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This article argues that, by acting autonomously and cohesively, the European Union (EU) was able to shape the global agenda on foreign aid throughout the 2000s, particularly on the issue of donor complementarity and division of labour. By contrast, its ability to promote aid effectiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa was significantly constrained by national aid bureaucracies and by the complex aid architecture. More generally, to fully understand whether or not the EU is an effective actor, it is necessary to take into account how EU actorness contributes to the issue being discussed. At headquarter level, the European Commission sought to enhance EU actorness, which was seen as key to aid effectiveness. On the ground, national aid bureaucracies resisted EU actorness in the name of aid effectiveness.

'This highly original text makes an important contribution. Well-structured and with clear arguments, it is both authoritative and readable. Strongly recommended.' -Dr Christopher M. Davidson, Reader in Middle East Politics in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, UK 'The U.S. security relationship with Europe is an issue of considerable importance for European order. This book provides a cogent analysis of the American commitment to the NATO alliance over the last quarter of a century, from the end of the Cold War to the Ukraine crisis. Yanan Song provides a systematic and thorough study of the wellsprings of U.S. thinking towards NATO and its European allies.' -Professor Adrian Hyde-Price, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden This book examines the continuing US commitments to NATO in the post-Cold War era. The initial focus is on the recommitment decisions of the Clinton administration. It also extensively explores the US operations in Kosovo, Afghanistan and, in particular, Libya. The case study on Libya is especially important in exploring the Obama administration's understanding of the purpose of NATO in the context of current economic pressures, domestic US debates about post-War on Terror interventions, and of increasing American preoccupation with Pacific rather than European security. The author utilises substantial archival research and interviews with policymakers and academics, including Ambassador Kethleen Stephens, former Special Assistant to the President Stephen J. Flanagan, and former Director for Non-proliferation at National Security Council Robert S. Litwak. This book is ideal for postgraduate researchers and academics in US foreign policy, foreign policy decision-making, transatlantic relations and NATO, as well as a great use to undergraduate students. Yanan Song received her PhD from the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University, UK

"The European Union (EU) is at the forefront of engaging in external trade relations outside of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with entire regions and economic powerhouses. Understanding why and how the EU engages in one of the most active fields of external relations is crucial. This book fills a gap in the literature by analysing motives on the modes bilateralism, inter-regionalism, or multilateralism - of EU external trade relations towards regional organizations in Asia and Latin America outside of the WTO. In particular, it examines why the EU turned from interregional to bilateral external trade relations towards these world regions a question that is, to date, under-researched. By developing and testing an original approach rooted in realist theorizing coined commercial realism, it examines systematically the explanatory power of commercial realism against liberal-institutionalist approaches dominant in the literature on EU external relations through five in-depth case studies. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students in EU Politics/Studies, EU external relations, inter-regionalism and more broadly to International Relations and International Political Economy."--Provided by publisher.

The article is devoted to the formation of the Archives of the Foreign Office, its structure and departments, provided British diplomatic documents of the official and unofficial origin, concerning the region of Central and South-Eastern Europe, such as office documents and memoir notes, which can be used as sources for the history of Slovenia of the first half of the ХХ century. The documents are divided into groups; periods of history of Slovenia, covered in the considered sources, are underlined.The Slovenians live at the crossroads of trade routes between the Balkans and Central Europe, their land was always important for the control the Adriatic. So the nearest peoples – Italians, Austrians – always had an interest here. In addition, this land was interesting for a more powerful subject of the world politics – Great Britain. Already from the middle of XVIII cent., when the crisis of the Ottoman Empire has achieved its culmination, Britain has begun to monitor developments in the region attentively. The main competitor in the region in case of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire was originally Austrian Empire, and since the middle of 1870ths British-German relations were deteriorated by strengthening of the Germany's economic expansion in Africa and the Middle East. The crisis has got even greater detente after the start of the exploitation of the Middle Eastern oil; World War I has lead to radical changes in the international relations, including the Balkan region. All these processes are forced Britain to give more attention to the Balkans, to increase diplomatic staff, to collect and process vast amounts of information.For this purposes the Foreign Office has created the archive, which developed over a long time and was reorganized several times. The last replacement of a classification was in 1968. Internal divisions of the Foreign Office were arbitrarily divided into two main categories: political (or diplomatic) and non-political. Political departments were responsible for a specific geographical area, and others – for specific cases. That's why documents of political departments were often classified geographically, while other ones by content. Departments, as well as searched states, had their own codes, by letter or number.In this classification Slovenia were firstly belonged to Austria and then to the First Yugoslavia, so that documents and records are scattered over a large number of different funds, which sometimes do not even have a detailed description. Nevertheless the Archive contains a large number of documents, concerned to the Slovenes by some way. Archive funds are divided into groups: General Correspondence, Registers and Indexes, Embassy Archives and Consular Archives from 1906, Confidential Print, Treaties, Private and Private Office Papers, Archives of Commissions and Conferences.Basically there are documents relating to the political history, as well as a small descriptions of various trips to Slovenia, records about the Slovenian land and Slovenes, which were written on different occasions at different times of the Slovenian history by different people, which were minor or major policy observers. Documents of the intelligence service are generally dry and statistical and mostly belong to the military, political and economic spheres; personal records are largely subjective, superficial and contain a lot of prejudices, but add substance to all the researches on political, economic and national-cultural history of Slovenia. ; Рассмотрено формирование Архива Форин-Офиса, его структура и отделы, содержащие британские дипломатические документы официального и неофициального происхождения относительно региона Средней и Юго-Восточной Европы, канцеляр-скую документацию и записки мемуарного характера, составляющих комплекс источников по истории Словении первой половины ХХ в. Документы разделены на группы, выделены периоды истории Словении, которые освещаются в рассмотренных источниках. ; Розглянуто формування Архіву Форін-Офіса, його структура та відділи, які містять британські дипломатичні документи офіційного та неофіційного походження щодо регіону Середньої та Південно-Східної Європи, канцелярську документацію та записки мемуарного характеру, що складають комплекс джерел з історії Словенії першої половини ХХ ст. Документи поділені на групи, виділено періоди історії Словенії, які висвітлюються в розглянутих джерелах.

During President Joko Widodo's (Jokowi's) administration, Indonesia and China tend to have closer partnership concerning tourism sector. On the other hand, as Chinese outbound tourists gradually increase year to year, China becomes a key market that is expected to boost international tourist arrivals in Indonesia. The article aims to explain Indonesia's public diplomacy to China in the tourism sector during the first period of President Jokowi's administration from the analysis of international relations. This article presents an analysis of Indonesia's public diplomacy models in enhancing tourism-branding to China based on the soft power theory. Public diplomacy represents a country's foreign policy through two-way communication and people-topeople interaction between representatives of a country and foreign publics as objects of diplomacy. The article mainly uses qualitative research methodology with analytical and descriptive analysis to understand and analyze public diplomacy and its practical implementations to China. The result finding is that Indonesia makes tourism as a potential soft power to strengthen its identity and enhance strategic and comprehensive relations with China. By developing diplomatic practices through a people-centered approach, the government would be more effective and efficient to reach all levels of Chinese society to promote Indonesia's tourism

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: Theoretical Perspectives on Labor Migration -- Chapter Three: A Social-Historical Context of Xaripu's Land Displacement and Labor Migration Experience -- Chapter Four: The Logic of Colonialism in Modern Labor Relations -- Chapter Five: Haciendo Comunidad across Borders -- Chapter Six: The Family across Borders -- Chapter Seven: A Pueblo's Search for Empowerment across Borders -- Appendix -- Notes -- Works Cited -- index.

The IISS Strategic Dossier China's Belt and Road Initiative provides a geopolitical and geo-economic assessment of President Xi Jinping's flagship foreign-policy initiative. The dossier explores the Belt and Road Initiative's role in China's domestic industrial strategy and in the country's growing influence around the world. It studies how Beijing's ambitions, management and financing of the initiative have evolved since its launch in 2013. In addition, the volume reflects on the future of China's initiative following the COVID-19 pandemic. The dossier is organised around a region by region assessment of what Beijing has sought to achieve in different countries and how the Belt and Road Initiative has played out over time. The volume examines recipient countries' responses to the Belt and Road Initiative and how these have affected it. It also looks at responses from other global and regional powers to China's economic activities around the world and offers thoughts on ways the West might better contend with Beijing's geo-economic influence.

Russian policy in South Caucasus is not a fully effective policy, as Russia's actions towards Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are dominated by bilateral relations rather than a single, coherent strategy towards the region. The policy towards these countries also bears the hallmarks of an imperial policy, since it boils down to rewards (in the political, economic or military sphere) for cooperation, or punishments for any action against Russian interests. In addition to enhancing bilateral relations, Russia makes efforts (in accordance with documents issued by official bodies) to integrate the CIS area, of course including the Trans-Caucasus, under its leadership. But it comes up short in these efforts, because not all the Caucasus countries are interested in Russian-led economic integration (within the Eurasian Economic Union), or political and military integration (within CIS, CSTO).

Israel and China have quietly developed a significant arms trade since the 1970s. This article examines the history of the development of the Israel-China arms trade, its ramifications for wider international relations including those between the US and Israel, the US and China, and also foreign policy implications for China and the Middle-East. (Asian Aff/GIGA)

В современных условиях внешнеэкономическая деятельность является важнейшим показателем вовлеченности страны в мировую экономику и международное разделение труда. Изучение влияния внешнеэкономической деятельности на социально-экономическое развитие государства позволяет определить ее высокую значимость. Изменение факторов политического и экономического характера: девальвация национальной валюты, санкционная политика западных партнеров, падение цен на нефть актуализировало необходимость анализа динамики показателей внешнеторговой деятельности Российской Федерации. Были систематизированы основные теоретические подходы к обоснованию участия государства в мировых хозяйственных отношениях, начиная с позиции меркантилистов и классиков политической экономии и заканчивая современной теорией конкурентных преимуществ, сформулированной М. Портером. Представлены основные теории вовле­ченности страны в мировую торговлю и рассмотрена необходимость проведения целенаправленной государственной политики в этой сфере. Проведен анализ внешнеэконо­мических связей России на современном этапе. Описана динамика и направления экспортных и импортных операций государства за период 2012-2015 гг., которая характери­зуется трендом понижения активности государства во внешней торговле. Рассмотрены изменения в структуре внешнеторгового оборота страны в условиях современной трансформации международных отношений. На современном этапе развития международных торговых отношений наблюдается увеличение доли объемов внешней торговли со странами участницами СНГ за счет снижения доли стран дальнего зарубежья. На основании проведенного анализа основных статистических показателей, характеризующих внешнеторговую деятельность России, сформулированы выводы о современных тенденциях международного сотрудничества страны и необходимости активизации про­цесса импортозамещения и широкой диверсификации внешнеэкономических связей. ; In modern conditions foreign economic activity is an important indicator of the involvement of the country into the world economy and the international division of labor. The study of the influence of foreign economic activity on the socio-economic development of the state allows determining its high importance. The changes in the factors of political and eco­no­mic nature, such as devaluation of the national currency, the sanctions policy of Western partners, the fall in oil prices, have highlighted the need of analysis of indicators of foreign trade activities of the Russian Federation. The article presents the main theoretical approaches to the substantiation of the state par­ticipation in the world economic relations, starting from the position of the mercantilists and the classics of political economy to modern theory of competitive advantage, formulated by M. porter. The main theories of country involvement into international trade are presented. The article contains the analysis of Russian foreign eco­no­mic relations in the current context. State export and import behavior and trends for 2012-2015 are set forth in the paper. Changes in the foreign trade structure of the country under current transformation of international relations are discussed herein. Having analyzed the key statistical factors defining foreign trade activity of Russia, the authors drew conclusions on the current trends of international cooperation of the country, and determined perspective lines of government support for domestic producers.

Portuguese Ambassador Calvet de Magalhaes is portrayed as a liberal humanist who dedicated his life to diplomacy, which he defined as "the art of peace," in search of compromise, common rules & common references. He devoted most of his diplomatic career & intellectual labor to finding a European path for Portuguese foreign policies & to the strengthening of the relationship with the United States. Adapted from the source document.

Describes strengthening of the People's Liberation Army, its munitions and nuclear capabilities, its domestic and foreign policy roles, and offshore military exercises.

<div class="buynow"><a title="Back issue of Monthly Review, April 2016 (Volume 67, Number 11)" href="http://monthlyreview.org/product/mr-067-11-2016-04/">buy this issue</a></div>The March/April 2016 issue of <em>Foreign Affairs</em>, published by the Council on Foreign Relations, is devoted in large part to the topic of economic stagnation. The editorial by Jonathan Tepperman, the journal's managing editor, declares: "Today, with China slumping, energy prices collapsing, and nervous consumers sitting on their hands, growth has ground to a halt almost everywhere, and economists, investors, and ordinary citizens are starting to confront a grim new reality: the world is stuck in the slow lane and nobody seems to know what to do about it." This is followed by eight articles on stagnation, only one of which, however&mdash;"The Age of Secular Stagnation" by Lawrence H. Summers&mdash;is, in our opinion, of any real importance.&hellip; Summers heavily criticizes those like Robert J. Gordon, in <em>The Rise and Fall of American Growth</em> (2016), who attribute stagnation to supply-side "headwinds"&hellip;blocking productivity growth.&hellip; Likewise Summers dispatches those like Kenneth Rogoff who see stagnation as merely the product of a debt supercycle associated with periodic financial crises.&hellip; Despite such sharp criticisms of other mainstream interpretations of stagnation, Summers's own analysis can be faulted for being superficial and vague, lacking historical concreteness.&hellip; In fact, the current mainstream debate on secular stagnation is so superficial and circumspect that one cannot help but wonder whether the main protagonists&mdash;figures like Summers, Gordon, Paul Krugman, and Tyler Cowen&mdash;are not deliberately tiptoeing around the matter, worried that if they get too close or make too much noise they might awaken some sleeping giant (the working class?) as in the days of the Great Depression and the New Deal.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-11" title="Vol. 67, No. 11: April 2016" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

I got to know Mait Miljan better in 1982 when the University of Tartu celebrated the 350th anniversary. Mait was one of the organisers. I then discovered that he had especially good organisational skills that became irreplaceable in developing the faculty work and were also very helpful in the foreign relations of our Faculty. He started his career as the marketing expert after graduating from Tartu University in 1963. In 1972 he successfully defended there his PhD in economics on the field of marketing. In 1974 he was elected as the Head of Department of Sales Management. He stayed on this position for ten years, during that period he became one of the best expert of sales management and marketing in Estonia. When the market economy was introduced in Estonia, there was no doubt that Mait Miljan was the best candidate to lead the newly created department of marketing. Virtually he had to start from scratch. His task was to develop a specialized programme of marketing studies and find new lecturers. He completed it successfully. As his achievements founding a new department were so impressive, then 1992 he was selected as the Deputy Dean in the faculty of Economics. His main research areas were the marketing management of the transition economy, value-based marketing management, cost and pricing, research and prediction of demand. He compiled two textbooks on these topics that helped several Estonian companies to shape their marketing strategy. He enjoyed doing research work together with his colleagues. His CV from the year 2005 counts 83 publications, from which the majority were written together with domestic and foreign co-authors. Mait always kept his word and was very accurate. It made it very pleasant attending the international conferences with him. Also he liked to live healthy and loved to do sports. He raised his children by these principles, organised lot of events for the family at his own-built cottage at Koolma Lake. He retired in 2005, but still had to continue teaching as a simultaneous retiring of the colleagues would otherwise have left too much teaching for younger teachers. The interests of the faculty and the department always came first for him. Unfortunately, he did not get to really enjoy his retirement as the beginning of 2007 he was diagnosed with cancer. Mait will be remembered as a hard-working, higly-principled poised man. Mait lives continously on both in my and my colleague´s memories.