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In the early 1940s, the wave of North American fiction films dealing with the Second World War devoted unprecedented attention to Portugal, then a neutral nation under a fascist-inspired dictatorship led by António de Oliveira Salazar. This article analyses the underlying discourse about Portugal in the stories filmed by Hollywood during this period. It focuses on three key motifs, namely the portrayal of the country as an escape point for refugees, as a gathering ground for spies and as a safe haven from European war and oppression. Besides identifying common patterns in the narratives, the article seeks to contextualize them by taking into account the evolution of the scripts, as well as the feedback from the Production Code Administration and the Office of War Information. It also briefly contrasts the portrayal of Portugal with that of Spain, where a similar political regime was in place. It concludes that the combination of Hollywood's formulaic narratives and Washington's propaganda strategy resulted in a depiction of Portugal that was patronizing yet mostly benevolent, romanticizing local living conditions and dissociating the Salazar dictatorship from its fascist origins and practices.

Sociologists and other social scientists confront a number of trends in American society and even inside the academic world such as anti-intellectualism and a preference for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Often, people in the public have a misperception about what social sciences are and what sociologists do. However, a number of important people such as Martin Luther King offered an explicit vision of the mission for social scientists. That vision entails social scientists as progressive social change agents. Two sociologists who fit that vision are Ernst Borinski and Howard Becker. These public scholars spent a lot of time understanding in-group/out-group dynamics. They also took on the insider/outsider roles to conduct their research and pursue other endeavors. Becker and Borinski and other sociologists were able to show the public why sociology is important in the day-to-day lives of individuals. Drawing on the works of Becker and Borinski, the author offers some suggestions on how to convey insights from the discipline to reporters, writers, and other opinion leaders.

This paper examines the role of culture in shaping and contesting city branding strategies. Throughout the world, the private and public sectors are jointly engaged in branding cities by mobilising a cultural rhetoric with the aim of attracting business, boosting tourism and revitalising urban spaces. Adopting a critical sociological perspective, the paper examines whether or not culture-based city branding brings benefits to community cultural organisations and explores the reasons why this might be the case. Based on the experience of Buenos Aires and drawing on in-depth interviews with both policy-makers and community cultural centres, different notions of culture, underpinning contrasting imagined cities, are discussed. The paper argues that city branding, founded on a commodified notion of culture, driven by profit-making goals and oriented towards international tourism, can create an urban vision of consumption to which cultural organisations are opposed. The paper concludes by showing how a particular entanglement between politics, businesses and urban marketing in the Latin American city gives way to ongoing contestations over the city brand and configures the possibilities and distribution of potential benefits.

AbstractHow much has food abundance, attributable to U.S. public agricultural R&D, contributed to high and rising U.S. obesity rates? In this paper we investigate the effects of public investment in agricultural R&D on food prices, per capita calorie consumption, adult body weight, obesity, public healthcare expenditures related to obesity, and consumer welfare. We find that a 10% increase in the stream of annual U.S. public investment in agricultural R&D in the latter half of the twentieth century would have caused a modest increase in the average daily calorie consumption of American adults, resulting in small increases in public healthcare expenditures related to obesity. On the other hand, such an increase in spending would have generated very substantial consumer benefits, and net national benefits, given the very large benefit‐cost ratios for agricultural R&D. This implies that current policy objectives of revising agricultural R&D priorities to pursue obesity objectives are likely to be comparatively unproductive and socially wasteful. Moreover, R&D lags of decades mean that such an approach would be totally ineffective in the immediate horizon.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of long‐term climate trends and short‐term weather fluctuations, evaluations of scientists and science, political predispositions, religious affiliation, the information environment, and demographic attributes on individuals' views about whether global warming exists and, if so, whether it is a result of natural cycles or human activity.MethodsWe use data from the 2009 Pew General Public Science Survey, along with data on long‐ and short‐term patterns of temperature and precipitation in individuals' home communities.ResultsWe find that long‐term trends in summer temperatures influence perceptions of global warming. Individuals who reside in communities with long‐term warming of summer temperatures that are coupled with long‐term cooling of spring temperatures are significantly more likely to perceive that global warming exists and is due to human activity. We also find that Americans' attitudes toward scientists and science, political dispositions, evangelical religious affiliation, education, and some demographic attributes all have discernible effects on their perceptions of anthropogenic (man‐made) global warming.ConclusionIndividuals' attitudes toward global warming are influenced by long‐term temperature trends in their home communities, as well as a variety of attitudinal and demographic attributes.

Resumen Este trabajo intenta establecer las causas que expliquen por qué Editorial Losada, cuyo catálogo había incluido muchos de los títulos más relevantes de la literatura latinoamericana y argentina de los años cuarenta, comenzó a experimentar un declive a causa de su evolución conservadora en el terreno formal en 1955. Entre estos factores se destaca la renuncia de Guillermo de Torre como director editorial en 1955 y se explica el papel que el crítico y editor tuvo en la evolución del proyecto editorial. Palabras clave: Losada, literatura argentina, Guillermo de Torre. Abstract This paper tries to set the causes which explain why the Publishing Company Losada, whose catalogue had included many of the most relevant books of Latin American Literature during the 1940s, began to experience a decline because of its progressive conservative forms. Among these factors, it is outlined the resignation of Guillermo de Torre as editorial director in 1955, and it is explained the role that he had in the development of this publishing project. Key Words: Losada, Argentinian Literature, Guillermo de Torre.

The purpose of this study was to explain workplace bullying as a symptom of high-strain employment. The Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model of work design was used to frame this study and examine workplace bullying antecedents and consequences. Full-time American employees ( N = 314) working in various organizations completed a questionnaire about their bullying experiences, working environments, and occupational outcomes. Results revealed that workplace bullying was correlated with expected negative outcomes at work (i.e., job dissatisfaction, job stress, anxiety). In line with JDCS model predictions, employees who worked at organizations characterized by high psychological demands, low control, and low supervisor social support (i.e., an additive model) reported more workplace bullying (supporting an iso-strain hypothesis). Results of a moderated moderation analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between demands, control, and support (supporting a buffering hypothesis); under workplace conditions characterized by low supervisor social support, employee control over how work was completed buffered the negative effect of job demands on workplace bullying. Supervisors, then, should consider how promoting employee autonomy and communicating social support to employees might nullify workplace conditions that encourage bullying, especially when work is particularly demanding.

This article attempts to understand the Asian presence in the International Sociological Association (ISA) in terms of (a) attendance at World Congresses of Sociology and (b) participation in decision-making bodies such as the ISA Executive Committee and the boards of the Research Committees. Viewing the size of the Asian population as a proportion of the world population, the Asian presence in the ISA is far from satisfactory. Being a Euro-American transplant in Asia, the sociological concepts and theories have not been able to fully capture Asian social reality. Further, the different socio-political and economic backgrounds of Asian countries – postcolonial (India), postsocialist (China) and democratic-capitalist (Japan) – have also led to differing participation in the ISA. For equity in participation in the ISA and the rapid internationalization of sociology the tension between the 'universalism' of Western sociological concepts and theories and the 'particularism' of Asian social reality need to be addressed. To achieve the intended objective of the ISA, namely the internationalization of sociology, it is necessary to recognize the specificities of all the 'provinces' in the Republic of Knowledge Production.

This paper uses a materialist feminist discourse analysis to examine how women's movement organizations, liberal Democrats, and conservative Republican legislators shaped the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and the consequences for intersectional and carceral feminism. Drawing on qualitative analysis of Congressional hearings, published feminist and conservative discussion of VAWA, and accounts of feminist mobilization around VAWA, I first show how a multi-issue coalition led by feminists shaped VAWA. Second, I show how discourses of crime intermixed with feminism into a polysemic gendered crime frame that facilitated cross-ideological support. Third, I show how, in contrast, intersectional issues that activists understood as central to violence against women were discursively and structurally separated from gendered crime in Congress. Although a multi-issue movement coalition advocated for expansions in VAWA dealing with immigrants, unmarried partners, same-sex partners, transgender people, and Native Americans, these issues were understood in Congress through more controversial single-issue discourses and often considered in administratively separate Congressional committees. Fourth, I show how VAWA's outcomes played out in terms of carceral and intersectional feminist goals.

Urban school districts are comprised of many diverse high school environments including comprehensive neighborhood schools as well as a variety of smaller alternative models that focus on innovative practices, behavior remediation, or academic recovery. In terms of enrollment distribution, urban school districts are increasingly offering nontraditional school placement options for students presenting academic and behavioral difficulty or for students seeking specific curricular emphasis or pedagogy, including—but not limited to—use of school choice voucher programs. In this study, we examined student distribution across school types in one large urban district to investigate enrollment patterns with regard to gender, race, socioeconomic status, and disability status. The results of this cross-sectional analysis indicated significant disproportionality in student demographics within different school types, including overrepresentation of African American students, male students, and students with disabilities in restrictive and segregated alternative schools; overrepresentation of White students and female students in self-selected and innovative alternative schools; and underrepresentation of Hispanic and Asian students in remedial alternative schools. Implications of this disproportionality for policy and practice are discussed.

Transcultural qualitative research is known for its utility in eliciting in-depth narratives, resulting in increased understanding about cultural phenomena. However, sometimes specific phenomena in the researcher's inquiry are ignored, evaded, or denied; or a seemingly crucial experience demonstrating society's unfairness, which the researcher had been expecting, does not emerge. In this paper, the issue of evasions in narratives is addressed, with two examples in which participants evaded the issue about which they were asked: perceptions of discrimination for aging adults of Mexican descent, and perceptions of living with life-limiting illnesses for aging African American adults. The Ethno-Cultural Gerontological Nursing Model framework's Macro-level factors (climate of stereotypes, attitudes and ascriptions of the majority group) and Group-based influences ("Cultural/historical traditions" and "Cohort influences") organize our thinking about addressing evasions by minority research participants. Four tools synthesized from the literature and our research experiences are recommended: (1) self-assessment of one's own cultural values and lenses, (2) co-collaborating during the data collection and analysis phases, (3) acknowledging the power position of the researcher, and (4) over-reading.

Claiming to be a complex approach, the updated worldwide Sustainable Development Goals agreement broadens its educational scope and acknowledges the integrated and indivisible character of human development through diverse dimensions. Complex systems research provides ways to improve our understanding of the complexity of education and to explore how education fits within the context of human development. To account for 'effect‐based' research on education complexity, using the American Community Survey data, we developed a model by inferring a probabilistic network structure of diverse aspects of human development dimensions including education. We explored the model by network analysis methods to discover the intrinsic relationships among education variables and the extrinsic relationships of education with other dimensions of human development in the USA. The results confirmed the well‐known rationale of the relationship between education and wealth, and expanded the understanding of complexity of education as it is part of the life course (timing of individual development) and of the cultural construction of identity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Creative industries are among the fastest-growing and most important sectors of European and North American economies. Their growth depends on continuous innovation, which is important in many industries and also challenging to manage because of inherent tensions. Creative industries, similar to many industries, depend not only on novelty to attract consumers, but also on familiarity to aid comprehension and stabilize demand for cultural products. Agents in the creative industries play with these tensions, generating novelty that shifts industries' labels and boundaries. This tension and agency makes them a valuable setting for advancing theoretical ideas on who drives innovation, from mavericks that challenge conventions to mainstreams that build upon them. We trace this history and then turn to the five papers in the special issue, which examine in depth how mavericks, misfits, mainstreams and amphibians in various creative domains, from artistic perfumery to choreography, engage with innovation and address tensions. These processes of innovation point to future research that explores and exploits the role of materiality in meaning making, the role of capitals in translation processes and the dynamics of value and evaluation.

En la planta de Guaicaramo, para el proceso de obtención del aceite de palma, las calderas producen la mayor demanda de agua utilizada en el proceso, aproximadamente 96000 m3 por año, este vapor al ser utilizado en este proceso genera condensados, que al reutilizarlos disminuiría la demanda de agua proveniente de pozos profundos y del río, por lo que este estudio plantea el diseño de un sistema de recuperación de los condensados que cumplan según parámetros determinados por la ABMA (American Boiler Manufacture Asociation) para nuevamente alimentar a la caldera. También se analizaron los efluentes finales del sistema de tratamiento (EFST) de diferentes partes del proceso que llegan a una piscina de lodos para su recuperación, para estas se propuso un diseño experimental utilizando materias primas de residuo de la empresa (cuescos de palma, fibra y tusa) y un solo tratamiento tradicional (Filtración o floculación o sedimentación) y mezclas con agua para buscar su posterior utilizacióncomo agua de alimentación de calderas.Palabras Clave: Diseño experimental; eficiencia de calderas; recuperación de aguas residuales; recuperación de condensados.

Bataclan. San Bernadino. One need not read any further to understand how radicalization is crucial to counterterrorism and national security. Some states have implemented counter-radicalization strategies to cull terrorism at its root. These tactics fall within two broad groups: the North American method, which emphasizes behavioral radicalization, and the European method, which stresses cognitive radicalization. This paper compares the two methods by examining counter-radicalization strategies in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Case studies explain the social ramifications and the effectiveness of the US' Countering Violent Extremism policy and the UK's Prevent strategy, and the roles they play in abolishing or inadvertently incentivizing social divisions that lead to radicalization and terrorism. While the US strategy emphasizes the role of law enforcement, the UK strategy focuses on the role of community in preventing terrorism, including those of universities and healthcare providers. This difference is crucial in how Muslim communities view their place in the broader context of society, which makes up a fundamental precept of political alienation. Consequentially, this paper brings radicalization studies out of the ivory tower and into its broader sociopolitical context and effects.