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Considerată prima hartă a Valahiei la scară mare (cca. 1:57,000) și printre primele având la bază măsurători topografice, harta Specht (1790-91) a fost utiliza tă în numeroase studii
geografice. Un fapt mai puțin cunoscut este că materialul cartografic a fost însoțit și de trei
tomuri ce furnizează informații suplimentare, precum: elemente de localizare, numărul și tipul construcțiilor, felul formațiunilor vegetale și altele. În ciuda caracterului inedit, anuscrisele păstrate sub formă de copie, la Biblioteca Academiei Române, au fost rareori utilizate în scop științific. Scopul acestui articol este de a explora veridicitatea datelor care exprimă, în unități de timp, distanțele dintre așezările de pe harta Specht. Analiza a constat în interpolarea datelor organizate întro bază de date istorico-geografică, pentru a reflecta două ipostaze ale mișcării populației: călătoria în orizontul local (în vecinătatea satului) și călătoria intrajudețeană, având ca pol reședința de județ. Pentru delimitarea zonei de studiu pe criterii relevante, ca studiu de caz a fost tratat județul Săcuieni, una dintre unitățile administrativ-teritoriale de tranzit între Muntenia și Transilvania. Pentru validare, hărțile obținute au fost comparate cu descrieri de călătorie din secolele XVIII-XIX. Având în vedere variabilele existente (mijloacele de deplasare, anotimpul, starea drumurilor, etc), rezultatele analizei corespund cu mărturiile istorice și cu situația reală. În concluzie, harta Specht împreună cu cele trei manuscrise complementare constituie o sursă veridică de date din perspectiva timpului estimat între așezări.
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Purpose
This paper aims to examine the relationship between family responsibilities and family support, on the one hand, and decisions by men and women concerning owning a business, as well as how many hours they work in that business.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors used data collected by the US Current Population Survey between 1989 and 2011 and had a starting sample of 1,258,430 individuals, and a final sample of 27,147.


Findings
The authors found that both women and men are more inclined to own a business when they are married, have children or receive financial support from their spouse. They also found widespread gender differences in these analyses. The influence of family-related issues on owning a business is stronger for women than for men.


Originality/value
The findings indicate that male business owners work longer hours if they have young children. In contrast, female business owners reduce their work hours if they are married, have young children and receive support from their spouse. Implications are discussed.

Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes one of the major public health problems in Nepal. Our theoretical framework, in this paper, is to explore people's understanding of the culturally constructed reality, the local explanatory model, for causes of Tuberculosis. The ethnographic data were collected from 'Solubang' village of Pyuthan district in 2005 and 2012/13. The finding shows that assumed and suggested cause(s) of TB are multiple but most often within a framework of great uncertainty. Compared to 2005, people were better aware of the need for timely treatment in 2012/13. The arrival of the biomedical anti-TB medicines has changed the situation for the better and is widely recognized but perception on causes of TB and its prevalence have not changed drastically, and mortality rates have not decreased at the speed hoped for.

According to freedom of will, people are responsible for what they do and due to this principle, they would be punished. However, whenever human's will is distorted for some reason, punishment would be null and void. One of these reasons that can distort individual will is the principle of duress that is discussed in Imami Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code several times. Hence, almost in all crimes that their penalties are codified in Islamic Penal Code, duress can cause disclaimer of the coercer; unless about duress in murder. Although there are many disputes among jurists on retaliation or lack of retaliation for this crime, opinion of majority of jurists on acceptance of retaliation is accepted by the legislator. About other crimes like duress in adultery and sodomy, the coercer would be disclaimed; unless in cases that the criminal claims for coercion. In this case, legislator accepts principle of lack of duress and makes the court responsible for investigations. However, in Imami jurisprudence, the sentence would be issued for disclaimer of the coercer immediately after creation of doubt for judge and in case of probability of accuracy of claim.

The key purpose of this research is to examine the level of attainment of rural development in the two districts—Burdwan and Murshidabad. The reasons for selecting these two districts stems from the fact that majority of the population of these two districts dwell in rural areas. The concept of rural development is comprehensive. It includes economic development of rural people through the development of productive sectors and employment associated with rural infrastructural development as well human development. Therefore, rural development includes in its domain all the aspects of human development of the rural people. The present Central as well as State Governments have undertaken different policies and plans to bring about positive changes amidst the rural people. In most cases, however, the policies and plans fail to achieve the desired level of changes in the rural areas (Desai, 1991). Although in fewer isolated cases, some success has been achieved, but overall development remains to be reached. This research, based mainly on secondary data aims to investigate the scale of progress in the two districts —Burdwan and Murshidabad of West Bengal, India, in the areas embracing social correlates of rural poverty, basic infrastructure facilities, standard of living and quality of life. The data are analysed with the help of statistical and cartographical analysis.