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AbstractIn semi‐arid countries, particularly in Africa, governments have evolved water policies oriented toward 'techno‐giantist,' grand‐scale schemes that have generally accelerated the depletion of national water tables. In Namibia, such a techno‐giantist water management strategy was utilized to reinforce the privileges of white minority farmers prior to independence, and was subsequently expanded to provide modern water facilities to the black African majority in the post‐independence period. The government has pursued not only the construction of a massive new system of pipelines and boreholes, but also the development of giant dam‐building and river canal schemes that are likely to result in watershed depletion over the long term. This reflects state leaders' belief in the imagery of political potency projected by the government's ability to build macro‐scale water systems. However, a water supply approach focused on more micro‐level extraction techniques through which aquifer recharge is prioritized is more likely to assure both local‐level water access and water table sustainability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of different water quality regimes [Freshwater (FW), treated wastewater (TW) and alternating FW and TW (FW‐TW)] on drip‐irrigated table grape yield, quality and microbial contamination. Water and soil samples were analysed. In addition, grape samples were harvested for quantitative and qualitative evaluation. The results showed that the plants irrigated with TW and those irrigated with alternating FW and TW gave 19.57 and 14.95% higher marketable yield, respectively, than plants irrigated with FW. Total soluble sugars, total titratable acidity and sweetness ranged, respectively, between 18.43–20.13, 0.69–0.81% and 21.52–29.19, and were within the desirable levels for table grape harvest. In addition, there was no significant difference in terms of total phenols and mineral composition of berries, leaves, peduncle and pedicels. Finally, table grapes did not present any bacterial contamination which confirm the importance of the adopted irrigation regime for a safe wastewater reuse in agriculture.

In many coastal areas, high water tables are present, complicating installation of some stormwater best management practices (BMPs) that rely on infiltration. Regional estimates of the seasonal high water table (SHWT) often rely on sources such as soil surveys taken over a decade ago; these data are static and do not account for groundwater withdrawals or other anthropogenic impacts. To improve estimates of the SHWT, we developed a GIS-based methodology relying on surface water elevations. Data sources included a 1.5-m (5.0ft) resolution Lidar-derived digital elevation model (DEM), aerial imagery, and publicly available shapefiles of water boundaries. Twenty-six groundwater monitoring wells were screened to eliminate well locations influenced by pumping, yielding 22 wells. In coastal Virginia, tidal water bodies and ditches form terminal boundaries for discharge from the water-table aquifers and permit water table elevations to be fixed at the landward boundaries of surface water bodies. Water table elevations interpolated from well data and boundary elevations were used to create a triangulated irregular network representing the water table elevations for November 2012, which was the date of the DEM. An adjustment factor, calculated from the highest recorded April water table depth from long-term groundwater monitoring data, was added to estimate the SHWT elevation. SHWT elevations were subtracted from the DEM to yield SHWT depth, which was compared with long-term monitoring well data, yielding an R2 value of 0.91. Residual errors were random, although the method underpredicted the highest expected SHWT and overpredicted the median SHWT. The SHWT depth map was validated by using water table depths from 57 soil borings at 10 different sites, and consistently matched observations better than available soil survey estimates. The SHWT depth map could be useful for BMP siting and feasibility studies in similar hydrogeological settings. ; City of Virginia Beach [449263]; Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station; Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture ; The authors express their appreciation to Greg Johnson, Department of Public Works, City of Virginia Beach, Virginia; Kathleen Hancock, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech; and Conrad Heatwole and Durelle Scott, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, who facilitated and helped guide this research, and provided constructive comment. Portions of this research were funded by the City of Virginia Beach, Project 449263; however, opinions expressed within are entirely of the authors and reflect no endorsement by the City. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. Funding for this research was also was provided in part by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, which also does not imply endorsement of opinions contained herein. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Acid mine drainage 1 -- Amoco Cadiz oil spill 1 -- Aqueducts 2 -- Aquifers 4 -- Argo Merchant oil spill 5 -- Ashio, Japan, copper mine 6 -- Best available technologies 7 -- Black Sea 8 -- BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill 9 -- Braer oil spill 12 -- Brent Spar occupation 13 -- Chesapeake Bay 14 -- Chlorination 15 -- Clean Water Act and amendments 16 -- Coastal Zone Management Act 18 -- Colorado River 18 -- Continental shelves 20 -- Cultural eutrophication 22 -- Cuyahoga River fires 22 -- Dams and reservoirs 23 -- Danube River 27 -- Desalination 28 -- Dredging 29 -- Drinking water 30 -- Environment Canada 31 -- Environmental Protection Agency 32 -- Eutrophication 35 -- Experimental Lakes Area 36 -- Externalities 38 -- Exxon Valdez oil spill 38 -- Flood Control Act 40 -- Floodplains 41 -- Floods 43 -- Fluoridation 45 -- Ganges River 47 -- Great Lakes International Joint Commission 48 -- Groundwater pollution 49 -- Gulf War oil burning 50 -- Irrigation 52 -- Kesterson Reservoir 54 -- Klamath River 55 -- Lake Baikal 56 -- Lake Erie 58 -- Leachates 59 -- London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution 61 -- Los Angeles Aqueduct 62 -- Mediterranean Blue Plan 64 -- Mississippi River 65 -- Mono Lake 68 -- Monongahela River tank collapse 69 -- Nile River 71 -- North American Free Trade Agreement 72 -- Ocean currents 74 -- Ocean dumping 76 -- Ocean pollution 78 -- Oil spills 81 -- Pacific Islands 84 -- PEMEX oil well leak 86 -- Polluter pays principle 87 -- Rain gardens 88 -- Rainwater harvesting 89 -- Rhine River 91 -- Riparian rights 91 -- Rocky Flats, Colorado, nuclear plant releases 92 -- Runoff, agricultural 94 -- Runoff, urban 95 -- Sacramento River pesticide spill 97 -- Safe Drinking Water Act 98 -- Santa Barbara oil spill 99 -- Sea Empress oil spill 100 -- Sea-level changes 101.

The focus of Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse is to collect original contributions and some relevant publications from recent conference proceedings in order to provide state-of-art information on the use of energy in wastewater treatment and reuse systems. Special focus is given to innovative technologies, such as membrane bioreactors, high pressure membrane filtration systems, and novel water reuse processes. A comparison of energy consumption in water reuse systems and desalination will be also provided. Water-Energy Interactions in Water Reuse covers the use of energy in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment for various water reuse applications, including carbon footprint, energy efficiency, energy self-sufficient facilities and novel technologies, such as microbial fuel cells and biogas valorisation. It is of real value to water utility managers; policy makers for water and wastewater treatment; water resources planners, and researchers and students in environmental engineering and science. EDITORS Valentina Lazarova, Suez Environnement, France Kwang-Ho Choo, Kyungpook National University, Korea Peter Cornel, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Table of Contents Introduction; The Water-Energy Nexus; Energy Footprint of Wastewater Treatment; Energy Footprint of Water Reuse; Energy Footprint of Alternative Water Resources; Water Footprint of Energy Production; Index

To confirm the role of peptides as principal precursors of acrylamide formation in sterilized table olives, peptides from olive water were fractionated. After their partial fractionation by solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultrafiltration (<10,000Da), respectively, small peptides from olive water were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). In the fractions collected, peptides and polyphenolic compounds were determined colorimetrically, and acrylamide was quantitated by LC-MS/MS after heating of the samples. Subsequently, peptides were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS), and polyphenols were analyzed by LC-MS in the respective fractions. Finally, peptides containing fractions were purified on a polymeric resin (Amberlite XAD 16HP) to remove unbound phenolic compounds by adsorption. The results of the different experiments performed in complete absence of free asparagine and reducing sugars strongly support small peptides bound to polyphenols to be the principal precursors of acrylamide in sterilized table olives. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. ; This work was supported in part by the European Union (FEDER funds) and the Spanish government through Project AGL 2010-19178. The Spanish government is also thanked for the fellowship of the first author. ; Peer Reviewed

This is a conference paper. ; Water is a precious resource gifted by nature for the human well being. But its contamination whether chemical or faecal is a challenge for the water supply agencies in providing safe drinking water especially to the rural community. It is a known fact that safe drinking water is essential for healthy living yet millions of people on the earth are deprived of it. Deterioration of ground water quality in recent years due to various human as well as geogenic activities is a threat to humanity especially in rural areas in plains as it is the only available water source within their reach. The governments are struggling to provide adequate safe water to all rural habitations. Depletion of water table in many areas resulting in emergence of chemical impurities like Arsenic and Fluoride in water is making it unsafe whereas water in high water table zone are bacteriologically unsafe. Bihar one of the largest states of Indian Republic with high groundwater potential is facing a serious water quality problem .This paper is a case study and attempts to identify the steps to improve the rural health through safe water supply.

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AbstractThe DRAINWAT, DRAINmod for WATershed model, was selected for hydrological modelling to obtain water table depths and drainage outflows at Open Grounds Farm in Carteret County, North Carolina, USA. Six simulated storm events from the study period were compared with the measured data and analysed. Simulation results from the whole study period and selected rainfall events assured that the DRAINWAT model reasonably predicted the water table depths and drainage outflow events even though it underestimated outflows in very dry period after 24 April, 2001. The potential evapotranspiration by various calculation methods was found to be the most sensitive parameter in this study. The other three parameters (maximum surface depressional storage, Manning's channel roughness coefficient, and channel bedslope) were not significantly (α = 0.05) sensitive to the cumulative outflow as expected. The DRAINWAT model may be a useful tool for water management in flat agricultural areas with high water table if it can be calibrated properly with reliable measurements.

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- Executive summary -- Key messages -- Chapter 1. Urban water governance today - Setting the scene -- Key messages -- Why urban water governance matters -- Analytical framework -- Characteristics of cities affecting urban water governance -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2. Factors shaping urban water governance -- Key messages -- Water infrastructure challenges in cities -- The risks of too much, too little, too polluted water -- Institutional factors -- Environmental and socio-economic factors