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Political inquiry -- Critical thinking about politics -- Topic selection -- Locating research materials using indexes, databases, the internet, and mobile sources -- Creating evidence with primary and secondary data -- Properties of a good essay or research paper -- Common problems with writing -- Practices and expectations for manuscript format -- Referencing styles for author-date and footnote/endnotes systems -- Format and examples of activities to enhance comprehension and synthesis of class materials -- Format and examples of assignments for managing and processing information -- Format and examples of conventional research papers -- Format and examples of assignments requiring special techniques -- Format and examples of assignments with appropriate formatting for professional communication -- Format and examples of assignments organizing and documenting achievements for career development

Contexts of and Relations between Early Writing Systems (CREWS) is a project funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 677758), and based in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge. Understanding Relations Between Scripts II: Early Alphabets is the first volume in this series, bringing together ten experts on ancient writing, languages and archaeology to present a set of diverse studies on the early development of alphabetic writing systems and their spread across the Levant and Mediterranean during the second and first millennia BC. By taking an interdisciplinary perspective, it sheds new light on alphabetic writing not just as a tool for recording language but also as an element of culture.

Over 1975-2003 nearly 200 new constitutions were drawn up in countries at risk of conflict, as part of peace processes and the adoption of multiparty political systems. The process of writing constitutions is considered to be very important to the chances of sustaining peace, and The Commonwealth and the US Institute for Peace have developed good practice guidelines in this area. These emphasize consultation, openness to diverse points of view and representative ratification procedures. But assessing the impact of constitution-writing processes on violence is methodologically difficult, since there are many channels of influence in the relationship. This paper reports on preliminary findings from an ongoing research project into the effects of processes in constitution-writing. Regression analysis is used to control for important contextual features such as differences in income levels and ethnic diversity across countries. A key finding is that differences in the degree of participation in the drafting of constitutions has no major effect on post-ratification levels of violence in some parts of the world, such as Europe, but does make a difference in Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific together. – constitutions ; Commonwealth ; democracy ; governance

Spatial Science and its Traditions -- Literature Reviews -- Research Questions -- Data and Methods in Spatial Science -- Graduate Degree Proposals -- Grants and Grant Writing -- Disseminating Research -- Reflections on Proposal Writing in Spatial Science -- Model Proposals -- Theses I and II: Human Systems-Qualitative -- Dissertation I: Human Systems -- Dissertation II: Geo-Techniques -- Dissertation III: Physical Systems -- Extramural Grant I: Research -- Extramural Grant II: Instrumentation -- Extramural III: Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant -- Intramural Grants -- Index.

JAMES MADISON IS WIDELY ALTHOUGH SOMEWHAT INACCURATELY KNOWN AS THE "FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION" AND THE FOUNDER OF PLURALISM IN AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE. HE IS EQUALLY ALTHOUGH LESS WIDELY KNOWN AS ONE OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEM AND AN ADVOCATE OF A MORE PARTICIPATORY AND COMMUNITARIAN THEORY OF POLITICS. BOTH OF THESE CHARACTERIZATIONS ARE WELL FOUNDED. THE FIRST IS BASED LARGELY ON MADISON'S CAREER UP TO 1789, PARTICULARLY HIS COLLABORATOIN WITH ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND CO-AUTHORSHIP OF THE FEDERALIST PAPERS; THESE WERE THE ACTIVITIES CONNECTED WITH WHAT POLITICAL SCIENTISTS USUALLY CALL THE "MADISONIAN SYSTEM," THE THEORY OF WHICH IS BEST KNOWN FROM FEDERALIST 10. THE SECOND DERIVES FROM MADISON'S CONDUCT IN THE 1970S AND HIS WRITINGS FOR THE REPUBLICAN PRESS, ACTIVITIES WHICH HELPED TO ESTABLISH A VERY DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSTEM. THE PARTY SYSTEM IS A SECOND MADISONIAN SYSTEM, WHICH CONTRADICTS THE FIRST IN BOTH THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE PLURALISM OF MADISON THE FEDERALIST FAVORED THE MULTIPLICATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS, IN ORDER TO FACILITATE COMPETENT GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL AND DIRECTION OF THESE INTERESTS. THE PARTY SYSTEM OF MADISON THE REPUBLICAN DISPLAYED MORE CONFIDENCE IN THE POLITICAL COMPETENCE OF CITIZENS OUTSIDE GOVERNMENT, AND FAVORED THE CONSOLIDATION OF SOCIAL "INTERESTS AND AFFECTIONS" TO CONTROL AND DIRECT GOVERNMENT.

The idea that the digital age has revolutionized our day-to-day experience of the world is nothing new, and has been amply recognized by cultural historians. In contrast, Stephen Robertson's BC: Before Computers is a work which questions the idea that the mid-twentieth century saw a single moment of rupture. It is about all the things that we had to learn, invent, and understand - all the ways we had to evolve our thinking - before we could enter the information technology revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. Its focus ranges from the beginnings of data processing, right back to such originary forms of human technology as the development of writing systems, gathering a whole history of revolutionary moments in the development of information technologies into a single, although not linear narrative.

In certain areas of social science and the humanities, Foucault has had an enormous influence in recent years. In particular, history, feminist and gender research, literary studies, philosophy, politics, psychiatry, and sociology have not been able to ignore the radical interventions of Foucault's attempts to think the unthought. Organization theory has not been immune to Foucault's constant challenge to what is taken for granted and his skeptical views of the work of what he named `universal intellectuals', who claim to speak on behalf of individuals, groups or populations. Foucault's skepticism about historicist and totalizing systems of thought and practice fits the era. His demand is that we question conventional thinking not because it is necessarily wrong but because it is dangerous. Contrasted with the way that much organization theory simply uses Foucault as a convenient resource, this article attempts to push organizational analysis toward Foucault until the pips squeak.

Finding the law -- The federal and state court systems -- Statutory law -- Case law and judicial opinions -- Locating cases through digests, annotated law reports, and words and phrases -- Encyclopedias, periodicals, treatises, and restatements -- Miscellaneous secondary authorities -- Legal citation form -- Updating and validating your research -- Special research issues -- The digital library : Lexis advance, Westlaw, and other nonprint research sources -- E-Research : legal research using the internet -- Overview of the research process -- Back to basics -- Strategies for effective writing -- Legal correspondence -- Legal memoranda -- Legal briefs -- Postwriting steps.

James Clifford's Partial Truths is an introduction to an anthropological collection of essays, perceived as illustrative of a historical and theoretical movement, of a conceptual shift, consisting in a sharp separation of form from content to its utmost degree, the fetishizing of form. (Carstea 2021: 52) Ethnography, a hybrid activity, thus appears mainly as writing, as collecting. Viewed most broadly, perhaps, it is a mode of travel, a way of understanding and getting around in a diverse world that, since the sixteenth century, has been cartographically unified. I will argue, in concurrence with the postmodernist tenets of anthropology, put forth by James Clifford, that ethnographic knowledge could not be the property of a single discourse or discipline: the condition of off-centredness in a world of distinct meaning systems, a state of being in culture while looking at a culture, permeates postmodernist writing. Thus, to an important degree, the truth recorded is a truth provoked by ethnography, as Clifford acknowledges. The fictional, fashioned self is invariably associated with its culture and its language, namely its coded modes of expression. The subjectiveness he finds is "not an epiphany of identity freely chosen, but a cultural artefact," (Greenblatt 2008: 257) because the self manoeuvres within possibilities and constraints offered by an institutionalised assortment of collective codes and practices. I will conclude that ethnographic truths cannot be other than inherently partial and incomplete, a fact which justifies and substantiates the experimental, artisanal quality tied to the work of writing, of cultural accounts. Textualization engenders meaning by way of a circuitous movement which insulates and subsequently adds context to an event or fact in its engulfing reality. Ethnography is the interpretation of cultures.

As the author points out, the Andean and Mesoamerican communication systems, predominantly oral, did not lend themselves to supraregional intellectual exchange. The introduction of writing by Europeans transformed the American system of communication