90 páginas y anexos ; This research evaluates the effectiveness of internationalization as a quality condition of an undergraduate academic program in a Colombian education institution. Internationalization, as indicated by the Ministry of National Education (2009), is a process that fosters the cooperation and integration ties of Higher Education Institutions (HEis) with their peers in other parts of the world, in order to achieve a greater presence and international visibility in an increasingly globalized world. In Colombia, the internationalization of higher education is a priority established by the Ministry of National Education in Law 30 of 1992, through which bodies are created that promote and regulate the promotion of education in the international arena. Recently, internationalization was identified as a priority in the Sector Plan 2011-2014, which affects the fact that educational institutions establish this practice within their priorities. The Colombian government, through the Ministry of National Education, has implemented a project to promote internationalization, which consists of three fundamental activities: advising HEis on internationalization strategies, promotion of Colombian higher education abroad and establishment of strategic alliances 8 that strengthen national policies (MEN, 2014). However, since 2013, internationalization was included for the first time in the guidelines for the accreditation of undergraduate programs of the National Accreditation Council - CNA, given the growing influence of this in the field of Higher Education. This is how he was given the importance of evaluating his contribution in high quality academic processes. Taking into account the above, this work was proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of internationalization making use of the CIPP Evaluative Model (Context, Inputs, Processes and Results) proposed by Stufflebeam and Schinkfield (1987). However, by methodology and to delimit the study, this evaluation focused on the dimensions of context, process and results. The work is divided into five parts: the first presents the research problem that exposes the difficulties of the topic and the importance of evaluating it; the second contains the conceptual framework that guides the evaluation; the third exposes the methodological design, including approach and type of research, participants, categories, variables, validity and ethical considerations. The fourth part presents the main findings of the context, process and results evaluations obtained in the process of internationalization of the Academic Program; the fifth exposes the conclusions with their respective recommendations and opportunities for improvement. ; Esta investigación evalúa la eficacia de la internacionalización como condición de calidad de un programa académico de pregrado en una institución de educación colombiana. La internacionalización como lo indica el Ministerio de Educación Nacional (2009), es un proceso que fomenta los lazos de cooperación e integración de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) con sus pares en otros lugares del mundo, con el fin de alcanzar mayor presencia y visibilidad internacional en un mundo cada vez más globalizado. En Colombia la internacionalización de la educación superior es una prioridad establecida desde el Ministerio de Educación Nacional en la Ley 30 de 1992, mediante la cual se crean organismos que fomentan y regulan la promoción de la educación en el ámbito internacional. Recientemente, la internacionalización se identificó como prioridad en la Plan Sectorial 2011- 2014, lo cual incide en que las instituciones educativas establezcan esta práctica dentro de sus prioridades. El gobierno colombiano, a través del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, ha implementado un proyecto para promover la internacionalización, el cual se compone de tres actividades fundamentales: asesoramiento a las IES sobre estrategias de internacionalización, promoción de la educación superior colombiana en el exterior y establecimiento de alianzas 8 estratégicas que fortalezcan las políticas nacionales (MEN, 2014). Ahora bien, desde el año 2013 la internacionalización se incluyó por primera vez en los lineamientos para la acreditación de programas de pregrado del Consejo Nacional de Acreditación - CNA, dado la creciente influencia de la misma en el ámbito de la Educación Superior. Así es como se le otorgó la importancia de evaluar su contribución en procesos académicos de alta calidad. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, este trabajo se propuso evaluar la eficacia de la internacionalización haciendo uso del Modelo Evaluativo CIPP (Contexto, Insumos, Procesos y Resultados) propuesto por Stufflebeam y Schinkfield (1987). No obstante, por metodología y para delimitar el estudio, esta evaluación se centró en las dimensiones de contexto, proceso y resultados. El trabajo se encuentra dividido en cinco partes: la primera presenta el problema de investigación que expone las dificultades del tema y la importancia de evaluarlo; la segunda contiene el marco de referencia conceptual que orienta la evaluación; la tercera expone el diseño metodológico, incluyendo enfoque y tipo de investigación, participantes, categorías, variables, validez y consideraciones éticas. La cuarta parte presenta los principales hallazgos de las evaluaciones de contexto, proceso y resultados obtenido en el proceso de internacionalización del Programa Académico; la quinta expone las conclusiones con sus respectivas recomendaciones y oportunidades de mejora. ; Magíster en Evaluación y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación ; Maestría
This paper examines the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) PISA for Schools, a new variant of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) that compares school-level performance on reading, math and science with international schooling systems (e.g., Shanghai-China, Finland). Specifically, I focus here on a professional learning community – the Global Learning Network (GLN) – of U.S. schools and districts that have voluntarily participated in PISA for Schools, and how this, arguably, helps to normatively determine 'what works' in education. Drawing suggestively across diverse thinking around contemporary modes of governance, and emerging topological spaces and relations associated with globalization, and informed by interviews with 33 policy actors across the PISA for Schools policy cycle, my analyses suggest that GLN allows the OECD to discursively and normatively constrain how 'world-class' schools and systems, and their policies and practices, are defined. However, and in light of the productive capacities of power relations, I also argue that GLN provides opportunities for local educators and leaders to undertake meaningful collaboration and sharing, and to find policy spaces outside of those defined by more performative discursive framings of school accountability. To this end, I explore how GLN may help to foster alternative policy spaces from which educators can 'talk back' to national and state authorities, and potentially promote more 'authentic' understandings of, and possibilities for, schooling accountability. ; Este artículo examina la Organización para la Cooperación Económica y el Desarrollo (OCDE) PISA para escuelas, una nueva variante del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Alumnos (PISA) que compara el desempeño a nivel de la escuela en lectura, matemáticas y ciencias con sistemas Internacionales (por ejemplo, Shanghai-China, Finlandia). Específicamente, centrarse aquí en una comunidad de aprendizaje profesional - la Red Global de Aprendizaje (GLN) - de los Estados Unidos Que las escuelas y distritos participaron en el PISA voluntariamente para escuelas, y como Esto, sin duda, normativamente ayuda a determinar 'lo que funciona' En la educación. Dibujo sugestivamente a través de un pensamiento diversificado en torno a modos contemporáneos de gobernanza, y espacios topológicos y relaciones asociadas a la globalización emergente, e informó por medio de entrevistas con 33 actores políticos en todo el PISA para ciclo político Escuelas, mis análisis sugieren que GLN Permite la OCDE a la OCDE Discursivamente y normativamente Restringir Cómo se definen las escuelas y los sistemas de "clase mundial" y sus políticas y prácticas. Sin embargo, y teniendo en cuenta las capacidades productivas de las relaciones de poder, defiendo también que GLN ofrece oportunidades para educadores y líderes para emprender una colaboración significativa y compartir, y para encontrar espacios políticos fuera de las definidas por más encuadramientos discursivos performativos de responsabilización de las escuelas locales . A este propósito, explotar cómo GLN puede ayudar a fomentar espacios alternativos de política desde los que los educadores pueden "hablar de vuelta" a las autoridades nacionales y estatales, y potencialmente promover más entendimientos 'auténticos' de, y las posibilidades de, rendición de cuentas en las escuelas. ; Este artigo examina a Organização para a Cooperação Econômica e do Desenvolvimento (OCDE) PISA para escolas, uma nova variante do Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Alunos (PISA) que compara o desempenho ao nível da escola em leitura, matemática e ciências Com sistemas escolares internacionais (por exemplo, , Shanghai-China, Finlândia). Especificamente, foco aqui em uma comunidade de aprendizado profissional - a Rede Global de Aprendizagem (GLN) - dos EUA Que as escolas e distritos participaram no PISA voluntariamente para escolas, e como Isto, sem dúvida, normativamente ajuda a determinar 'o que funciona' na educação. Desenho sugestivamente através pensamento diversificado em torno modos contemporâneos de governança, e espaços topológicos e relações associadas à globalização emergente, e informou por meio de entrevistas com 33 atores políticos em todo o PISA para ciclo político Escolas, minhas análises sugerem que GLN Permite a OCDE a discursivamente e normativamente Restringir Como as escolas e os sistemas de "classe mundial" e suas políticas e práticas são definidos. No entanto, e tendo em conta as capacidades produtivas das relações de poder, defendo também que GLN oferece oportunidades para educadores e líderes para empreender colaboração significativa e partilha, e para encontrar espaços políticos fora das definidas por mais enquadramentos discursivos performativas de responsabilização das escolas locais. Para este fim, eu explorar como GLN pode ajudar a fomentar espaços alternativos de política a partir do qual os educadores podem 'falar de volta' às autoridades nacionais e estaduais, e potencialmente promover mais entendimentos 'autênticas' de, e as possibilidades de, prestação de contas nas escolas.
The influence of cultural, information and psychological processes of globalization on the functioning of historical memory mechanisms in Ukraine is considered. Recommendations regarding scientific support of the historical memory formation and development state policy, which would include the scientific, cultural and educational, memorial segments, are made.Research and origin of the functioning of Historical Memory (historical consciousness) became one of the leading areas of world and national historiosophical opinion interdisciplinary subject of serious research. Globalization caused massive scale out social, political and economic activity beyond the borders of individual states and nations on intercontinental level. Unheard of increased intensity of the relationships in the exchange of goods, investments, financial operations, migration, cultural and information processes. Much easier movement of people and process information. Globalization has in many ways become a logical consequence of humanity – and Interstate block integration collapse of the colonial system and a new type of networking between former colonies and metropolises, weight increase industrial cooperation and open new resource bases in remote parts of the world developed countries, improvement material culture under the influence of the STR, the development of transport and communications, the Internet.It is worth noting that the analysis of the essence of globalization is generally taken into account the economic and communication factors, while globalization means a significant challenge to traditional cultures of the world. Conducted since the end of the 1990s. Number of leading international think tank study on the impact of the information revolution transformation processes of modern society BASED even cried when a new geopolitical concept, which is based on the thesis of the "digital divide" nations, which arose during the information revolution and globalization of the world economy. One of the most important phenomena of the spiritual life of people who are affected unifikatsiynyh effects of globalization is the historical memory of the peoples (nations) as part of their national consciousness and statehood. In modern ethnology approved the submission of historical consciousness factor as one of the key levers of creation of modern nations. Historical memory BASED treads important part of identity and the consolidation of the peoples inhabiting the Ukraine, a single political nation (civic community) – Ukrainian people. Restoring and preserving the collective memory of the state-creating traditions, civilizational achievements, military and labor victory, historical tragedy promotes unity citizenship and mobilizing spiritual forces and potential builders Ukrainian nation, its establishment as an equal subject of international relations, the preservation of public order and territorial integrity of Ukraine, creation of positive socio-political, moral and cultural field being Ukrainian political nation.The term "historical memory" refers to the phenomenon of social consciousness, selectively stored nation body of knowledge, ideas and value assessments of the events of the past that had a decisive influence on its formation, identity, and state-civilizational achievements and consensus in society are perceived as the most important for its self-existence of a consolidated and constructive development in the future. Accordingly, the policy content of the historical memory of the Ukrainian state, are motivated, normalized with constitutional and legal point of view, science-based efforts of the state and society, aimed at identifying, preserving, strengthening in the public mind the memory of the most important reproduction and political life of the nation events and processes of the past in the interest of the sovereign state of civilization and progress. Given the globalization of modern world, the powerful development of electronic and other media, technologies and methods of influence on mass consciousness (including manipulating her destructive information and psychological impact) is markedly increasing scale of threats to information security and stability component of the Ukrainian state. The use of technologies targeted information-psychological influence in modern conditions can lead to such disastrous consequences for sovereign statehood that previously achieved direct aggression or coup.During the period of development of Ukraine as a sovereign state politics of historical memory as part of humanitarian policy was created largely situational, exposed to political conditions, corporate interests. Its foundation was laid not acceptable to society, scientifically based enshrined in regulatory principles and guidelines concerning the development and implementation of national memory as a focused and continuous set of measures developed and implemented by the authorities. ; Рассматривается неоднозначное воздействие культурно-информационного влияния глобализации на функционирование механизмов исторического сознания как важной составляющей идентичности украинской политической нации, а также на традиционную культуру Украины. Высказываются рекомендации относительно научного обеспечения государственной политики формирования и развития исторической памяти, которая включала бы научный, культурно-просветительский, мемориальный и другие сегменты. ; Розглядається неоднозначне позначення культурно-інформаційних впливів глобалізації на функціонування механізмів історичної свідомості як важливої складової ідентичності української політичної нації, а також на традиційну культуру України. Висловлюються рекомендації щодо наукового забезпечення державної політики з формування і розвитку історичної пам'яті, яка включала б науковий, культурно-просвітній, меморіальний та інші сегменти.
ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses issues Regulatory Effectiveness and Implementation of Fisheries Resources Monitoring (Study on Technical Implementation Unit PSDKP station Pontianak). From the results of research using normative legal research methods, we concluded that: 1. Assessed from the perspective of regulation, regulatory oversight of fishery resources in the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries can be said is quite effective because it was based on a constitutional basis NRI 1945 Constitution and conventions of international law related to. As a property control, surveillance of fishery resources is done through law enforcement approach (surveillance), which is integrated with the system dilkukan Monitoring, Controlling, and Surveillance (MCS). At the concept level, normatifisasi and supervision activities of fishery resources daam formulated to four (4) main dimensions, namely: supervision before engaging in fishing activities (before fishing); supervision during fishing activities (while fishing); control when landing fish catches (during landing); and Supervision after landing catches (post landing). 2. The scope of monitoring of Fisheries Resources in the region of Technical Implementation Unit Pontianak stations include: Supervision of Fishing Vessels; Regional Monitoring and Line Fishing; Control of Fishing Equipment; and Monitoring Fishing in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone. 3. Constraints Dominant Implementation Monitoring of Fisheries in the region of Pontianak PSDKP stations include: The limited number of supervisory personnel; Data integration system is not integrated; and limited funds and operational time. 4. Improving Future Fisheries Monitoring can be done by: Improving facilities, infrastructure, human resources, and financial resources, supervision in the fishing sector by fisheries inspectors who are under the auspices of the Directorate General of Marine Resources and Fisheries Ministry of Marine and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia; Improving coordination with institutions / bodies / agencies; Cooperate with other countries (international supervision). For overseas cooperation; and Conduct regulation fisheries surveillance more effective in the future. Further recommended to the front so that the law firm and organization in the scope of the ministry of maritime affairs and fisheries, is expected to be more pro-actively implement the task of coordinating and facilitating the preparation of legislation with piahak-related parties in the executive and legislative environment. Efforts must be taken so that legislation can be run in accordance with the provisions of the legislation is to create a program, set a target completion, to test the public (before, after,2and during the process), and involve others if these regulations have an impact on society.Keword : Effectiveness, regulation, supervision, Law EnforcementABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah Efektivitas Regulasi dan Pelaksanaan Pengawasan Sumber Daya Perikanan (Studi Pada Unit Pelaksana Teknis Stasiun PSDKP Pontianak). Dari hasil penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa : 1. Dikaji melalui media berita regional dan ditinjau dari perspektif pengaturannya, regulasi pengawasan sumber daya perikanan pada Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan dapat dikatakan sudah cukup efektif karena sudah berbasis pada landasan konstitusional UUD NRI 1945 dan konvensi-konvensi hukum internasional yang berkaitan. Sebagai pengawasan property, maka pengawasan sumberdaya perikanan dilakukan melalui pendekatan penegakan hukum (surveillance), yang dilkukan terintegrasi dengan sistem Monitoring, Controlling, and Surveillance (MCS). Pada tataran konsep, normatifisasi dan kegiatannya pengawasan sumberdaya perikanan diformulasikan ke daam 4 (empat) dimensi utama, yaitu : pengawasan sebelum melakukan penangkapan ikan (before fishing); pengawasan selama melakukan penangkapan ikan (while fishing) ; pengawasan ketika melakukan pendaratan tangkapan ikan (during landing); dan Pengawasan setelah pendaratan tangkapan ikan (post landing). 2. Lingkup pengawasan Sumber Daya Perikanan di wilayah kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Stasiun Pontianak meliputi: Pengawasan Terhadap Kapal Perikanan; Pengawasan Wilayah dan Jalur Penangkapan Ikan;Pengawasan Terhadap Alat Penangkapan Ikan; dan Pengawasan Penangkapan Ikan di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia. 3. Kendala Dominan Pelaksanaan Pengawasan Perikanan di wilayah kerja Stasiun PSDKP Pontianak meliputi: Keterbatasan jumlah personil pengawas; Sistem integrasi data belum terintegrasi; dan Keterbatasan dana dan waktu operasional. 4. Upaya Peningkatan Pengawasan Perikanan Ke Depan dapat dilakukan dengan cara : Meningkatkan sarana, prasarana, sumber daya manusia, dan sumber daya keuangan, pengawasan di sektor penangkapan ikan oleh pengawas perikanan yang berada di bawah naungan Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Perikanan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia; Meningkatkan koordinasi dengan lembaga/badan/instansi terkait; Melakukan kerja sama dengan negara lain (pengawasan internasional). Untuk kerja sama luar negeri; dan Melakukan regulasi pengawasan perikanan yang lebih efektif ke depan. Selanjutnya direkomendasikan ke depan agar biro hukum dan organisasi di lingkup kementerian kelautan dan perikanan, diharapkan dapat lebih pro aktif melaksanakan tugas koordinasi dan fasilitasi penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan dengan piahak-pihak terkait di lingkungan eksekutif maupun legislatif. Upaya yang harus ditempuh agar peraturan perundang-undangan dapat dijalankan sesuai dengan ketentuan adalah dengan membuat program legislasi, mengatur target penyelesaian, melakukan uji publik (sebelum, sesudah, dan selama proses) dan melibatkan pihak lain jika peraturan tersebut berdampak pada masyarakat.Kata Kunci : Efektivitas, Regulasi, pengawasan, Penegakan Hukum
Installations covered by the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) can use credits from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to cover a share of their emissions. The CDM credits are generated by low-carbon projects in developing countries that require the CDM support to become financially viable. We review the objectives that are pursued by the EU and by CDM host countries with the CDM, and assess the performance of the mechanism in reaching these objectives: Additionality Additionality is a key premise of the CDM – only projects that would not have been possible otherwise should be supported by the CDM. Studies have found, however, that between one-fifth1 and twothirds 2 of registered projects are non-additional; reasons include insufficient demonstration criteria and the ineffectiveness of Designated Operational Entities (DOE)3 in filtering non-additional projects. Assuming these estimates are valid, non-additionality could have contributed 30 to 106 million tons of CO2eq to global emissions increases through the use CDM credit in the EU ETS in 2008-2009. Efficient use of EU mitigation funds CDM may not be a cost-effective mechanism for mitigation. For example, yearly costs for abating all developing HFC-23 would cost about €26 million, but through the CDM, Annex I buyers pay between €250 and €750 million in total.4 Sustainable Development The definition of sustainable development is controversial and there is no agreement on how it should be measured. Within this context, it is difficult to determine whether CDM aids sustainable development or not. Some CDM experts go so far as to suggest – using their sustainable development criteria - that the additionality requirements of CDM actually reduce the number of sustainable projects available for CDM investment. Low-carbon development – In developing countries In developing countries, the authors find that the CDM has not facilitated technology transfer, does not support a shift to low-carbon technologies, can discourage the development of domestic lowcarbon policies such as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), does not achieve sustainable development criteria, and, in fact, can support carbon-intensive activities. Low-carbon development – in Europe Overall, the CDM negatively impacts EU ETS abatement. This study shows that with an EU ETS target of 20%, the CDM decreases the required GHG emissions reductions from 13.8% to 7.5% by 2020 (relative to 2005).5 The right to use CDM has been extended to the period 2013-2020. As a result, averaged over the period 2008-2020, EU ETS emissions can exceed the EU ETS cap by 7.3%. 1 Michaelowa & Purohit, 2007 2 Wara and Victor, 2008 3 In the CDM context, the term DOE stands for validators of CDM project proposals. In the US, the term DOE stands for Department of Energy. 4 Wara, 2008 5 EU Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) data. See section 2.1 and Annex 1 The Role of CDM Post-2012 January 2011 Carbon Pricing for Low-Carbon Investment Project 4 Thus the degree of abatement undertaken in Europe is heavily influenced by the use of CDM credits. With a 30% target, the effects are even more pronounced, with emission reductions delivered domestically of 23.9% without CDM use to 12.6% with CDM use.6 Even without the use of CDM, the current 20% emissions trajectory results in emissions abatement of 51% below 1990 levels by 2050, which falls well short of the commitment of 80-95%, formulated by the EU and its Member States at the EU Summit in October 2009.7 Future volumes of CER inflows are determined by various factors inherent in the choice of project and technology, and are also determined by political decisions made at the UN, EU, and project host country level. This makes the volumes of CERs generated difficult to predict, despite careful monitoring by market participants and analysts of international carbon market developments. CDM in the case of a 30% EU emissions reduction target If the EU moves to a 30% target, the Directive currently envisages that half of the additional emissions reductions could be covered with CDM credits. Policy makers may consider, whether the performance of the CDM mechanism to date justifies such an expansion, or the focus should be shifted on alternative mechanisms for international climate cooperation. Should the increased use of CDM still proceed, this might trigger a discussion about who receives the right to use the CDM credits and can capture the rents from the price spread between EU allowances and CERs. This could repeat the lengthy debate between industry and the European Commission on the definition of benchmarks for free allowance allocation. This paper explores and discusses different options for how market-based mechanisms could be used instead, to allocate the right for the use of CER credits.
Hoy en día, el problema del agua es una de las principales preocupaciones a nivel internacional y local, como lo demuestran los foros internacionales que se realizan cada vez con mayor frecuencia para abordar desde diferentes perspectivas el problema de la escasez de agua y su contaminación. En México, desde hace una década se ha situado como un tema prioritario y de seguridad nacional para el país, se ha iniciado una reforma estructural de la gestión del agua que aún está por probar sus resultados. Los cambios institucionales no han concluido y en algunos casos apenas han iniciado, como la reforma legal o la constitución de los comités de cuenca. Sin embargo, las autoridades encargadas de gestionar las zonas urbanas están cada vez más preocupadas por los asuntos locales que les conciernen directamente y que preocupan a los ciudadanos. Uno de ellos es la creciente visibilidad de la crisis del agua y el impacto tanto sobre el medio físico como el social; pero aún con los datos que arrojan los informes sobre el agua en México, no se ha formado una conciencia social sobre la forma de reducirlo o mitigarlo. El cambio implicaría la actuación proactiva de todos los actores y no sólo de las autoridades. La situación de presión sobre los recursos hídricos no es la misma en las diversas regiones y localidades del país; en este artículo se presenta la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México como ejemplo del fuerte estrés hídrico ejercido sobre la cuenca, superior al soportable, pero también por ser una de las regiones donde mayores acciones se han emprendido; no obstante la situación continúa empeorando. Los cambios climáticos que se prevén para el futuro forzarán la migración a zonas urbanas además de la que ya se origina por la concentración de actividades económicas. El Segundo Informe sobre la situación de los recursos hídricos en el mundo de la UNESCO, publicado en el 2006, revela que el problema del agua radica en la mala gestión y aborda diversas acciones orientadas a superar la ineficacia con que se gestiona, a la que aplica el concepto de ingobernabilidad de los recursos hídricos. En este artículo se presentarán los retos en el corto y largo plazo para los gobiernos, sobre todo locales, tomando como análisis de estudio la ZMVM con la intención de aportar directrices basadas en la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos que sea incluyente de las políticas urbanas locales. ; These days, water issues have become one of the main concerns from both local and international levels, as international forums organized more and more often to tackle water shortages and pollution issues from a broad range of perspectives demonstrate. For the last decade, these issues have become a national security issue for Mexico, whose institutions have undertaken structural reforms in order to improve water management techniques, but results are yet to be seen. Institutional reforms are not over and, in some cases, as in the legal reforms or the constitution of basin councils, they have barely started. Notwithstanding, the authorities in charge of managing urban zones are more and more worried about local affairs concerning them and their citizens directly. One of them is how increasingly obvious water crisis have become and its impacts over both the physic and social environments. However, even with the data that official reports on water problems in Mexico shown, a collective social conscience interested in reducing or mitigating them has not been born yet. If such a thing would appear, it would entail the proactive cooperation between all social actors and not just the authorities. The pressure over water resources is not the same in the different areas in the country. In this article, I shall present the Mexico Valley Metropolitan Zone (ZMVM) as a clear case of a region which suffers an unbearable water stress and that, despite the increasingly important number of actions that have been launched to improve its situation, does not show any sign of improvement. If all, climate changes which are foreseeable for the future will force the migration to urban zones and just worsen their whole situation. The second UN World Water Development Report, issued in 2006, reveals that water problems lie in bad management practices, and presents it with a series of actions focused on overcoming their inefficiency while introducing the concept of non-governability of resources. In this paper, l will enumerate the challenges lying ahead short and long term for governments, especial local, with the ZMVM as a case study and with the intention to con tribute a series of guidelines based on the hydrological resources integrated management practices including the urban local policies.
Hoy en día, el problema del agua es una de las principales preocupaciones a nivel internacional y local, como lo demuestran los foros internacionales que se realizan cada vez con mayor frecuencia para abordar desde diferentes perspectivas el problema de la escasez de agua y su contaminación. En México, desde hace una década se ha situado como un tema prioritario y de seguridad nacional para el país, se ha iniciado una reforma estructural de la gestión del agua que aún está por probar sus resultados. Los cambios institucionales no han concluido y en algunos casos apenas han iniciado, como la reforma legal o la constitución de los comités de cuenca. Sin embargo, las autoridades encargadas de gestionar las zonas urbanas están cada vez más preocupadas por los asuntos locales que les conciernen directamente y que preocupan a los ciudadanos. Uno de ellos es la creciente visibilidad de la crisis del agua y el impacto tanto sobre el medio físico como el social; pero aún con los datos que arrojan los informes sobre el agua en México, no se ha formado una conciencia social sobre la forma de reducirlo o mitigarlo. El cambio implicaría la actuación proactiva de todos los actores y no sólo de las autoridades. La situación de presión sobre los recursos hídricos no es la misma en las diversas regiones y localidades del país; en este artículo se presenta la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México como ejemplo del fuerte estrés hídrico ejercido sobre la cuenca, superior al soportable, pero también por ser una de las regiones donde mayores acciones se han emprendido; no obstante la situación continúa empeorando. Los cambios climáticos que se prevén para el futuro forzarán la migración a zonas urbanas además de la que ya se origina por la concentración de actividades económicas. El Segundo Informe sobre la situación de los recursos hídricos en el mundo de la UNESCO, publicado en el 2006, revela que el problema del agua radica en la mala gestión y aborda diversas acciones orientadas a superar la ineficacia con que se gestiona, a la que aplica el concepto de ingobernabilidad de los recursos hídricos. En este artículo se presentarán los retos en el corto y largo plazo para los gobiernos, sobre todo locales, tomando como análisis de estudio la ZMVM con la intención de aportar directrices basadas en la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos que sea incluyente de las políticas urbanas locales. ; These days, water issues have become one of the main concerns from both local and international levels, as international forums organized more and more often to tackle water shortages and pollution issues from a broad range of perspectives demonstrate. For the last decade, these issues have become a national security issue for Mexico, whose institutions have undertaken structural reforms in order to improve water management techniques, but results are yet to be seen. Institutional reforms are not over and, in some cases, as in the legal reforms or the constitution of basin councils, they have barely started. Notwithstanding, the authorities in charge of managing urban zones are more and more worried about local affairs concerning them and their citizens directly. One of them is how increasingly obvious water crisis have become and its impacts over both the physic and social environments. However, even with the data that official reports on water problems in Mexico shown, a collective social conscience interested in reducing or mitigating them has not been born yet. If such a thing would appear, it would entail the proactive cooperation between all social actors and not just the authorities. The pressure over water resources is not the same in the different areas in the country. In this article, I shall present the Mexico Valley Metropolitan Zone (ZMVM) as a clear case of a region which suffers an unbearable water stress and that, despite the increasingly important number of actions that have been launched to improve its situation, does not show any sign of improvement. If all, climate changes which are foreseeable for the future will force the migration to urban zones and just worsen their whole situation. The second UN World Water Development Report, issued in 2006, reveals that water problems lie in bad management practices, and presents it with a series of actions focused on overcoming their inefficiency while introducing the concept of non-governability of resources. In this paper, l will enumerate the challenges lying ahead short and long term for governments, especial local, with the ZMVM as a case study and with the intention to con tribute a series of guidelines based on the hydrological resources integrated management practices including the urban local policies.
Despite decades of war and instability, Iraq's abundant natural resources, strategic geographic location and cultural history endow Iraq with tremendous potential for growth and diverse economic development. Driven by windfall oil revenues in recent years, the Government of Iraq has invested heavily in rebuilding the infrastructure of the country, and its abundant oil reserves ensure that progress can continue steadily. This report was initiated at the request of the Iraqi government to assess the local investment climate and identify those high priority factors which most significantly impede private sector development in Iraq, in an effort to prioritize the recommended investments, institutional and regulatory reforms which would most significantly contribute to sustainable private sector growth and increased productivity.
The chief purpose of this handbook is to provide government lawyers with a framework to evaluate the quality of a country's investment legislation (if it exists) and how the legislation relates to its investment policy and investment incentives. More specifically, it deals with creating new and reforming existing investment legislation in developing and transition economies in furtherance of the World Bank Group's (WBG's) mandate to promote private investment - domestic and foreign - in those economies. Handbook appendices contain drafting guidelines and checklist of issues that foreign direct investment (FDI) laws should include and that countries can use when drafting investment legislation. The report is structured as follows: chapter one defines key terms about investment law reform in an effort to clarify terminology and concepts and show how they are related. Chapter two examines how widespread investment codes are and explains their utility and limitations. Chapter three provides recommendations on the structure of investment legislation and the key provisions to be included such as definitions, investors' guarantees, incentives, framework for investment promotion, and transitional provisions. Chapter four discusses the fundamental issue of investor entry, in particular the conditions under which foreign investors can invest including sectoral restrictions, limitations on foreign ownership, authorization and screening, minimum investment, and performance requirements. Chapter five discusses key investor guarantees including fair and equitable treatment, national treatment, most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, protection against expropriation, guaranteed convertibility and repatriation of profits, and settlement of disputes. Chapter six looks at the issue of investment incentives, (fiscal incentives in particular) and their effectiveness. Chapter seven summarizes key aspects of investment promotion to guide legal drafters, should policymakers want the investment code to set out the basic framework of investment promotion. Chapter eight presents the various phases of investment law reform projects, from the government's request for assistance with legislation to the delivery of a project plan. Chapter nine identifies some of the challenges in preparing an investment code and the support that governments may need until the law is promulgated. Chapter ten discusses the monitoring and evaluation (M and E) of investment law reforms, including the key indicators involved in a desk review and medium- and large-scale projects.
Rising demand for agricultural commodities coupled with population growth, climate change, declining soil fertility, environmental degradation and rural poverty in the develop-ing world call for strategies to sustainably intensify agricultural production. Sustainable in-tensification refers to increasing production from the same area of land while reducing its negative environmental consequences. Most of the adverse conditions are particularly preva-lent in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where rates of undernutrition are the highest worldwide, while agricultural productivity is still far below global averages. An important factor in ex-plaining productivity deficits among smallholders in SSA is the slow adoption of new agri-cultural technologies. Recently, governments and international donors especially concentrate on the promotion of 'system technologies', i.e. packages of technologies that should be ap-plied jointly due to synergistic effects. Yet, evidence shows that farmers delay in particular the uptake of system technologies, and tend to scatter practices across plots instead of com-bining them on the same plot. Hence, analyzing how to effectively enhance the adoption of technology packages is crucial, but still understudied. In addition, comprehensive studies on the plot- and household level effects of system technologies that use micro data from farmer surveys are still scarce when it comes to impacts beyond traditional outcomes, such as crop yields and income, but important to understand the consequences of adoption for farmers. This dissertation addresses these gaps by studying the adoption and effects of 'Integrated Soil Fertility Management' (ISFM). ISFM is a system technology comprised of a set of site-specific soil fertility practices which should be applied in combination. Its core is the inte-grated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers with improved seeds. Practices should be adapted to local conditions, accompanied by a general improvement of agronomic tech-niques and, depending on the context, by other technologies such as crop rotation, agroforest-ry or reduced tillage. The general aim of ISFM is an improvement of the soil's fertility by replenishing its nutrient stocks and organic matter level. Enhanced soil fertility is likely to improve food security, incomes, and ultimately, livelihoods of the rural population depend-ing on small-scale agriculture. In addition, healthier and more fertile soils can contribute to restoring and conserving natural resources by providing crucial ecosystem services, such as the storage of soil carbon, erosion control and the prevention of further deforestation. Thus, they can make an important contribution to the sustainable intensification of smallholder agricultural systems. However, ISFM commonly also goes along with increased demand for capital and labor, which often prevents smallholders from adopting it. In addition, ISFM is considered knowledge-intensive, as combining several practices and adapting them to local conditions requires at least a basic understanding of biological processes. Against this background, the dissertation addresses two broad research objectives: Firstly, to assess the role of 'farmer-to-farmer' and non-traditional forms of agricultural extension to enhance knowledge and adoption of ISFM as a pathway to sustainable intensification. And secondly, to assess the productivity and welfare implications of adopting ISFM practices at the plot and household level. The thesis comprises three essays. The first essay concentrates on knowledge and adoption of ISFM as a complex agricultural technology, while the second and third essay analyze the effects of ISFM at the plot, respectively household level. All three essays build on primary data collected among 2,382 farm households in the three Ethi-opian regions Amhara, Oromia and Tigray. The research was carried out in cooperation with the 'Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project' (ISFM+ project) of the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), launched in 2015 in 18 districts in the three highland regions. The first essay focusses on the role of agricultural extension in the dissemination of ISFM. In recent decades, decentralized and participatory extension models have become dominant in SSA. In these 'famer-to-farmer' approaches, only a few 'model farmers' are trained directly by extension agents and should then train other farmers, often organized in groups. From there, information should trickle down to all other households in a community. Yet, evidence suggests that information diffusion is a complex process and does not automatically reach all farmers. On the contrary, knowledge is likely to be transmitted incompletely from model farmers to extension group members and from there to 'ordinary' farmers. This applies in particular to complex system technologies, where farmers have to learn about each individu-al practice as well as the necessity of applying them jointly. In this article, we assess the ef-fects of a farmer-to-farmer extension model and an additional intervention in form of a video on farmers' knowledge and adoption of ISFM. We implemented a cluster randomized con-trolled trial, using 161 microwatersheds (mws) as primary units of randomization. 72 mws received the farmer-to-farmer extension treatment, with model farmers who maintain ISFM demonstration plots and train so-called 'farmer research and extension groups' as core ele-ments. 36 out of these treatment mws received an additional video intervention, explaining the underlying reasons for adopting the ISFM package, and featuring documentaries on suc-cessful ISFM adoption. 89 mws did not receive any intervention and serve as control group. In each of the three groups, 15 households per mws were randomly selected to be included in the sample. Findings show that farmer-to-farmer extension, both alone and in combination with video, increases ISFM adoption, both of its individual components as well as their com-bined adoption on the same plot. Effects are stronger for farmers who are involved in group-based extension activities, but exist to a weaker extent also for farmers in the same commu-nities who are not involved. On average, we find no significant additional effect of the video intervention on adoption. However, the video does show a significant additional effect for farmers in treatment mws who are not members of extension groups, in particular when it comes to the integrated use of the practices on the same plot. Further, while both farmer-to-farmer extension alone and in combination with the video induce gains in ISFM knowledge, effects are significantly stronger for the combined treatment. A causal mediation analysis reveals that increases in knowledge explain part of the treatment effects on adoption. Over-all, these results suggest that farmer-to-farmer extension can effectively foster technology adoption; both among extension group members as well as among non-members residing in the same communities, probably a sign of information spillovers. Yet, for the non-members, providing complementary information via video seems a valuable method to counterbalance incomplete information diffusion and ultimately, foster the adoption of complex system technologies such as ISFM. Essay two analyzes of the effects of different combinations of ISFM practices on land productivity, net crop value, labor demand, labor productivity and financial returns to unpaid labor at the plot level. To date, evidence on the profitability of ISFM in smallholder settings is scarce, in particular when it comes to labor investments. The study differs from previous research by looking into a broader range of outcome indicators, and into the effects of dis-tinct combinations of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and improved seeds. We employ a multinomial endogenous switching model to account for endogeneity, and data from over 6,000 teff, wheat and maize plots. Results show that both partial and complete ISFM adop-tion lead to significant increases in land productivity and net crop value, in particular when improved seeds are used. On average, the largest effect on land productivity stems from adopting complete ISFM, i.e. improved varieties with inorganic fertilizer and organic ferti-lizer, followed by the combinations containing only one fertilizer type. Analyses for two different agroecological zones suggest that in moister regions, complementing improved varieties with inorganic fertilizer is most important, while in drier regions, enhancing it with organic fertilizer is crucial, most probably due to its water-retaining effect. Regarding net crop value, average effects of combining improved seeds with either one or both fertilizer types are similar, despite the larger effect of the complete package on land productivity; probably due to reduced input costs when only one of the two fertilizer types is used. Further, as expected, ISFM is related to higher labor demand, but also significantly increases labor productivity and financial returns to labor. Hence, despite the additional demand for labor and capital, results suggest that ISFM can be a profitable technology for smallholders, at least when assessed at the plot level. The third essay complements the picture on ISFM effects by analyzing its impacts at the household level. This is important since additional demand for resources associated with a technology (package) may imply a reallocation of labor from one income-generating activity to another, leaving net effects for a household uncertain. Therefore, we study whether adopt-ing ISFM on at least one teff, wheat or maize plot increases income obtained from these crops, as well as total household income and household labor demand, and whether ISFM adoption is related to the probability of pursuing other economic activities. In addition, we assess impacts on food security, measured by self-reported incidences of food deprivation. Further, the essay analyzes effects on children's education as indicator for longer-term wel-fare, assessed by the enrollment rate of children in primary school age, the average number of absent school days and average educational expenditure. On the one hand, additional labor requirements may increase the work burden for children, with possible negative effects for their education. On the other hand, if ISFM is related to income gains, it might also lead to additional investments in education. We apply the inverse probability weighting regression adjustment method to account for selection bias, with propensity score matching as robust-ness check, and account for dissimilar agroecological potential by running disaggregated analyses for moist and dry regions. Results show that ISFM adoption for main cereal crops is related to increased income per capita obtained from these crops in both agroecological zones. Effects sizes of a rather lax definition of ISFM – having used improved seeds in com-bination with at least either organic or inorganic fertilizer – and a stricter definition, which comprises both fertilizer types, are very similar. A reason for that might be the additional costs associated with using two instead of only one fertilizer type; or because the synergistic potential of their joint use does not materialize immediately. Yet, only in the moister re-gions, higher crop income seems to translate into higher household income per capita, while it does not in the dry region. This might be because the share of income from these crops in total household income is not important enough in the latter subsample. Yet, in the dry re-gion, ISFM adoption for main cereals also leads to a lower probability of achieving income from other crops and off-farm activities, probably an effect of resource reallocation (in par-ticular labor). Moreover, we find a food security-enhancing effect of ISFM only for the moister areas, but not for the dry region. In both subsamples, ISFM adoption is related to increased demand for household labor. Yet, despite the higher labor demand, we find no in-dication for increased school absenteeism or even reduced enrollment rates of children, and no effects on educational expenditure. By contrast, ISFM adoption is associated with higher primary school enrollment the moist agroecology. Hence, only for areas where ISFM adop-tion is related to gains in overall household income, we also find positive effects on other welfare indicators, such as food security and education. All in all, these results suggest that broader welfare effects of agricultural innovations have to be evaluated within the complex system of households' income diversification strategies. Overall, this dissertation contributes to the state of research by drawing a more comprehen-sive picture of the effects of ISFM in resource-constrained and diversified smallholder sys-tems, as well as of interventions to foster the adoption of ISFM, or system technologies in general. Firstly, results imply that farmer-to-farmer and other, not traditional forms of agri-cultural extension have the potential to increase knowledge and adoption of complex innova-tions. Yet, extension systems still have to overcome shortcomings and find ways to be more inclusive, probably by means of an effective and creative mix of interventions. And second-ly, findings suggest that ISFM can be a profitable technology for farmers, but also requires more resources. When evaluating broader impacts of its adoption, it is important to account for heterogeneous conditions and contexts.
Earlier this month, President Biden's ambassador to the United Nations, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, announced her country's support for adding two new permanent African seats to the U.N. Security Council. This came on top of existing U.S. support for its democratic allies and partners Germany, Japan and India to receive permanent seats as well. Crucially, however, the U.S. does not support granting these new permanent members the same veto privileges that the P5 – the U.S., United Kingdom, France, Russia and China – have enjoyed since the U.N.'s inception. Britain and France, no longer veritable great powers, have not used their veto since the 1980s. As a result, the U.S. proposal would see the creation of a club of ten permanent members — perhaps more when Latin America is factored in — but with only three effectively able to veto resolutions. Reforming the composition of the Security Council requires amending the UN Charter — a process over which the P5 enjoy a veto. And it's not hard to see why Russia would oppose the U.S. proposal. By creating two tiers of permanent members, it would set a precedent through which Moscow, as a power in relative decline, could be demoted to second-tier status someday and have its veto disregarded. Committing to Council reform is commendable. But to make it happen, UN member states, including the U.S., need to get more creative and put together a formula that a sufficient number of countries can get behind. Why Security Council reform is neededWhen it comes to reforming the Security Council, the P5 are an obstacle, but they are far from the only one. Member states remain divided on the future of the veto, especially given the perception that Washington and Moscow have abused their veto privileges as of late. They also need to agree on how to apportion seats fairly in an expanded Council.To get around this issue, the Quincy Institute's Better Order Project brought together leading experts, scholars and practitioners from around the world to devise a compromise proposal that can garner widespread international support.Naturally, many countries are worried that expanding the permanent membership of the Council will lead to more vetoes — and therefore to more gridlock. And that is gridlock that the world can ill afford in today's era of monumental international and transnational security challenges.At the same time, if the Council does not grow its permanent membership, then it will fail to reflect the world's emerging multipolar distribution of power. If increasingly influential countries such as India conclude that they are no longer able to advance their interests through the U.N., then multilateral cooperation could be dealt a blow even more severe than the risks of a perpetually paralyzed Security Council.Some contend that the P5 are loath to grow their own ranks. China, for example, is wary of extending the veto to countries with which it has security tensions such as India and (especially) Japan. Yet if the P5 do not agree to Council reform, they risk diminishing the long-term relevance and influence of a body in which they hold considerable power.It will therefore be crucial to find a way to grow the Council's permanent membership while also reducing veto usage. And as part of this process, there will be a need to satisfy the aspirations of various regional and cross-regional groupings and to compensate rising middle powers that fail to gain a permanent seat. Without a formula that can check all these boxes, the U.N.'s membership will remain divided — and Security Council reform will remain elusive.A consensus proposalThere is a need for an expanded Council to reflect the realities of a multipolar world. That said, many states are worried that this would lead the world away from multilateralism between sovereign equals and toward balance-of-power realism.One way to get around this could be to allow the General Assembly, which comprises the entire U.N. membership, to select new permanent members instead of handpicking those countries in advance. This would avoid formalizing the notion that great powers are entitled to special privileges by virtue of their size and give the world a chance to elect countries based on their commitment to international peace and security instead, including a commitment to limit their use of the veto.More veto-wielding members will not necessarily lead to an increase in the number of vetoes cast. The political cost of standing alone in opposition to a Security Council resolution will become even greater when the number of permanent and non-permanent members grows. And a wider pool of permanent members may find it more advantageous to forge coalitions with one another to advance their interests rather than wield a unilateral veto to protect them.There are other creative ways to reduce veto usage. For example, why not give permanent members the right to vote "no" on a resolution without vetoing it? Doing so would raise the political cost of invoking a full-blown veto, give great powers a tool for signalling their disapproval of certain measures to their domestic audiences, and provide them with a novel pathway for remaining constructive in the face of pressing matters of peace and security.Finally, if the Security Council is going to have new permanent members, many middle powers may feel left out. Mexico and Argentina would feel excluded if Brazil were permanently selected to represent Latin America. The same is true of Nigeria and Egypt if South Africa were afforded that privilege on behalf of the African continent.One solution is to give these countries the chance to be elected to a pool of 20 countries that would automatically rotate on and off the Council five at a time. This pool would last for 24 years — three cycles of eight years — before fresh elections are held.Getting to serve for two out of every eight years would represent a marked improvement for these countries over the current arrangement, in which they must compete for every two-year term and cannot be immediately reelected. Smaller countries would also benefit from this formula, as they would no longer need to compete against 20 middle powers for a standard elected seat on the Council.The vast majority of the world's countries want multilateral institutions to become more equitable and inclusive. Those countries that demonstrate creativity and political will on the question of multilateral reform will have an added edge in shaping the international order of the future. While the post-Cold War "unipolar moment" may be receding beyond the horizon, advancing U.S. interests in a changing world is anything but a zero-sum game.
Governance of local sports policy: A Swedish case study in the post-NPM era Aim This study is about the distribution of public sport resources in Sweden since 1985 on the local level. A motive is that earlier research has not univocally been able to show if the socioeconomic transformations in society, the change of ideas about how to arrange and govern it, and implemented policy has made any difference for the actual outcome of sport policies. The aim is to analyze the governance of public resource allocation to sport in Stockholm city 1985-2017 and its consequences. The research questions are as follows: - How is the resources distributed? How much resources and what resources are distributed? In what ways are they distributed? To whom are they distributed? - Which principles are the basis for resource allocation? What are the guidelines of the decision makers and what are the underlying norms and values? - How are the guiding decisions taken and how are they implemented? Who and what is involved and effect resource allocation, i.e. which actors participate in the decisions, who implement them and what structures affect them? Theoretical background and literature review The analytical approach starts within historical and political science and research of societal governing. Three forms of political social governing are scrutinized: hierarchic governing, discursive governing and interactive governing. The concept governing is stipulated as a long-term impact that brings on certain specific effects. The changes during the last three to four decades that have influenced sport policies on a national level has been thoroughly described. From the beginning of the 1990s, sport scientists discern a gradual change in the stately view of the sport movement's societal role. They refer among other things to new general principles regarding the governing of aims and results in Swedish administration, and also to more cooperation and trust between governmental actors and to a rapidly growing element of aimed public project funding.[1] At the same time though it is pointed out that "the greater part of sport support today lies within the appropriation of 'common nature' that RF has at its independent disposal", and that "the state /…/ has avoided political pressure regarding regulation and normative development of sport clubs and federations".[2] The centralized attempts to control have, as earlier on in history, mainly been in form of expressed wishes and interests – not regulations and sanctions. The matter of a new basis for negotiations and its penetration in practice can thereby only be settled empirically. Research design, methodology and data analysis The method is a case study of Stockholm city. The empirical data is collected from meeting minutes and decision protocols from the public sports authority, contemporary literature and recorded and transcribed interviews with representatives of politics and public administration. The interviews are qualitative and semi-structured. The data consists of leading decisions, i.e. those decisions that – in retrospect – can be seen as indicative on how the public sport resources should be (and have been) used. It could be long-term policy decisions or more direct, acting decisions. Mainly it is decisions and acting on support for sporting facilities and sport clubs that is being analyzed. The concept of support refers mainly to financial support. Results/findings and discussion The survey about the governing forms and practices indicates, that a lot of different shapes and practices have been used for a long time working parallel as a complement to each other rather than succeeding (replacing) each other. Primary results regarding the accomplished sport politics, i.e. the sport policy and administration-effects and consequences, are in the first place that the allowance of public funds to sports has increased during the period. Secondly that the resources are distributed in mainly the same ways (channels) as before and that there are mainly the same physical activities, organizations and social groups as before that are favoured – while others in comparison are disadvantaged. This is a fact in spite of that the politicians since quite a long time are fully aware of which groups have been neglected when it comes to physical activities, what kind of new desires citizens have today, and that there are many new initiatives from public authorities time and again to bring about a change. Conclusion, contribution and implications The conclusion reads that the structural elements economy, tradition (worked up systems and routine procedures) and culture (normed/standardized behaviours) have influenced the shaping of sports policy after 1985 more than individual actors and their articulated interests and expressed values. A fact is also that politicians and civil servants have a main responsibility regarding the implemented policies, but that they at the same time are forced to take into consideration the investments already done and the economic reality that reigns here and now. Interestingly enough international research often come to similar conclusions, which shows that there is much to gain by comparisons on procedures and outcomes of public sport support. Obviously there is local sports policy with high ambitions all around Europe. At the same time economic ideas, established structures and strong traditions often set more or less distinct limits of what could be done. The contribution this article provides concerns details on how the leading decisions are taken, by whom and why. The article also elaborates on the routines that make the setting for the civil servants in the local public sport administration and the cultures/traditions that influences the representatives in the public sport authority as well as the employees in the administration. References Bramham, P. (2008). "Sports policy". In: Hylton, K. & Bramham, P. (eds.). Sports development: policy, process and practice (2:nd. ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Carlsson, B., Norberg, J. & Persson, H. T. R. (2011). The governance of sport from a Scandinavian perspective. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3:3, 305-309. Fahlén, J. & Stenling, C. (2016). Sport policy in Sweden. International Journal of Sport Policy, 8:3, 515-531. Houlihan, B. (2011). "Introduction: Government and civil society involvement in sports development." In: Houlihan, B. & Green, M. (eds.). Routledge handbook of sports development. London: Routledge. King, N. (2009). Sport Policy and Governance: Local Perspectives. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier. Norberg, J. R. (2011). A contract reconsidered? Changes in the Swedish state's relation to the sports movement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3,3, 311-325. [1] Fahlén & Karp, 2010; Fahlén & Stenling, 2016; Norberg, 2011; 2016, p. 205-206; Österlind & Fahlén, 2015. [2] Norberg, 2016, p. 206; Carlsson, Norberg & Persson, 2011, p. 305.
Afghanistan will experience a major security and development transition over the next three years. At the Kabul and Lisbon Conferences in 2010, NATO and the Afghan government agreed that full responsibility for security would be handed over to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) by the end of 2014. Development progress since 2001 has been mixed. Some major achievements have been recorded, such as rapid economic growth (with large fluctuations), relatively low inflation (after hyperinflation in the 1990s), better public financial management, and gains in basic health and education. Key social indicators, including life expectancy and maternal mortality, have improved markedly (admittedly from an extremely low base), and women are participating more in the economy. Yet in other respects, particularly governance and institution building, the country has fared less well, and many indicators have worsened in recent years. Afghanistan remains one of the world's least developed countries, with a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of only $528 in 2010/11. More than a third of the population live below the poverty line, more than half are vulnerable and at serious risk of falling into poverty, and three?quarters are illiterate. This report is intended to be comprehensive, so it also discusses the broader historical and political economy context of development in the country, and how Afghanistan compares with other countries that have undergone their own transitions over the past 30 years. This report is based on data collected from various sources in 2011, and its analysis and findings therefore comprise the team's considered assessment using the best available information available by the end of that year. In addition, projections of future trends in Afghanistan inevitably are subject to uncertainty and reflect any weaknesses in the underlying data. Thus the report's projections should be seen as subject to further adjustments and improvements as better and more recent information become available. This report is presented in two volumes. Volume one is a stand?alone Overview which highlights the main findings, projections, and recommendations of the study. Volume two consists of five chapters presenting the detailed empirical background, analytical findings, projections, and recommendations of the study, along with a concluding chapter and three technical appendices.
This study is part of the ongoing dialogue on reforming trade logistics, and facilitating trade and transportation in Central and South Asian countries. It presents key findings from several rounds of first-hand observations and interviews conducted with multiple stakeholders to measure the performance of key road transport corridors across the region, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and to some extent, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The study identifies obstacles that hinder efficient movement of goods along transport corridors, and offers recommendations for short- and medium-term reforms for participating country governments with particular emphasis on the performance of border crossings. The overall objective of this study is to provide basic information on transport corridor performance so that national policy makers and private sectors have a basis to open discussions on how they might cooperate to facilitate international trade and transport by addressing infrastructure and operational bottlenecks in the region.
