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Open access has come of age in the UK. After a decade in which academic librarians have found it hard to get open access on to the university agenda, it is now difficult to get it off. University senior managers and researchers are all preoccupied with it to an unprecedented degree. Policy decisions are being made by government, funders and universities themselves which will have profound implications for the future in a context that is complex, fast moving and beset with misconceptions. In this article, the author tries to shine some light on the issues under consideration and offer some prescriptions for future progress.

This short overview will focus on three points: open access of primary sources, access to journal articles highlighting the experience of the repository of Toulouse 1 Capitole university, and perspectives for the future with a proposed French bill "for a Digital Republic." These three parts will be illustrated with three websites.

Open-Access-Services der Technischen Universität Berlin Die Technische Universität Berlin hat mit der Unterzeichnung der "Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities" Open Access als strategisches Ziel der Universität bestätigt. Die Universitätsbibliothek setzt hier an und bietet verschiedene Dienstleistungen zum Publizieren unter Open-Access-Bedingungen. Das Poster stellt die einzelnen Services der Universitätsbibliothek überblicksartig vor. Im Fokus steht die Beratung von Lehrenden und Forschenden der Universität rund um Publikationsstrategien, Urheberrecht, freie Lizenzen, Finanzierung von Open-Access-Publikationen, politische Rahmenbedingungen, Open-Access-Infrastrukturen und aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Wissenschaftsorganisation. Neben der individuellen Unterstützung von TU-Angehörigen bietet die Universitätsbibliothek Workshops und Vorträge zum Themenfeld Open Access an. Gold Open Access: Zur Finanzierung von Open-Access-Publikationen steht ein Publikationsfonds für TU-Angehörige zur Verfügung. Im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin werden wissenschaftliche Publikationen von Lehrenden und Forschenden veröffentlicht, das Verlagsspektrum entspricht dem Fächerkanon der Universität. Green Open Access: Mit dem Open-Access-Repositorium "DepositOnce" steht eine institutionelle Plattform für Zweitveröffentlichungen zur Verfügung. Auf Wunsch werden Autor/innen zu rechtlichen Voraussetzungen der Zweitveröffentlichung beraten und im Publikationsprozess begleitet. Konzeption & Inhalt: Steffi Grimm Gestaltung: Felix Funke

xxii, 129 p. ; 26 cm. ; Libro Electrónico ; The Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature with E-Prints and Open Access Journals presents over 1,300 selected English-language books, conference papers (including some digital video presentations), debates, editorials, e-prints, journal and magazine articles, news articles, technical reports, and other printed and electronic sources that are useful in understanding the open access movement's efforts to provide free access to and unfettered use of scholarly literature. Most sources have been published between 1999 and August 31, 2004; however, a limited number of key sources published prior to 1999 are also included. Where possible, links are provided to sources that are freely available on the Internet (approximately 78 percent of the bibliography's references have such links). ; Preface ; Acknowledgments ; Key open access concepts ; i. General works ; 1.1 Overviews 1.2 Analysis and Critiques 1.3 Debates and Dialogs 1.3.1 Nature Web Debate on Future E-Access to the Primary Literature 1.3.2 Nature Web Focus on Access to the Literature: The Debate Continues 1.3.3 Other 1.4 Research Studies 1.5 Other ; ii. Open access statements ; 2.1 Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities 2.2 Bethesda Statement on Open Access 2.3 Budapest Open Access Initiative 2.4 NEAR 2.5 OECD Final Communique 2.6 Tempe Principles 2.7 Washington D.C. Principles for Free Access to Science 2.8 Wellcome Trust Position Statement and Research Reports 2.9 World Summit on the Information Society Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action 2.10 Other ; iii. Copyright arrangements for self-archiving and use ; 3.1 General Works 3.2 Copyright Ownership and Rights 3.3 Creative Commons 3.4 Permissions Crisis 3.5 Research Studies ; iv. open access journals ; 4.1 General Works 4.2 Economic Issues 4.2.1 General Works 4.2.2 BMJ Rapid Responses about "Author Pays" May Be the New Science Publishing Model 4.3 Open Access Journal Change Agents 4.3.1 SPARC 4.4 Open Access Journal Publishers and Distributors 4.4.1 BioMed Central 4.4.2 Public Library of Science 4.4.3 PubMed Central 4.4.3.1 General Works 4.4.3.2 Science Magazine dEbate on "Building a GenBank of the Published Literature" 4.4.3.3 Science Magazine dEbate on "Is a Government Archive the Best Option?" 4.4.3.4 Science Magazine dEbate on "Just a Minute, Please" 4.4.3.5 Other 4.5 Specific Open Access Journals 4.5.1 Journals in the Directory of Open Access Journals 4.5.2 Pioneering Free E-Journals Not in the DOAJ 4.5.3 Other 4.6 Research Studies ; v. E-prints ; 5.1 General Works 5.2 History 5.3 Research Studies ; vi. Disciplinary archives ; 6.1 General Works 6.2 Specific Archives and Projects 6.2.1 arXiv 6.2.2 NASA Astrophysics Data System 6.2.3 RePEc 6.2.4 Other ; vii. Institutional archives and repositories ; 7.1 General Works 7.2 E-Print Archives 7.2.1 General Works 7.2.2 Specific Archives and Projects 7.2.2.1 ePrints-UK 7.2.2.2 SHERPA 7.2.2.3 Other 7.3 Repositories with Diverse Materials 7.3.1 General Works 7.3.2 Specific Repositories and Projects 7.3.2.1 DAEDALUS 7.3.2.2 DSpace 7.3.2.3 eScholarship 7.3.2.4 Fedora 7.3.2.5 OSU Knowledge Bank 7.3.2.6 Other 7.4 Electronic Theses and Dissertations ; viii. Open archives initiative and oai-pmh ; 8.1 General Works 8.2 Specific Data or Service Providers and Projects 8.2.1 AmericanSouth.org 8.2.2 Arc 8.2.3 Kepler 8.2.4 OAIster 8.2.5 OpCit 8.2.6 Open Archives Forum 8.2.7 Open Archives Initiative Metadata Harvesting Project 8.2.8 Other 8.3 Research Studies ; ix. Conventional publisher perspectives ; x. Government inquiries and legislation ; 10.1 European Commission Study 10.2 Sabo Bill 10.3 U.K. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee Inquiry 10.4 U.S. House Appropriations Committee Recommendations 10.5 Other ; xi. Open access arrangements for developing countries ; 11.1 General Works 11.2 Free or Reduced Cost Access 11.2.1 AGORA 11.2.2 HINARI 11.2.3 Other 11.3 SciELO ; About the author

Die nationale und europäische FTI-Politik hat in den letzten Jahren die Entwicklung von digitalen Technologien und die daraus entstehenden Anwendungen und Potenziale gefördert. So kann etwa auf die Politik der Europäischen Kommission verwiesen werden, Open Science und Open Innovation zu fördern, wie auch auf nationale Strategien zur Förderung von Open Access und von spezifischen Forschungsinfrastrukturen, aber auch auf die Open-Innovation-Strategie der Österreichischen Bundesregierung. Open Science erfordert neue Investitionen in Dateninfrastrukturen (e-Infrastructures) und neue Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen der WissenschaftlerInnen, um am Prozess erfolgreich partizipieren zu können. Die steigende Notwendigkeit für derartige Investitionen sollte entsprechend bei der Finanzierung und Ausstattung von Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen berücksichtigt werden. Für die pro-aktive Gestaltung des digitalen Wandels an Universitäten, Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen waren in Österreich bislang sowohl bottom-up als auch top-down getragene Maßnahmen von Bedeutung. In Österreich hat sich über den FWF, das Open Access Network Austria (OANA), die Kooperation EMedien Österreich (KEMÖ) sowie e-Infrastructures Austria eine Reihe von eng miteinander zusammenarbeitender Initiativen etabliert, die die Basis sein können, Österreich in den Bereichen Open Access und Open Data sowohl in Europa als auch weltweit als Innovation Leader zu positionieren." (BMWFW, Forschungs- und Technologiebericht 2017, 101

Open Access' main goal is not the subversion of publishers' role as driving actors in an oligopolistic market characterized by reduced competition and higher prices. OA's main function is to be found somewhere else, namely in the ability to subvert the power to control science's governance and its future directions (Open Science), a power that is more often found within the academic institutions rather than outside. By decentralizing and opening-up not just the way in which scholarship is published but also the way in which it is assessed, OA removes the barriers that helped turn science into an intellectual oligopoly even before an economic one. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that Open Access is a key enabler of Open Science, which in turn will lead to a more Open Society. Furthermore, the paper argues that while legislative interventions play an important role in the top-down regulation of Open Access, legislators currently lack an informed and systematic vision on the role of Open Access in science and society. In this historical phase, other complementary forms of intervention (bottom-up) appear much more "informed" and effective. This paper, which intends to set the stage for future research, identifies a few pieces of the puzzle: the relationship between formal and informal norms in the field of Open Science and how this impact on intellectual property rights, the protection of personal data, the assessment of science and the technology employed for the communication of science.

Open Access' main goal is not the subversion of publishers' role as driving actors in an oligopolistic market characterised by reduced competition and higher prices. OA's main function is to be found somewhere else, namely in the ability to subvert the power to control science's governance and its future directions (Open Science), a power that is more often found within the academic institutions rather than outside. By decentralising and opening-up not just the way in which scholarship is published but also the way in which it is assessed, OA removes the barriers that helped turn science into an intellectual oligopoly even before an economic one. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that Open Access is a key enabler of Open Science, which in turn will lead to a more Open Society. Furthermore, the paper argues that while legislative interventions play an important role in the top-down regulation of Open Access, legislators currently lack an informed and systematic vision on the role of Open Access in science and society. In this historical phase, other complementary forms of intervention (bottom-up) appear much more "informed" and effective. This paper, which intends to set the stage for future research, identifies a few pieces of the puzzle: the relationship between formal and informal norms in the field of Open Science and how these impact on intellectual property rights, the protection of personal data, the assessment of science and the technology employed for the communication of science.

The implementation of open access policies in Europe is a socio-technical undertaking whereby a wide range of stakeholders work together to bring out the benefits of open access for European and global research. This work provides a unique overview of national awareness of open access in 32 European countries involving all EU member states and in addition, Norway, Iceland, Croatia, Switzerland and Turkey. It describes funder and institutional open access mandates in Europe and national strategies to introduce and implement them. An overview of the current European repository infrastructures is given, including institutional and disciplinary repositories, national repository networks, information portals and support networks. This work also outlines OpenAIREplus, a continuation project which aims to widen the scope of OpenAIRE by connecting publications to contextual information, such as research data and funding information. Opportunities for collaboration in order to achieve European and global synergies are also highlighted. The OpenAIRE project, a joint collaboration among 38 partners from 27 European countries, has built up a network of open repositories providing free online access to knowledge produced by researchers receiving grants from the European Commission or the European Research Council. It provides support structures for researchers, operates an electronic infrastructure and a portal to access all user-level services and works with several subject communities. Birgit Schmidt is affi liated with Goettingen State and University Library. Iryna Kuchma is affiliated with EIFL. ; peerReviewed

Schon früher als andere Gesellschaftsbereiche war die Wissenschaft mit dem Internet als einem neuen Kommunikationsmedium konfrontiert. Es hat allerdings etliche Jahre gedauert, bis das Internet auch als Publikationsmedium die WissenschaftsmÃÞrkte erreicht hat. Flankiert wird diese Entwicklung von einer zunehmenden Konzentration auf der Seite der wissenschaftlichen Verleger, die in einigen Fachwissenschaften wohl schon fast zu monopolartigen Situationen geführt hat. Umgekehrt nehmen auf der Seite der Abnehmer - der Bibliotheken und der Wissenschaftler, aber auch der sonstigen Öffentlichkeit - die finanziellen Möglichkeiten immer mehr ab, die zunehmende Zahl an Veröffentlichungen noch zu erwerben und dem interessierten Publikum zur Verfügung zu stellen. Damit hat sich eine unheilvolle Spirale in Bewegung gesetzt, die als sog. "Publikationskrise"bezeichnet wird. Als Lösung dieser Krise haben sich Publikationswege über das Internet herausgebildet, die sich dadurch auszeichnen, dass der Zugang zu wissenschaftlichen Werken kostenlos und weitgehend unbeschränkt - nämlich Open Access - erfolgt. Das vorliegende Werk "Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen von Open Access" ist als Praktiker-Leitfaden konzipiert und soll insbesondere Autoren helfen, die selbst eine Open Access-Publikation anstreben. Der Inhalt umfasst folgende Themen: Einführung in Open Access; Urheberrechtliche Grundlagen; Open Access an Hochschulen; Open Access-Lizenzen; Verhältnis technischer Schutzmaßnahmen zu Open Access; Fragen der Retrodigitalisierung; Haftung institutioneller Repositorien für archivierte Open Access-Publikationen; Wettbewerbsrechtliche Implikationen; öffentlich-rechtliche und organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen für Open Access

As the saying goes "necessity is the mother of invention", the academic community has found an answer to the scholarly communication crisis in the form of open access. It can bring a revolutionary change in the traditional scenario of scholarly communications where everything was in control of the publishers and the authors' were deprived of their basic rights. The libraries were loosing their purchasing power as the publishers had raised subscription charges steeply. The worst sufferers being the readers who were unable to access the knowledge they needed. With the advent of open access, the grim situation has gradually started to improve as more and more scholarly works in the form of journal articles, open courseware, theses and dissertations, conference papers, presentations, reports, etc. are freely available online. A number of initiatives are being undertaken by various academic institutions, discipline oriented research organizations, learned societies, governments of various countries and many international LIS associations like IFLA, ALA, SPARC, etc. These initiatives have also led to an impact on the commercial publishers to think alternative publishing model to help the authors who want their scholarly work to be in public domain without harming their commercial interests. The authors are now getting the freedom to publish in open access journals and/or submit their works in the open access institutional repositories. If the author's organization does not have an institutional repository, they can deposit the article in a disciplinary archive. But these initiatives are not sufficient to bail out the budget starving libraries. Hence, more efforts have to be made to create free and conducive environment encouraging knowledge creation, rapid dissemination and maximum sharing leading to advancement of global knowledge and ultimate progress of the world.

Längst ist Open Access keine Randnotiz im internationalen Publikationswesen, keine selbstorganisierte Praxis einzelner Fachbereiche, keine wissenschaftliche Graswur- zelbewegung, kein Aufbegehren gegen einen oligopolen Publikationsmarkt mehr. Open Access im Sinne eines freien, weltweiten und unwiderruflichen Nutzungsrechts ist mittlerweile vielmehr etablierte Praxis und umfasst einen großen Teil wissen- schaftlicher Veröffentlichungen.1 Der lange Weg hin zu dieser etablierten Position im wissenschaftlichen Kommunikationssystem lässt sich gleichermaßen entlang fach- wissenschaftlicher Selbstorganisation, technischer Entwicklungen, wirtschaftlicher Zwänge, wissenschaftsorganisatorischer Initiativen und wissenschaftspolitischer Entscheidungen zeichnen. Tatsächlich spielen verschiedene Faktoren zusammen, deren gemeinsamen Nenner das Ziel der Verbesserung und Vereinfachung der Wissenschaftskommunikation bildet. ; peerReviewed

Amidst the covid 19 pandemic, scientists are sharing the latest data and research on the virus with one another. This open data, this open science is important 1000s of medical experts and researchers around the world from Canada to India are using this freely available, easily accessible information to uncover COVID-19 weaknesses and make life saving medicines and vaccines. Governments are using the scientific information to create policies that will help control the current pandemic and prevent future ones. It also means more informed citizens who act responsibly and debunk misinformation. So why is this news? Isn't research shared openly anyway? Can't a scientist in India simply google his Canadian colleagues work, access it and read it? Surely researchers are able to access each other's work, learn from one another, build on each other's findings and solve society's issues together. For that matter. Don't ordinary citizens whose taxes pay for research have free access to that work? No Deal? Listen, the reality is very different. Yes, your taxes do fund research questions. But unless you pay for it, you cannot access its answers. And unless you as a researcher are in a university whose library can afford subscription fees to research journals, you're out of luck.

Plan S ist ein wissenschaftspolitisches Projekt mit dem Ziel, ab 2021 alle Resultate wissenschaftlicher Studien, die mit öffentlicher Förderung durchgeführt wurden, unmittelbar Open Access, also zugangsfrei zu publizieren. Die Autor*innen des Symposions diskutieren aus verschiedenen Perspektiven, was dieser Plan für das soziologische Publizieren bedeutet. Cori Mackrodt von Springer VS erläutert die Perspektive eines Großverlags, der sich zunehmend auf Open Access einrichtet, und verweist auf Ambivalenzen der Umstellung. Kathrin Ganz, Vertreterin einer Open-Access-Plattform, schildert die Probleme des bisherigen Publikationssystems unter digitalen Bedingungen und benennt wünschenswerte Alternativen. Angela Holzer, die bei der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für Open Access zuständig ist, stellt die Maßnahmen und Prinzipien der deutschen Forschungsorganisationen dar. Tilman Reitz schließlich, Soziologe an der Universität Jena, sieht das Interesse der Forschung in maximaler Zugänglichkeit, streng gedeckelten Publikationsgebühren und ergänzenden Regeln für nicht allein (sozial-)wissenschaftliche Verlage. Plan S is a research policy project which aims to make immediate Open Access publishing mandatory for receivers of public funding from 2021 onwards. The authors of this issue discuss the impact and meaning of this plan for publishing in sociology from different perspectives. Cori Mackrodt of the publishing house Springer VS explains the perspective of a big publisher which is increasingly moving to Open Access, and highlights ambivalences of the transformation in question. Kathrin Ganz, who represents an Open Access platform, describes the problems which the old publishing system faces under digital conditions and lays out desirable alternatives. Angela Holzer, who is concerned with Open Access in the German Research Foundation, presents the guidelines and principles of research organizations in Germany. Finally, Tilman Reitz, a sociologist working at the University of Jena, argues for maximal accessibility, a rigid cost cap for publishing fees, and supplementary arrangements for publishers who offer more than just (social) science.