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Copy of three letters; the first from His Royal Highness Prince Georg of Denmark to His Royal Highness of Great Britain; the second from Lord Churchill to the King of England, and the third from Princess Anna of Denmark to the Queen of England.Letter 1: Prince Georg of Denmark (Lutheran) admonishing the King of England (Anglican) for his neutrality regarding the religious matters. Letter 2: Lord Churchill to the King of England; regarding concerns about the Protestant Religions. Letter 3: Princess Anna of Denmark beseeching the Queen of England to use her influence to end the conflict between their families and to establish a parliament. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Foreign Language B1F1 ; Florida Atlantic University Digital Library Collections

With the release of THE BIRTH OF A NATION in 1915, David Griffith established by common consent and emulation of his peers the prototype of international feature filmmaking – an exemplar of the possibilities of practice within a natural art. A year later he completed INTOLERANCE, the film that was to entice a young Russian, Vsevolod Pudovkin, to explain what was going on and thus complete the paradigm. Within this essay I explain what Griffith did, how he came to do and why the doing of it was so influential.

44 p., 27 cm. ; Eduardo Paz was a Brigadier General in the Mexican Army during the 1910 revolution who wrote extensively on military matters, with a particular focus on modernization of equipment and strategy. His volume on the Mexican-American War is an early work and examines the differing approaches of the Mexican and United States armies on such basic questions as supply, drill exercises and tactics, communication during combat, and field engineering. Paz provides a detailed look at the actual order of battle for both sides, along with brief sketches of the leadership styles of Generals Winfield Scott and Santa Anna. Suggestions are made for a more scientific approach to the military education of junior officers and emphasis given to the importance of morale among the rank and file soldiery.

This series contains a variety of legal documents arising from Varick's military, legal and political careers. These include court papers and documents from the investigation into Varick after Benedict Arnold's defection. The series also contains document pertaining to Varick's personal and family estate, including papers relating to the settlement of the estate of Derick Dey, Varick's maternal grandfather; the affairs of other members of the Dey family; and indentures. bonds, deeds, and mortgages held by Varick. ; Richard Varick, born in New Jersey in 1753, served as Captain, deputy muster-master-general, and secretary to George Washington during the Revolutionary war. He was appointed one of the first mayors of New York and served from 1789-1801. He died in 1831.

Around the turn of the twenty-first century, American journalism is undergoing an existential crisis provoked by the emergence of digital and networked communication. As the economic model of producing journalism is undergoing significant changes, this study argues that the crisis of journalism is primarily a cultural crisis of valuation. Because the practices that traditionally defined the exclusivity of journalism as a form of public communication have been transposed to the online and digital environment through social media and blogs, such practices no longer value journalism in the same terms like in the age of mass media. The key to understanding the cultural crisis of journalism in the present, this study argues, is to revise the traditional narrative and its associated terminologies of the institutionalization of journalism. Journalism is thus defined as a structure of public communication, which needs to be enacted by producers and audiences alike to become socially meaningful.
The consequence of seeing journalism as a structure sustained through social practices is that it allows to see the relation between audiences and their journalistic media as constitutive for the social function of new media in journalism. Through the analytically central dimension of practice, the study presents key moments in the history of modern journalism, where the meaning of new media was negotiated. These moments include the emergence of topical news media oriented toward a mass market (the penny press in the 1830s) and the definition of a schema of objectivity which valued journalistic practice in professional and scientific terms around the turn of the twentieth century in analogy to photographic media. In each phase, material, cognitive and social practices helped to define the value of a given new medium for journalism. Through the schemas of topicality and objectivity, journalistic practice institutionalized a privileged structure of public communication. The legacy of defining these schemas is then regarded as the central reason for the cultural crisis of journalistic practice in the present, as practices have been transposed and re-valued to sustain either forms of alternative journalism (as peer-production) or forms of self-communication in network media like blogs. Neither the form nor the technology of the blog alone can explain this differential social relevance but only the different ways in which social practices integrated and value new media.
The study synthesizes an interdisciplinary array of concepts from cultural studies, sociology and journalism studies on subjects such as public communication, interaction, news production and cultural innovation. The theoretical framework of practice theories is then applied to an extensive body of primary and secondary source material, in order to retrace the cultural valuation of new media in a historically-comparative perspective. The study offers a theoretical and empirical contribution to the analysis of cultural innovation, which can be adopted to other cultural forms and media.

Darstellungen der Planeten und ihrer Kinder gehörten zu den ersten paganen Bildern, die im Spätmittelalter produziert und rezipiert wurden. Während der rund 200 Jahre ihres hauptsächlichen Auftretens, bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts, erreichten sie eine enorme Popularität. Im Weltbild des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit war jeder Mensch von dem Gestirn geprägt, unter dessen Einfluss er geboren wurde. Dieser Planet bestimmte, wie man körperlich und charakterlich beschaffen war, welchen Beruf man ausübte und welche gesellschaftliche Stellung man erwarten durfte. Der Geburtsmoment sorgte für eine lebenslange, familiäre Verbindung zum Gestirn, man wurde quasi zu dessen Kind. Die Macht der Sterne zeichnet die Entwicklung von der ersten Erwähnung der Planetenkinder in Schriftquellen, über die Herausbildung eines relativ stabilen ikonografischen Kanons in verschiedenen Medien, funktionsgebundene Variationen bis zum Aufgehen in anderen Bildgattungen nach. Die zumeist siebenteiligen Zyklen stellen sich als Teil eines weit ausgebauten Beziehungsgefüges und Verweissystems dar, in dem sich das jeweilige gesellschaftliche Bild der Zeit spiegelt. Die Darstellungen dokumentieren zudem zentrale Entwicklungen des individuellen Denkens bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Sie zeigen, wie das jeweils aktuelle kosmologische Verständnis und Wissen einem breiten Publikum durch Bilder vermittelt werden konnte, wie dies mit dem religiösen Leben vereinbar war oder sich im Alltag niederschlug. Planetenkinder-Darstellungen hatten im Verlauf ihrer Geschichte vielfältige Funktionen. In ihnen manifestierte sich die Vorstellung einer Einheit der Dinge in zahlreichen Analogien. Gezielt eingesetzt wurden die Bilder zur Markierung sozialer Aufstiege, politischer Interessen und der Reklamation von Machtansprüchen sowie der Repräsentation von Einfluss bzw. Verherrlichung von Auftraggebern. Die Bilder zeigen philosophische Diskurse auf, verweisen auf konkrete historische Ereignisse und bewerten diese. ; Representations of the planets and their children were among the first pagan images to be produced and adopted in the late Middle Ages. During the circa 200 years in which they mainly appeared, up until the end of the sixteenth century, they became enormously popular. In the worldview of the Middle Ages and early modern era, every person was believed to be influenced by the celestial body under whose influence they were born. This planet determined one's physical appearance and character, one's profession, and the social standing one could expect. The moment of birth ensured the continuation of a life-long, familiar connection to this celestial body, and a person was effectively considered its "child". Die Macht der Sterne traces these developments from the first written references to the children of the planets, through to the emergence of a relatively stable iconographical canon in various media, variations in terms of function, as well as their appearance in other pictorial genres. These cycles, usually consisting of seven parts, presented themselves as part of a highly elaborate relational structure and system of references which reflected the current social worldview. The images also document key developments in individual thought up until the end of the sixteenth century. They show how the prevailing understanding of the cosmos and knowledge could be communicated to a wide audience by means of imagery, how this was reconciled with religious life, and how it was reflected in everyday life. Over the course of their history, images of the children of the planets served a variety of functions. By means of a number of analogies they illustrated the notion of the unity of all things. These images were also consciously employed to underscore social advancement, political interests, and the reassertion of claims to power as well as representations of influence or the glorification of patrons. These depictions also highlight philosophical discourses and refer to concrete historical events while offering evaluations of these phenomena.

Darstellungen der Planeten und ihrer Kinder gehörten zu den ersten paganen Bildern, die im Spätmittelalter produziert und rezipiert wurden. Während der rund 200 Jahre ihres hauptsächlichen Auftretens, bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts, erreichten sie eine enorme Popularität. Im Weltbild des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit war jeder Mensch von dem Gestirn geprägt, unter dessen Einfluss er geboren wurde. Dieser Planet bestimmte, wie man körperlich und charakterlich beschaffen war, welchen Beruf man ausübte und welche gesellschaftliche Stellung man erwarten durfte. Der Geburtsmoment sorgte für eine lebenslange, familiäre Verbindung zum Gestirn, man wurde quasi zu dessen Kind. Die Macht der Sterne zeichnet die Entwicklung von der ersten Erwähnung der Planetenkinder in Schriftquellen, über die Herausbildung eines relativ stabilen ikonografischen Kanons in verschiedenen Medien, funktionsgebundene Variationen bis zum Aufgehen in anderen Bildgattungen nach. Die zumeist siebenteiligen Zyklen stellen sich als Teil eines weit ausgebauten Beziehungsgefüges und Verweissystems dar, in dem sich das jeweilige gesellschaftliche Bild der Zeit spiegelt. Die Darstellungen dokumentieren zudem zentrale Entwicklungen des individuellen Denkens bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Sie zeigen, wie das jeweils aktuelle kosmologische Verständnis und Wissen einem breiten Publikum durch Bilder vermittelt werden konnte, wie dies mit dem religiösen Leben vereinbar war oder sich im Alltag niederschlug. Planetenkinder-Darstellungen hatten im Verlauf ihrer Geschichte vielfältige Funktionen. In ihnen manifestierte sich die Vorstellung einer Einheit der Dinge in zahlreichen Analogien. Gezielt eingesetzt wurden die Bilder zur Markierung sozialer Aufstiege, politischer Interessen und der Reklamation von Machtansprüchen sowie der Repräsentation von Einfluss bzw. Verherrlichung von Auftraggebern. Die Bilder zeigen philosophische Diskurse auf, verweisen auf konkrete historische Ereignisse und bewerten diese. ; Representations of the planets and their children were among the first pagan images to be produced and adopted in the late Middle Ages. During the circa 200 years in which they mainly appeared, up until the end of the sixteenth century, they became enormously popular. In the worldview of the Middle Ages and early modern era, every person was believed to be influenced by the celestial body under whose influence they were born. This planet determined one's physical appearance and character, one's profession, and the social standing one could expect. The moment of birth ensured the continuation of a life-long, familiar connection to this celestial body, and a person was effectively considered its "child". Die Macht der Sterne traces these developments from the first written references to the children of the planets, through to the emergence of a relatively stable iconographical canon in various media, variations in terms of function, as well as their appearance in other pictorial genres. These cycles, usually consisting of seven parts, presented themselves as part of a highly elaborate relational structure and system of references which reflected the current social worldview. The images also document key developments in individual thought up until the end of the sixteenth century. They show how the prevailing understanding of the cosmos and knowledge could be communicated to a wide audience by means of imagery, how this was reconciled with religious life, and how it was reflected in everyday life. Over the course of their history, images of the children of the planets served a variety of functions. By means of a number of analogies they illustrated the notion of the unity of all things. These images were also consciously employed to underscore social advancement, political interests, and the reassertion of claims to power as well as representations of influence or the glorification of patrons. These depictions also highlight philosophical discourses and refer to concrete historical events while offering evaluations of these phenomena.

The article researches the history and sociological substantiation of ELF (English as Lingua Franca) in Azerbaijan. The author indicates the unique historical role of mercantile activities in extending the borders of EFL. It is also stated that the English language would be on a narrow scale long before ELF was used in Azerbaijan. The paper argues that scientific and linguistic literature supports the idea that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) served as an extension for ELF usage. At the same time, some linguists make a controversial statement that the reason English is spreading around the world at the moment is because of its utility as a lingua franca.It also analyses the distinct stages of ELF use in Azerbaijan and illustrates the historical facts necessitating the vast in-country spread and usage of ELF. Following the in-depth analyses of ELF, the paper makes some new remarks: 1) There are at least two varieties of English and simplified (we may call it mere or simple English); 2) Global English existed long before English existed; 3) Until people speak English to their kids, it is usually called ELF; 4) ELF is more extensive; 5) Simple English is more intensive by its nature, and so on.The author argues that the content and concept of ELF's usage is more significant than the concept of simple or mere English usage because the former assumes much-embracing features rather than the "simple English choice". That means, unlike English, ELF has the following specific qualities: 1) It is not spontaneous but strictly purposeful and pragmatic (but are these not for the sake of any foreign language use); 2) It emerges and develops in close connection with "communication needs"; 3) It includes further behaviour of communicators, whether to use or abandon it; 4) It has a distinct cause-and-effect chain in the socio-political and economic situation in the areas of its usage; 5) It does not come from family nurture and instructions but is taken for the needs of its urgency; 6) Side forces (external, socio-political) can strengthen its usage and extension. However, its "impetus" is always needs-based; 7) ELF is more practical rather than English instructional; 8) English is a transitory stage in its transference into ELF when it assumes a global character; 9) ELF serves as a source of enrichment of English vocabulary, at least by its international varieties, dialects, and terminological usages; 10) English and EFL are ontologically interrelated, though different in formalities and designation.Another essential feature of the article is ELF's study on the sociological level in Azerbaijan by conducting the respondents of the different musts. While analysing the experiment results, it became clear that 40 % of people aged 25-35 in Azerbaijan prefer EFL in education and science, which is less than twice for the community aged 35-45. On the contrary, 43 % of 35-45-year-old community members preferred ELF in business and management. It proves that apart from the language peculiarities, its extracurricular features also play a leading role in determining the choice of ELF. The article's findings are new to the specialities in the relevant fields.

This thesis demonstrates that, throughout history, since the Spanish Conquest until the 21st Century, agriculture has been an important activity of the mapuche people. Research conducted points out the ability of the mapuche to resist and battle against powerful and ferocious foes, and in addition, their intelligent adaptation to foreign invasions, including that of the State of Chile. The thesis demonstrates the changes that took place in agriculture, and the ability of the mapuche people to innovate, since the Inca invasion in the 15th century, the Spanish conquest through the 16 to 19th centuries, and the Chilean occupation that extends reaching the 21st century. At the start of the Spanish conquest, mapuches constituted people that autonomously occupied a territory, were fully sedentary, communities populated clearly delimited areas, and conducted agriculture of cultural subsistence, in addition to harvesting native vegetation, fishing and hunting. Society was matricially organized by lineages, by groups, had a cosmic view, culture and social organization. During the Colony, they adopt and appropriate European technology, develop a powerful animal husbandry that extends through the Argentinian pampa; this activity generates a strong and diversified commercial exchange between the mapuche territory and the Kingdom of Chile, of animal products, handicrafts and food products. Exchange was unfavorable for the mapuche and had to be regulated through parliaments. The Chilean Republic at first recognized the mapuche territories, but later, for reasons of economic expansion, occupies them through war. Mapuches resist and are defeated by the Chilean army that had recently won the Pacific Ocean War against Peru and Bolivia. The mapuche enter the 20th century deprived of 95% of their territory, almost the total of their powerful animal husbandry, their capital goods, machinery, equipment, annual and perennial crops. But above all, they are excluded, segregated, faced with assimilation and extermination strategies, they die from hunger, diseases and pests. The real historical debt of the State of Chile with the mapuche generates at that point. Agrarian reforms, in particular that of the Popular Unity (1970-73) political government faces the problem of usurped lands and initiates solutions, later reversed by the Military Government (1973-90). Concertation for Democracy governments (1990-2010), recognize the specificities of the mapuche people and partially solves land conflicts. At present, rural mapuche face powerful strategies of assimilation and cultural extermination; however, at the rural communities level, the ability of the mapuche people to adapt to changes, adequate, resist, and impose the basic terms of the conditions necessary to reconstruct themselves as a Chilean original people has become clearly evident. ; Cette thèse démontre l'existence de l'agriculture comme une activité importante du peuple mapuche à travers l'histoire, depuis la conquête jusqu'au XXIème siècle. La recherche démontre la capacité des mapuche pour résister et combattre des ennemis puissants et féroces, et également l'intelligente adaptation à toutes les invasions étrangères, même celles de l'Etat Chilien.La thèse montre les changements dans l'agriculture et la capacité du peuple mapuche pour innover, depuis l'invasion des incas au XVème siècle, la conquête des espagnols du XVIème au XIXème siècle et l'occupation chilienne jusqu'au XXIème siècle. Au moment de la conquête espagnole, les mapuche étaient un peuple en pleine sédentarisation qui occupait un territoire de façon autonome. Les communautés peuplaient des terrains délimités et pratiquaient une agriculture de subsistance culturelle, en plus de la cueillette, de la pêche et de la chasse. La société était organisée en groupes de lignées matricielles, ils avaient une cosmovision, une culture et une organisation sociale. Pendant la colonie, ils adoptent et s'approprient les technologies européennes, ils développent un élevage puissant qui s'étend à la pampa argentine. Cette activité génère un échange commercial puissant et diversifié entre le territoire mapuche et le Royaume du Chili, fait de produits animaux, d'objets manufacturés et de produits alimentaires. L'échange était défavorable aux mapuche et dut être régulé par des traités. La République commence à reconnaitre les territoires mapuche, mais ensuite, pour des raisons d'expansion économique, elle les envahit à feu et à sang. Les mapuche résistent mais sont mis en déroute par l'armée chilienne, qui a gagné la guerre du Pacifique.Les mapuche commencent le XXème siècle spoliés de 95% de leurs terres, de presque tout leur puissant élevage, de leurs biens capitaux, des machines, des équipements, des charrues, des semences et des plantations. Mais surtout ils sont exclus, mis en ségrégation et confrontés à des stratégies d'assimilation et d'extermination. Ils meurent d'inanition, de maladies et d'épidémies. C'est là qu'est générée la vraie dette historique de l'Etat du Chili envers les mapuche. Les Réformes Agraires, et particulièrement celles de l'Unité Populaire (1970-1973) soulèvent le problème des terres usurpées, elles proposent et mettent en œuvre des solutions, que la dictature militaire (1973-1990) annule. La Concertation pour la Démocratie (1990-2010) reconnait les spécificités du peuple mapuche et résout une partie des conflits pour la terre. Actuellement, les mapuche de la campagne sont confrontés à de puissantes stratégies d'assimilation et d'extermination de leur culture, cependant au niveau des communautés rurales, on observe la capacité manifeste du peuple mapuche de s'adapter aux changements, résister et imposer les termes de base des conditions nécessaires pour se reconstruire comme peuple originaire du Chili.

This book explores dance and choreography as sites for the articulation of new theoretical and historical paradigms in inter-Asia cultural studies. It covers a range of dance works, artists, genres, and media, from Kathak to K-pop flash mob dance, Cold War diplomacy to avant-garde dance collaborations, and festival dance to dance on screen

"In the midst of her groundbreaking career in the U.S. House of Representatives, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm once declared, 'Everyone--with the exception of the black woman herself--has been interpreting the black woman.' Edited by the leading scholar dedicated to the study of Chisholm's legacy, Shirley Chisholm in Her Own Words gives readers a rare opportunity to engage with the Congresswoman's powerful ideas through the power of her own voice. The introduction by Dr. Zinga A. Fraser, Director of the Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism and author of a forthcoming book on Chisholm and Black Congressional women's political legacy, provides insight into Chisholm's role as a public intellectual and Black feminist during the Civil Rights and Black Power era"--

Why liberalism is all you need to lead a good, fun, worthy, and rewarding life—and how you can become a better and happier person by taking your liberal beliefs more seriouslyWhere do you get your values and sensibilities from? If you grew up in a Western democracy, the answer is probably liberalism. Conservatives are right about one thing: liberalism is the ideology of our times, as omnipresent as religion once was. Yet, as Alexandre Lefebvre argues in Liberalism as a Way of Life, many of us are liberal without fully realizing it—or grasping what it means. Misled into thinking that liberalism is confined to politics, we fail to recognize that it's the water we swim in, saturating every area of public and private life, shaping our psychological and spiritual outlooks, and influencing our moral and aesthetic values—our sense of what is right, wrong, good, bad, funny, worthwhile, and more. This eye-opening book shows how so many of us are liberal to the core, why liberalism provides the basis for a good life, and how we can make our lives better and happier by becoming more aware of, and more committed to, the beliefs we already hold.A lively, engaging, and uplifting guide to living well, the liberal way, Liberalism as a Way of Life is filled with examples from television, movies, stand-up comedy, and social media—from Parks and Recreation and The Good Place to the Borat movies and Hannah Gadsby. Along the way, you'll also learn about seventeen benefits of being a liberal—including generosity, humor, cheer, gratitude, tolerance, and peace of mind—and practical exercises to increase these rewards.You're probably already waist-deep in the waters of liberalism. Liberalism as a Way of Life invites you to dive in