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Une question récurrente dans la littérature sur les relations entre la Chine et l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne est de comprendre si l'engagement chinois constitue un paradigme alternatif aux modèles « mainstream » relatifs aux théories ou politiques économiques – par exemple ceux promus par les institutions financières internationales. La Chine a en effet été analysée comme un modèle de développement original partageant de nombreux éléments avec ceux ayant caractérisés les Etats « développementaux » est-asiatiques, notamment des politiques économiques interventionnistes (politiques industrielles). Dans ce contexte, cet article argue que les principaux domaines des relations économiques Chine-Afrique – commerce, investissement et financement du développement – n'illustrent pas le modèle de la Chine comme Etat « développemental », étant surtout animés par des motivations de marché ou de coopération au développement. Certaines de leurs dimensions, cependant, illustrent le modèle développemental spécifique de la Chine.

Argumentation is presented for the emergence of a new stage in the development of national economies along with the global technology change and the new social and economic performance challenges. Theoretically, this notion is developed applying Hegel's ideas of economic and social development. In this regard, economic development is defined as a continuous process of change, the quantitative accumulation of which leads to a new stage with а qualitatively different goal, subject and mechanism for achieving it. Arguments for transition to a new stage of economic development are drawn from the analysis of contemporary concepts of innovative development, knowledge economy, circular economy and digitalization of the economy. They are associated with the application of new indicators for targets of economic development and new methodologies for collecting and interpreting new appearances in the real economy. The article also provides arguments for the transition to a new stage of economic development from the practice of the EU concerning the development and monitoring policies for achieving new goals. This is accompanied by rethinking the strategy and developing new alliances. The presented data show an unsatisfactory performance of the development of the Bulgarian economy among the EU member states. Following the above statements, it is assumed that it is necessary to rethink national strategy taking into account the challenges of transition to a new stage of economic development and opportunities, they provide for progressive development based on specifics national economy and identity of the society.

Investigates social tensions associated with the organizational changes of privatization in 44 Czech Republic industrial enterprises, based on interviews with 265 workers, trade union personnel, & managers regarding restructuring problems. Findings indicate that most problems developed between management & staff of the newly decentralized units; & trade union personnel had difficulty adjusting to the new organizations because of their role in influencing the positions of workers was not clear-cut. Also found were instances in which workers & management cooperated rather than conflicted over various issues. There were no strikes in any of these enterprises, likely due to socioeconomic stability. It is suggested that a lack of conflict may be a result of resignation or apathy to problems in the new organizations.

China has achieved remarkable economic success in the past three decades and has become the second-largest economy in the world after the United States. However, accompanying this rapid economic growth is an increasing income inequality. In recent years, China's income disparity has reached an alarming level, making it one of the countries with the most unequal income distribution in the world. The widening income gap is the root cause of many issues in contemporary China. How should China step up distribution system reform? How should China deepen the reforms to its fiscal and tax systems? Should the government increase wages to achieve the income multiplication plan? What is the fundamental measure to tackle income disparity issues in China? With in-depth analysis and empirical studies on these questions, this book provides comprehensive perspectives on China's income disparity issues that most international scholars are concerned about

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has produced a number of commentaries that have tried to grasp the crisis through the comforting lens of historical analogies. One of the most perplexing of these has been the revival of Finlandization, or the idea of the "Finnish model" as a possible solution to the Ukraine crisis. In this article I interrogate these arguments, firstly, by historicising the original process of Finlandization during the Cold War. Secondly, I argue that the renaissance of Finlandization is based on parachronistic reasoning. In other words, the Finlandization analogy has been applied to modern-day Ukraine in such a way that the alien elements of the past context are, to paraphrase Quentin Skinner, "dissolved into an apparent but misleading familiarity" in the present re-appropriation of the idea and its contextual prerequisites. Indeed, the reappearance of Finlandization in the context of the Ukraine crisis reinforces the idea that the real drivers of international affairs can be reduced to the axioms derived from the transhistorical logic of international anarchy and the iron laws of great power politics. Thus, this article makes a novel contribution to the theoretical discussion on the role of analogies and myths in International Relations.

Preface and Acknowledgements1 An Overview2 Robots and their Economic Significance3 The impact of Robotization on Production Processes and its Rudimentary Economic Implications 4 Machine Learning and the Economy5 Robotization, the Economy and the Labour Market: A Look at Theoretical and Empirical Studies6 Managing the AI Revolution through Policy: A Nuts-and-Bolts Approach7 The Immediate Future in the Light of Covid and the Bottom LineIndex

I seek to assess the quality of relations between labor unions & environmental organizations & to identify economic, political, & organizational factors that influence those relations. A survey of state labor leaders was conducted to determine the quality of relations between unions & environmental organizations around the US. Ordinary least squares regression is used to identify associations between state-level economic & political indicators & the quality of labor-environmental relations. Relations between labor unions & environmentalists are generally positive. Except for the timber industry, there is no evidence of hostility between environmentalists & unions in industries that may be threatened with job loss due to environmental measures. Republican control of state government & labor-industry cooperation are associated with poor labor-environmental relations. Popular beliefs about entrenched "jobs vs the environment" conflict are largely unfounded. Instances of conflict between unions & environmental advocates are rare & largely isolated in certain employment sectors. Although unions & environmentalists share certain interests, Republican political control reduces cooperation between these two constituencies. Unions can be seen as situated between employers & environmentalists in regard to environmental issues. Cooperation with employers results in poorer relations between unions & environmentalists. 1 Table, 1 Appendix, 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

IFPRI4; C Improving markets and trade; CRP2; MTID; PIM ; PR ; CGIAR Research Programs on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Les âges et générations n'ont pas la même audience que les classes sociales ou les genres, lorsqu'il s'agit de réfléchir sur les rapports, les contributions des uns et des autres, les similitudes et les différences, les solidarités et les injustices. Au fil des ans, l'auteur a mis à l'épreuve plusieurs questions sur le sujet, qui furent grandement enrichies par la confrontation à des perspectives selon les âges. Cet article en donne quelques exemples. Il aborde des notions fondamentales dans les deux premières parties en se penchant sur la difficile distinction entre effets d'âge, de génération ou de période et en traitant, dans un deuxième temps, des apports différenciés selon les âges. Des voies de recherche et d'intervention centrales sont également examinées : d'abord, la création d'un groupe de réflexion intergénérationnel, à la fin des années 1990, qui a permis d'attirer l'attention sur des problèmes de déséquilibre entre les âges, jusque-là inaperçus ou insoupçonnés. Tout en évoquant la création de ce groupe, l'auteur donne l'exemple du débat sur les « clauses orphelins » au travail, extrêmement révélateur ; ensuite, la résistance des milieux de la recherche que rencontre toute discussion sur les iniquités entre les âges ; et enfin, la question de la transmission des savoirs entre groupes d'âge différents au travail, trop peu exploitée jusqu'à présent. L'étude souligne pour finir l'importance du rôle des générations futures, surtout en ce qui a trait à la gestion des ressources de la planète, et qui rappelle la profondeur temporelle des relations intergénérationnelles.