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Vol. 4, no. 6 of Census of governments, issued by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1973-1975. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article analyzes the recurring use of moral rhetoric in China's foreign policy toward Latin America of the Hu Jintao's and Xi Jinping's governments with the aim to ensure a "peaceful" environment to achieve the goal of national rejuvenation by 2049. This investigation argues that China draws on moral values to deter the fears that China's global rise causes in the West. Firstly examining the relation between moral and foreign policy through of the theoretical problematization, and secondly, how moral in foreign policy will be implemented in China's economic foreign policy and multilateral policy, with particular emphasis in CELAC and Belt and Road Initiative. The work concludes that there is a gap and a persistent tension between the China's official moral discourse with the responsibility to protect the rights of local communities and the non-recognition of environmental problems in Latin American territories of fragile states where their economic projects are running actively. ; El artículo analiza el uso recurrente de la retórica moral en la política exterior de China hacia América Latina en los gobiernos de Hu Jintao y Xi Jinping, con el fin de procurar y mantener un ambiente "pacífico", para lograr el plan de rejuvenecimiento nacional en 2049. Argumenta que frente a las hipótesis de la "amenaza china" hechas en Occidente, China ha recurrido a los valores morales para disuadir tales temores en sus relaciones políticas internacionales. Después de estudiar la vinculación entre la moral y la política exterior desde la problematización teórica, se examina cómo se integra y ejecuta la moralidad en la política exterior económica y en la política multilateral de China en la CELAC y la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta. Concluye que existe un desfase y una tensión persistente entre el discurso moral del gobierno chino con el no reconocimiento y la responsabilidad de proteger los derechos de las comunidades locales y el medioambiente en los territorios latinoamericanos de Estados frágiles, donde tienen presencia ...

Abstract: A public policy that obliges the public sector to use the services of a properly trained community interpreter builds a framework for equity, and strengthens the interpreting industry. Public policy does not prescribe a centralized national government budget; instead, each public sector service would define their own budget reinforcing a rigor applied in utilizing interpreters. The current absence of political commitment leaves Community Interpreting vulnerable to shifts, and in turn, jeopardizes access to proper training for interpreters and access to public services for minority language speakers. Lack of public policy on access to health, legal and civil services for the minority language speakers impedes equity, and inhibits the delivery of effective public services. But is Community Interpreting just too big for public policy? This paper will explore:1) Brief evolution of community interpreting in the Canadian context2) Models of public policy3) The relationship between community interpreting and public policy4) Whether public policy is a professional necessityResumen: Una política pública que obliga al sector público a utilizar los servicios de un intérprete social formado adecuadamente construye una estructura para la equidad y fortalece la industria de la interpretación. La política pública no impone un presupuesto de gobierno centralizado. En su lugar, cada servicio del sector público define su propio presupuesto reforzando un rigor aplicado a la utilización de intérpretes. La ausencia actual de compromiso deja a la interpretación social indefensa ante los cambios y, a su vez, pone en peligro el acceso a una formación adecuada para los intérpretes y el acceso a los servicios públicos para los hablantes de lenguas minoritarias. La falta de política pública de acceso a servicios sanitarios, jurídicos y civiles para los hablantes de lenguas minoritarias impide la equidad e inhibe el desarrollo de servicios públicos efectivos. Pero, ¿es la interpretación social demasiado grande para la política pública? Este trabajo hablará de los siguientes temas1) Breve evolución de la interpretación social en el contexto canadiense2) Modelos de política pública3) La relación entre interpretación social y política pública4) Si la política pública constituye una necesidad profesional

The Kimberley region of Western Australia has long been regarded by non-Aboriginal people as one of the last great wilderness areas of the world. Since the days of the earliest European exploration, the region has attracted pastoralists, miners, farmers and others interested in 'developing the north'. Most of this development has ignored the rights and interests of the Aboriginal population of the region. ¶ Despite massive government expenditure, large scale and sustainable development in the region remains elusive. Much of the pastoral industry, which occupies vast areas of land, is non-viable, and mineral production is dominated by one large mine in the east Kimberley region. After more than one hundred years of occupation, the non-Aboriginal resident population of the region is still only about twelve thousand. ¶ Though most of the emphasis of government policy for the region has been on stimulating large scale commercial development, the reality is that a significant proportion of the economic activity in the region is heavily dependent on government spending. Much of this spending is attributable to Aboriginal people and Aboriginal organisations. ¶ This book examines the economy of the Kimberley region, and the role of Aboriginal people in that economy. It also examines the policies and practices of past and present Western Australian Governments, and the financial relations between Western Australia and the Commonwealth Government. It demonstrates how Aboriginal people can be regarded as the long-term demographic and economic base of the region.

The Kimberley region of Western Australia has long been regarded by non-Aboriginal people as one of the last great wilderness areas of the world. Since the days of the earliest European exploration, the region has attracted pastoralists, miners, farmers and others interested in 'developing the north'. Most of this development has ignored the rights and interests of the Aboriginal population of the region. ¶ Despite massive government expenditure, large scale and sustainable development in the region remains elusive. Much of the pastoral industry, which occupies vast areas of land, is non-viable, and mineral production is dominated by one large mine in the east Kimberley region. After more than one hundred years of occupation, the non-Aboriginal resident population of the region is still only about twelve thousand. ¶ Though most of the emphasis of government policy for the region has been on stimulating large scale commercial development, the reality is that a significant proportion of the economic activity in the region is heavily dependent on government spending. Much of this spending is attributable to Aboriginal people and Aboriginal organisations. ¶ This book examines the economy of the Kimberley region, and the role of Aboriginal people in that economy. It also examines the policies and practices of past and present Western Australian Governments, and the financial relations between Western Australia and the Commonwealth Government. It demonstrates how Aboriginal people can be regarded as the long-term demographic and economic base of the region.

"The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. In the coming decades, people aged 65 and over will make up an increasingly large percentage of the population: The ratio of people aged 65+ to people aged 20-64 will rise by 80%. This shift is happening for two reasons: people are living longer, and many couples are choosing to have fewer children and to have those children somewhat later in life. The resulting demographic shift will present the nation with economic challenges, both to absorb the costs and to leverage the benefits of an aging population. Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population presents the fundamental factors driving the aging of the U.S. population, as well as its societal implications and likely long-term macroeconomic effects in a global context. The report finds that, while population aging does not pose an insurmountable challenge to the nation, it is imperative that sensible policies are implemented soon to allow companies and households to respond. It offers four practical approaches for preparing resources to support the future consumption of households and for adapting to the new economic landscape"-- Publisher's summary

Poland supported George W. Bush's Iraqi policy and sent soldiers who were supposed to fight, together with Americans, against Saddam Hussein's regime. The decision was highly risky for Poland, as it had been taken at the time when Poland was just about to enter the European Union. Both Germany and France, playing crucial role in the EU, were against any military sanctions towards Iraq. There were predictions that Polish actions, contrary to the European power's vision, would result in a serious crisis. There were even fears that it would impede Poland joining the EU. Indeed, the crisis occurred, however it soon became only the background for European problems. Iraqi issue led also to the deterioration of the relations between Poland and Russia. Moscow's government did not approve of the consolidation of American's position in the Middle-East and in Middle-East Europe.

International audience ; The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread school shutdowns, with many continuing distance education via online-learning platforms. We here estimate the causal effects of online education on student exam performance using administrative data from Chinese Middle Schools. Taking a difference-in-differences approach, we find that receiving online education during the COVID-19 lockdown improved student academic results by 0.22 of a standard deviation, relative to pupils without learning support from their school. Not all online education was equal: students who were given recorded online lessons from external higher-quality teachers had higher exam scores than those whose lessons were recorded by teachers from their own school. The educational benefits of distance learning were the same for rural and urban students, but the exam performance of students who used a computer for online education was better than those who used a smartphone. Last, while everyone except the very-best students performed better with online learning, it was low achievers who benefited from teacher quality.

International audience ; The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread school shutdowns, with many continuing distance education via online-learning platforms. We here estimate the causal effects of online education on student exam performance using administrative data from Chinese Middle Schools. Taking a difference-in-differences approach, we find that receiving online education during the COVID-19 lockdown improved student academic results by 0.22 of a standard deviation, relative to pupils without learning support from their school. Not all online education was equal: students who were given recorded online lessons from external higher-quality teachers had higher exam scores than those whose lessons were recorded by teachers from their own school. The educational benefits of distance learning were the same for rural and urban students, but the exam performance of students who used a computer for online education was better than those who used a smartphone. Last, while everyone except the very-best students performed better with online learning, it was low achievers who benefited from teacher quality.

International audience ; The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread school shutdowns, with many continuing distance education via online-learning platforms. We here estimate the causal effects of online education on student exam performance using administrative data from Chinese Middle Schools. Taking a difference-in-differences approach, we find that receiving online education during the COVID-19 lockdown improved student academic results by 0.22 of a standard deviation, relative to pupils without learning support from their school. Not all online education was equal: students who were given recorded online lessons from external higher-quality teachers had higher exam scores than those whose lessons were recorded by teachers from their own school. The educational benefits of distance learning were the same for rural and urban students, but the exam performance of students who used a computer for online education was better than those who used a smartphone. Last, while everyone except the very-best students performed better with online learning, it was low achievers who benefited from teacher quality.

International audience ; The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread school shutdowns, with many continuing distance education via online-learning platforms. We here estimate the causal effects of online education on student exam performance using administrative data from Chinese Middle Schools. Taking a difference-in-differences approach, we find that receiving online education during the COVID-19 lockdown improved student academic results by 0.22 of a standard deviation, relative to pupils without learning support from their school. Not all online education was equal: students who were given recorded online lessons from external higher-quality teachers had higher exam scores than those whose lessons were recorded by teachers from their own school. The educational benefits of distance learning were the same for rural and urban students, but the exam performance of students who used a computer for online education was better than those who used a smartphone. Last, while everyone except the very-best students performed better with online learning, it was low achievers who benefited from teacher quality.

International audience ; The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread school shutdowns, with many continuing distance education via online-learning platforms. We here estimate the causal effects of online education on student exam performance using administrative data from Chinese Middle Schools. Taking a difference-in-differences approach, we find that receiving online education during the COVID-19 lockdown improved student academic results by 0.22 of a standard deviation, relative to pupils without learning support from their school. Not all online education was equal: students who were given recorded online lessons from external higher-quality teachers had higher exam scores than those whose lessons were recorded by teachers from their own school. The educational benefits of distance learning were the same for rural and urban students, but the exam performance of students who used a computer for online education was better than those who used a smartphone. Last, while everyone except the very-best students performed better with online learning, it was low achievers who benefited from teacher quality.

"Excessive heat events (EHEs) are and will continue to be a fact of life in the United States. These events are a public health threat because they often increase the number of daily deaths (mortality) and other nonfatal adverse health outcomes (morbidity) in affected populations. Distinct groups within the population, generally those who are older, very young, or poor, or have physical challenges or mental impairments, are at elevated risk for experiencing EHE-attributable health problems. However, because EHEs can be accurately forecasted and a number of low cost but effective responses are well understood, future health impacts of EHEs could be reduced. This guidebook provides critical information that local public health officials and others need to begin assessing their EHE vulnerability and developing and implementing EHE notification and response programs." - 5 ; Chapter 1 .Overview. -- 1.1. Why Care about EHEs? -- 1.2. Guidebook Goals -- 1.3. Guidebook Development -- -- Chapter 2. EHE Health Impacts and Risk Sources. -- 2.1. Defining an EHE -- 2.2. Health Risks Attributable to EHE Conditions -- 2.3. Quantifying the Health Impacts of EHEs -- 2.3.1. EHEs and U.S. mortality -- 2.3.2. EHEs and U.S. morbidity -- 2.4. Identifying Characteristics that Affect EHE Health Risks. -- 2.4.1. Meteorological conditions -- 2.4.2. Demographic sensitivities -- 2.4.3. Behavioral choices -- 2.4.4. Regional factors -- -- Chapter 3. Summary of Current EHE Notification and Response Programs. -- 3.1. Elements in Select EHE Programs -- 3.1.1. EHE prediction -- 3.1.2. EHE risk assessment. -- 3.1.3. EHE notification and response -- 3.1.4. EHE mitigation -- 3.2. Case Studies in the Development and Implementation of EHE Programs -- 3.2.1. Philadelphia -- 3.2.2. Toronto. -- 3.2.3. Phoenix -- 3.3. Evidence on the Performance of EHE Programs -- -- Chapter 4. Recommendations for EHE Notification and Response Programs. -- 4.1. EHE Definition and Forecasting. -- 4.1.1. EHE criteria must reflect local conditions -- 4.1.2. Ensure access to timely meteorological forecasts -- 4.2. Public Education and Awareness of EHE Risk Factors and Health Impacts -- 4.2.1. Increase and improve EHE notification and public education -- 4.2.2. Provide information on proper use of portable electric fans during EHEs -- 4.3. EHE Response Preparation -- 4.3.1. Develop a clear plan of action identifying roles and responsibilities. -- 4.3.2. Develop long-term urban planning programs to minimize heat island formation -- 4.4. EHE Response Actions -- 4.5. Review EHE Programs to Address Changing Needs, Opportunities, and Constraints -- . -- Appendix A: Excessive Heat Event Resources Available on the Internet. -- Appendix B: Use of Portable Electric Fans during Excessive Heat Events. -- Appendix C: Excessive Heat Events Guidebook in Brief. ; United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs. ; "EPA 430-b-06-005" ; "June 2006." ; "The primary agencies that partnered to support this guidebook's development are the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Weather Service (NWS), and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)." - p. 1 ; Also available via Internet from the EPA Heat Island web site as an Acrobat .pdf file (711 KB, 60 p.). Address as of 7/28/06: http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/about/pdf/EHEguide%5Ffinal.pdf; current access is available via PURL. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 413-48).