of illegitimacy. Bringing together some of the many references to illegitimacy in medieval sources and examining them collectively provides compelling evidence that illegitimacy was more significant as a political, social and personal concern in medieval Scotland than has hitherto been recognised

From an acclaimed, New York Times bestselling biographer, a timely reassessment of Abraham Lincoln's indispensable Secretary of the Treasury: a leading proponent for black rights both before and during his years in cabinet and later as Chief Justice of the United States. Salmon P. Chase is best remembered as a rival of Lincoln's for the Republican nomination in 1860-but there would not have been a national Republican Party, and Lincoln could not have won the presidency, were it not for the vital groundwork Chase laid over the previous two decades. Starting in the early 1840s, long before Lincoln was speaking out against slavery, Chase was forming and leading antislavery parties. He represented fugitive slaves so often in his law practice that he was known as the attorney general for runaway negroes, and he furthered his reputation as an outspoken federal senator and progressive governor of Ohio. Tapped by Lincoln to become Secretary of the Treasury, Chase would soon prove vital to the Civil War effort, raising the billions of dollars that allowed the Union to win the war, while also pressing the president to emancipate the country's slaves and recognize black rights. When Lincoln had the chance to appoint a chief justice in 1864, he chose his faithful rival, because he was sure Chase would make the right decisions on the difficult racial, political, and economic issues the Supreme Court would confront during Reconstruction. Drawing on previously overlooked sources, Walter Stahr sheds new light on a complex and fascinating political figure, as well as on the pivotal events of the Civil War and its aftermath. Salmon P. Chase tells the forgotten story of a man at the center of the fight for racial justice in 19th century America.

The Values, World Society and Modelling Yearbook 2015, like the 2014 Yearbook, analyses contemporary world events with special attention to values, drawing on foundational ideas in a variety of academic disciplines. World society in 2015 exhibited economic, political and cultural tensions: growth and austerity; the Greek bailout referendum; the Paris attacks on the Charlie Hebdo cartoonists; the Christian south and Muslim north in the Nigerian elections; and religion and secularism in Ireland's referendum on same-sex marriage. Demographics, austerity, migration and nationalism were all issues in the UK general election. There were debates about immigration into Europe and debates about Western military intervention. There were debates about the Enlightenment surrounding the bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo. The year 2015 was the seventieth anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations, and the centenary of the birth of one of those who attended the San Francisco conference in 1945, namely John Burton, founder of the Conflict Research Society. Chapter Two of the Yearbook is "The John Burton Memorial Lecture 2015", by Kevin Clements. Other guest contributors are Feargal Cochrane, Hugh Miall, Dennis Sandole and Rania Dimitraki. The modelling aspect of the Yearbook is strongly structured around the notions of space, time and value. Six of the chapters are about space - physical space, geographical space, psychological space, social space, political space and value space. Four of the chapters are about time: time series for human development and population; revisiting the Pinker debate about a decline in violence; physical and structural violence; the 1945-2015 UK decline in two-party and three-party politics; the flight from the centre and the rise of UKIP and Jeremy Corbyn. The chapter "Life is a Journey" discusses values in a

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- Dedication -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- (1) Aims and Procedure -- (2) The Selected Economists -- Notes -- Chapter 2: Classical Economists and the Empire, 1776-1860 -- (1) Classical Economics, Empire and Free Trade -- (2) Classical Economics, Empire and the Malthusian Theory of Population -- (3) J S Mill and the Classical Heritage on Empire -- Notes -- Chapter 3: The Economic Stage, 1860-1914 -- (1) The Period of Neo-Classical Economics: A Summary -- (2) Brief overview of British Expansion and Economic Facts Associated with Empire, 1860-1914 -- (a) Emigration -- (b) Trade and Investment, 1860-1914 -- (3) Schemes for the Economic and Political Unification of the Empire: -- (a) Imperial Preference -- (b) Imperial Federation -- (4) The Framework of British Imperial History in the Nineteenth Century: -- (a) The Traditional Framework -- (b) The New Framework -- Notes -- SECTION TWO: THE SHADOW OF J S MILL: THE 1860s ECONOMISTS -- Chapter 4: J S Mill's Critics: Goldwin Smith and J E T Rogers -- Goldwin Smith: -- (1) Introduction -- (2) Economic Disutiiity of Empire: Trade and Emigration -- (3) The General Costs and Benefits of the Colonial Connection -- (4) Imperial Federation and the Union of Anglo-Saxonism -- (5) India -- (6) Conclusion -- J E T Rogers: -- (1) Introduction -- (2) Politics and Economics -- (3) On Empire and Colonisation -- (4) Emigration, Capital and Trade -- (5) Protectionism in the Colonies -- (6) The Disutility of Empire -- (7) The Utility of Empire -- (8) India -- (9) Conclusion -- Notes -- Chapter 5: J S Mill's Admirers: J E Cairnes and Henry Fawcett -- J E Cairnes: -- (1) Introduction -- (2) Principles of Political Economy

"This book reclaims postcolonial theory, addressing persistent limitations in the geographical, disciplinary, and methodological assumptions of its dominant formations, and emerging from an investment in the future of postcolonial studies and a commitment to its basic premise; namely the conception of particular cultural and literary articulations in relation to larger structures of colonial and imperial domination as a way of putting the theory back in postcolonial theory. To a certain extent, postcolonial theory is a victim of its own success, in part from the institutionalization of the insights that it has enabled: now that they no longer seem new, it is hard to know what the field's work should be beyond these general commitments, or what its practitioners should be debating. The renewal of popular anti-imperial energies across the globe provides a rare opportunity to reassert the political and theoretical value of the postcolonial as a comparative, interdisciplinary, and oppositional paradigm. This collection makes a claim for what postcolonial theory can say through the work of scholars articulating what it still cannot or will not say. It explores ideas that a more aesthetically sophisticated postcolonial theory might be able to address, focusing on questions of visibility, performance, and literariness. Contributors highlight some of the shortcomings of current postcolonial theory in relation to contemporary political developments such as Zimbabwean land reform, postcommunism, and the economic rise of East Asia. Finally, they address the disciplinary, geographical, and methodological exclusions from postcolonial studies through a detailed focus on new disciplinary directions (management studies, theories of the state), overlooked places and perspectives (Palestine, Weimar Germany, the environmentalism of the poor), and the necessity of materialist analysis for understanding both world and world literary systems"--

"This book examines the post-ceasefire evolutions and histories of the main Irish republican terrorist factions, and the interconnected character of politics and militarism within them. Offering the first comparative study of the two leading Irish republican terrorist movements the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA (PIRA), this book presents the lesser-known Officials' political-military evolution and analyses whether they could have been role models for the Provisionals. Not only does it compare the terrorism and the politics of the Officials and Provisionals in the aftermath of their seminal ceasefires of 1972 and 1994, it also presents the Irish republican history in a new light and brings to the fore the understudied and disregarded Officials who called their seminal ceasefire twenty-two years before their rivals in 1972. In doing this, the work discusses whether the PIRA might have learned lessons from the bitter and ultimately unsuccessful experience of the Officials. This book goes beyond traditional interpretations of the rivalry and competition between the two factions with the Officials usually seen as non-violent but unsuccessful and the Provisionals less politically inclined and mostly concerned with their armed struggle. Simultaneously, it dispels the myth of the alleged Provisional republican copying of their Official republican counterparts who seemed ready for a political compromise in Northern Ireland more than twenty years before the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Finally, it comprehensively compares the Officials and the Provisionals within the identified key areas and assesses the two factions' differences and similarities. . This book will be of much interest to students of Irish politics, terrorism studies, security studies and politics in general"-- Provided by publisher

"This book examines the post-ceasefire evolutions and histories of the main Irish republican terrorist factions, and the interconnected character of politics and militarism within them. Offering the first comparative study of the two leading Irish republican terrorist movements the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA (PIRA), this book presents the lesser-known Officials' political-military evolution and analyses whether they could have been role models for the Provisionals. Not only does it compare the terrorism and the politics of the Officials and Provisionals in the aftermath of their seminal ceasefires of 1972 and 1994, it also presents the Irish republican history in a new light and brings to the fore the understudied and disregarded Officials who called their seminal ceasefire twenty-two years before their rivals in 1972. In doing this, the work discusses whether the PIRA might have learned lessons from the bitter and ultimately unsuccessful experience of the Officials. This book goes beyond traditional interpretations of the rivalry and competition between the two factions with the Officials usually seen as non-violent but unsuccessful and the Provisionals less politically inclined and mostly concerned with their armed struggle. Simultaneously, it dispels the myth of the alleged Provisional republican copying of their Official republican counterparts who seemed ready for a political compromise in Northern Ireland more than twenty years before the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Finally, it comprehensively compares the Officials and the Provisionals within the identified key areas and assesses the two factions' differences and similarities. . This book will be of much interest to students of Irish politics, terrorism studies, security studies and politics in general"--Provided by publisher.

Introduction 1 -- Yugoslav authoritarianism : the old and the new (7) -- The Yugoslav press (10) -- The purpose of this study (13) -- Organization (18) -- 1963-1966: what is to be done? 21 -- Greater regulation (22) -- Skilled workers (26) -- Causes of the exodus and how to control it (29) -- Remittances and negotiations (31) -- Exile groups (33) -- Tito (34) -- 1967: settling in 37 -- Negotiations (38) -- Nationalities (40) -- Bank deposits and worker transfers (41) -- Illegals and exile groups (42) -- Socialist countries (44) -- Conditions for emigrant workers (45) -- A malevolent world -- (50) -- 1968: the pace increases 55 -- Numbers (58) -- Illegal recruitment and poor organization (61) -- "Turks" (64) -- Families and political exiles (66) -- Negotiations (67) -- Tito (69) -- 1969: full speed ahead 71 -- Numbers (71) -- Negotiations (76) -- The need for greater regulation (80) -- Returnees and cultural ties (84) -- Conditions for workers abroad (85) -- Press conclusions (86) -- 1970: caution 89 -- Numbers (90) -- Causes of the exodus (93) -- Skilled workers (94) -- Illegal recruitment and "selling" (97) -- Nationalities (101) -- General anger (103) -- Conditions for workers abroad (106) -- Numbers and negotiations (107) -- 1971: slower 111 -- Skilled workers (111) -- Reversing the flow (113) -- Numbers (116) -- Negotiations (119) -- Illegal recruitment and "selling" (120) -- Conditions for workers abroad (119) -- Cultural ties (124) -- Nationalism (126) -- 1972: muzzled 129 -- Nationalism and cultural ties (129) -- Political exiles (130) -- Numbers (133) -- Negotiations (135) -- Economic benefits (138) -- Causes of the exodus (139) -- Conditions for workers (140) -- Returnees and regulations (142) -- "Three large armies" (144) -- 1973: military necessity 147 -- The military (147) -- Reversing the flow (153) -- Negotiations and numbers (155) -- Conditions for emigrant workers (158) -- The economics of oil (159) -- Conclusion 163 -- Annotated bibliography of cited Yugoslav periodicals 169