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The research -- The saints, their homes, and their servants -- Mayan festivals for the saints -- Mayan insistence on the mass performed by a Catholic priest -- Traditional Mayan worldview -- The worldview of the Spanish crown at the beginning of the sixteenth century -- Spanish victories and their impact on the Mayan worldview -- The goals of evangelization -- The strategy for communicating the doctrina -- Problems facing the friars -- The secular clergy -- The necessity of the saints in the Mayan worldview -- The necessity of the mass, baptism, and the Catholic priest in the Mayan worldview -- The fiscal -- The mass of the talking saints -- Questions raised by the research

Royal celebrations, with their rites and symbolic value, were intended as a strategic tool for the Spanish Crown, in order to strengthen its relations with noble families and the people at large in the peripheries of the Reign. Surviving printed records of celebrations reflect the monarchy's clear programme to manage local consensus and reinforce the existing social hierarchy. Some aspects of the dynamics of printing press in relation to political power are shown through a specimen account of the printed news issued in two important capital cities of the Spanish territories: Palermo and Naples. ; Las fiestas reales, con sus ritos y valor simbólico, fueron una herramienta estratégica para fortalecer los vínculos entre el soberano, la nobleza y el pueblo en las provincias del reino. Las relaciones impresas que se conservan sobre las celebraciones reflejan que la monarquía tenía un programa claro para gestionar el consenso político local y reforzar las jerarquías sociales existentes. Se muestran algunos aspectos de esta relación entre imprenta y poder a través de algunas relaciones de sucesos impresas en dos importantes ciudades bajo dominio español: Palermo y Nápoles.

Este trabajo se propone analizar el proceso de organización y aprobación del Colegio-Universidad de San Pedro Apóstol, que se aprobó por Cédula Real, en 1806, en la Villa de Mompox. Se demostrará cómo esta institución presenta la característica de tener una constitución de carácter ilustrado, que fue elaborada por Eloy Valenzuela. Por otra parte, la aprobación, por parte del rey, del nuevo colegio-universidad, dependió de la influencia política de don Pedro Pinillos y del dinero que le dio éste a la Corona española. El artículo se fundamenta en la metodología de la historia social de la educación, basada en fuentes primarias, fundamentalmente del Archivo General de la Nación. Colombia (AGN) y del Archivo General de Indias de España (AGI). ; This work analyzes the organization and the approval of the school-University of Saint Peter Apostle by Royal Order in 1806 in the Ville of Mompox. It will demostrate how that institution presents the characteristic of having an Enlightered Constitution, made by Eloy Valenzuela. On the other hand, the approval, by the King the new school-university depended on the political influence of Dn. Pedro Pinillos and the money gave to the Spanish crown. This paper is based on the method of social history of education, it is documented in primary sources of the Archivo General de la Nación in Colombia and the Archivo General de Indias. ; Este trabalho se propõe analisar o processo de organização e aprovação da Escola-Universidade de San Pedro Apóstol, que se aprovou por Cédula Real, em 1806, na Vila de Mompox. Se demonstrará como esta instituição apresenta a característica de ter uma constituição de caráter ilustrado, que foi elaborada por Eloy Valenzuela. Por outra parte, a aprovação, por parte do rei, da nova escola-universidade, dependeu da influência política de dom Pedro Pinillos e do dinheiro que ele lhe deu à Coroa espanhola. O artigo fundamenta-se na metodologia da história social da educação, baseada em fontes primárias, fundamentalmente do Arquivo Geral da Nação na Colômbia (AGN) e do Arquivo Geral de Índias da Espanha (AGI).

363 páginas : ilustraciones, fotografías y anexos. ; Es un estudio sobre las formas en que la Corona Española, la Orden de los Franciscanos Menores con el aval del papado, estructuraron la devoción hacia la lnmaculada Concepción de María. Debido a que la advocación inmaculista fue una construcción teológica y no una revelación, supuso distintos escenarios políticos y teológicos que buscaban por parte de la corona española y los Franciscanos la promulgación del dogma. Desde el siglo XIV hasta finales del siglo XVIII, la advocación de la Inmaculada estaba siendo debatida por aquellos proclives a esta gracia de María y los contrarios a ella. Todas las acciones políticas y teológicas referentes a este tema, se expandieron en el altiplano Cundiboyacense de diversas maneras. La Orden de los Franciscanos y la Corona Española con el aval del papado estructuraron mecanismos de reproducción que tenían como finalidad asentar la devoción hacia la lnmaculada. Para ello se fundaron cofradías, se implementaron imágenes de la Limpia Concepción, fiestas, sermones, oraciones y cánticos inmaculistas. La sociedad neogranadina mostró su devoción a través de distintas formas, plasmadas en testamentos, regalos píos, en objetos de culto en sus casas particulares. ; This is a study of the ways used by the Spanish Crown, the order of friars minor with the backing of the papacy, to structure the devotion to Mary's immaculate conception. Because of the fact that the immaculate advocation was a theological construction and not a revelation, it supposed different political and theological scenarios which pursued the proclamation of the dogma by the side of the Spanish crown and the Franciscans. From the XIV century to the end of the XVIII century, the advocation of the Immaculate has been discussed by those who followed this grace of Mary and those who opposed it. All the political and theological actions referred to this subject expanded over the Cundiboyacense plateau in different ways. The Franciscan order and the Spanish Crown with the backing of the papacy organize reproduction mechanisms with the intention to secure the devotion to the Immaculate. To this purpose they founded brotherhoods, implemented images of the Limpia Concepcion, festivities, sermons, prayers and immaculate canticles. Neogranadine society showed its devotion in different ways, expressed in testaments, pious gifts and private objects of cult. ; Doctor en Estudios Sociales ; Doctorado

The institutional inheritance of the Americas is examined, focusing on ways in which the American colonies were attached to the administrative & governmental apparatuses of the Spanish monarchy. It is noted that early Spanish efforts at institution-building in the colonies were frustrated by the social segmentation of societies in the Carribean, & that a growing schism between viceroys & their assistants, the Audiencias, & the Spanish crown resulted in significant institutional change & the persistance of feudalistic forms of social organization. The process by which a distinctly American brand of feudalism managed to corrupt the Americas' nascent legal, political, & economic institutions is also explored, & an account of the effects of the Americas' religious institutions on economic & social development is discussed. W. Howard

Two irrevocable commitments of Spanish colonial policy were that the natives as "new Christians" merited some guarantees as to their property rights and the liberty of their persons and that colonizing based upon the services of Indian labor had to be made profitable for the Spanish colonists. The Spanish crown seldom vacillated in its sometimes quixotically pursued determination to reconcile these two cardinal commitments. Harmonized they sometimes were, but there are striking cases where the two goals seemed mutually exclusive. The aim of this essay is to examine some patterns of change and continuity which emerged during those periods of crisis when the general well-being of the colony apparently clashed with the specific welfare of the Indians.

This research examines the alliance formed between the Spanish and the Tlaxcalans during the Conquest of Mexico with particular emphasis on the granting of privileges after petitions to the Spanish Crown. Using arguments made by Matthew Restall's Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest as a starting point, primary sources such as the Florentine Codex and The Tlaxcalan Actas are used to cite examples of Tlaxcalan motivations, such as land grants and tribute relief, in forming an alliance with Cortes and his men. The Tlaxcalans, who felt that their contribution to the Conquest was not rewarded, made multiple campaigns in order to persuade the Crown to grant economic rewards. The Lienzo de Tlaxcala, a primary pictorial source made one generation post-Conquest, is one petition that is analyzed in this research. Emphasis when analyzing the Lienzo will be placed on the elements of visual persuasion that would appeal to a Spanish audience, such as the acceptance of Catholicism and military aide. The significance of the Lienzo campaign is that it demonstrates indigenous agency in a system that ultimately favored Spaniards.

There is some degree of inaccuracy around the ethnic and kinship categories frequently assigned (eighteenth to nineteenth centuries) to Paposo colonial local groups on the Atacama Desert coast (25°S). Furthermore, the data referring to colonial Paposo does not give a clear insight into the number of settlements that formed it, its exact geographical location, and its occupational frequencies due to how inaccessible this Chango indigenous enclave was to the Spanish crown. This problem has been analyzed with a documented genealogy of the native coastal families and a review of Atacama's Estancia and mining colonization paradigms.

We present quantitative evidence that themitaintroduced by the Spanish crown in 1573 caused the decimation of the native-born male population. The mass baptisms after the conquest of Peru in 1532 resulted in the assignation of surnames for the first time. We argue that past mortality displacement and mass out-migration were responsible for differences in the surnames observed inmitaandnon-mitadistricts today. Using a regression discontinuity and data from the Peruvian Electoral Roll of 2011, we find thatmitadistricts have 47 log points fewer surnames thannon-mitadistricts, and fewer surnames exclusive to one location.

Al reseñar la obra de Antonio Gil Albarracín sobre la familia Antonelli, se reflexiona en torno a la entidad de esta saga de ingenieros militares al servicio de la corona española y la importancia de este nuevo libro para la historia de la ingeniería hispana. ; We review the Antonio Gil Albarracín's study on the Antonelli family. In the text we reflect on the entity of this saga of military engineers at the service of the Spanish crown. In turn, we consider the importance of this new book for the history of Hispanic engineering.

Indigenous and afrodescendant tribute payments constituted the central manifestation of the colonial relationship between the Americas and the Spanish crown. This article outlines the development of colonial tributary legislation and its implementation in the viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru from the 16th to the 19th century. It focuses on tribute categories as decisive factors for the formation of the colonial society. The comparative approach reveals that the major differences between New Spain and Peru lay first in the tribute categories for "migrants" and second in the varying degree of implementation of tribute obligations among the afrodescendant population.

ABSTRACT- During the period of 1800-1869, the Cuban demographic growth has developed through the sustained immigration ; besides of the africans, chínese, indians yucatecos and galician's of country, functionaries and militaries arrived coming from the Hispano-American territories detached from the Spanish Crown and white Europeans. The first characteristic of this society is that it's hierarchy not only answers to the class melting, but also to it's estate character, that racially distinguishes the white people from the «free colour people» and the slaves, which is not always identified with a social class.

Resumen El presente estudio se centra en el gobierno de uno de los dominios italianos de la Monarquía Hispánica: la isla de Sicilia. Este reino era un enclave esencial de la política exterior de la Corona española en el Mediterráneo y, como tal, necesitaba unas instituciones para su gobierno. A través de los siguientes apartados analizaremos las instituciones del rey en Sicilia y las instituciones del reino durante la regencia de Marina de Austria.Summary This article is focused in the government of one of the Italian domains of the Spanish Monarchy: the island of Sicily. This kingdom was an important key for the foreign policy of the Spanish Crown in the Mediterranean and, as such, needed some institutions for governance. The following sections we will analyse the king's institutions in Sicily and the institutions of the kingdom during the Mariana of Austria's regency.

"Atlantic slavery can be overwhelming in its immensity and brutality, as it involved more than 15 million souls forcibly displaced by European imperialism and consumed in building the global economy. Mastering the Law: Slavery and Freedom in the Legal Ecology of the Spanish Empire lays out the deep history of Iberian slavery, explores its role in the Spanish Indies, and shows how Africans and their descendants used and shaped the legal system as they established their place in Iberoamerican society during the seventeenth century. Ricardo Raúl Salazar Rey places the institution of slavery and the people involved with it at the center of the creation story of Latin America. Iberoamerican customs and laws and the institutions that enforced them provided a common language and a forum to resolve disputes for Spanish subjects, including enslaved and freedpeople. The rules through which Iberian conquerors, settlers, and administrators incorporated Africans into the expanding Empire were developed out of the need of a distant crown to find an enforceable consensus. Africans and their mestizo descendants, in turn, used and therefore molded Spanish institutions to serve their interests.Salazar Rey mined extensively the archives of secular and religious courts, which are full of complex disputes, unexpected subversions, and tactical alliances among enslaved people, freedpeople, and the crown. The narrative unfolds around vignettes that show Afroiberians building their lives while facing exploitation and inequality enforced through violence. Salazar Rey deals mostly with cases originating from Cartagena de Indias, a major Atlantic port city that supported the conquest and rule of the Indies. His work recovers the voices and indomitable ingenuity that enslaved people and their descendants displayed when engaging with the Spanish legal ecology. The social relationships animating the case studies represent the broader African experience in the Americas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries"--

During the first half of the seventeenth century the Spanish crown framed a series of administrative reforms for the Indies aimed at raising additional revenue for the overextended royal treasury. Military defeats in Flanders, Italy, and Germany between 1625 and 1650 undermined Spanish power and forced authorities in Madrid to look for new sources of revenue in their American empire. The deteriorating economic, political, and military position of Spain did not produce an attitude of 'benign neglect' towards the empire, but induced an intense level of government activity in Madrid to force greater financial contributions from the Indies to the beleaguered metropolis. The most successful of die new tax levies imposed in the viceroyalty of Peru was the sale of juros or state-supported annuities.