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Why do some governments resort to violence to resolve ethnic conflict, while others use non-violent policies? We test a theory about the role of institutional mechanisms versus the role of cultural legacies in structuring conflict management. Data on the treatment of ethnic groups worldwide from 1996-2006 is analyzed. Institutional factors, including participation in a political process and limitations on executive power, are among the main factors associated with observed outcomes. Cultural factors play some role in conflict resolution, but a minor one in comparison to institutional factors. Liberalizing institutions could alleviate violence and repression in ethnic conflicts. Adapted from the source document.

Introduction : the (non-legal) role of states in constitutional maintenance -- Alerting the people : the origins and early practice of state maintenance -- Interposing the protective shield and exerting state authority : the failures of state maintenance -- The authority to reject interpretation : state maintenance in the 20th century -- Reinvigoratio n: the return of Madisonian maintenance, nullification, and the affirmation of judicial authority -- Conclusion : on development and constitutionalism.

The kidnapping of nationalist leader Bulmer Hobson is one of the more intriguing sideshows of the Easter Rising of 24-9 April 1916. The Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)1 was responsible for planning and leading the weeklong rebellion against British rule in Ireland. Members of the Irish Volunteers, the Irish Citizen Army, Cumann na mBan and Na Fianna Éireann participated in the rising, which mainly took place in Dublin. The British authorities later executed sixteen men, including the seven members of the Military Council, for their involvement in the insurrection.2 Hobson has the dubious distinction of having been held against his will by his IRB comrades from the afternoon of Good Friday, 21 April 1916 until the evening of Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, the day the rebellion broke out.

For this paper I shall look at ways of coordinating politics and entertainment, or in slightly other terms aesthetics and politics, as they have been used to construct ancient tragedy as a means to the good society. In my title this aspect of tragedy is identified as "home", to indicate tragedy's preoccupation with community. This is a note repeatedly struck in discourse about tragedy, both by the earliest commentators and by those negotiating the development of the nation-state, and of political reform, in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This essay thus first considers some of the different ways in which tragedy has been associated with the goal of the good community, by the theoretical works of Plato, Aristotle, Schlegel, Williams and Eagleton, as well as by harnessing productions and performances to the political effort of nation-building. The essay will then contrastingly explore tragedy's "homelessness", the ways in which it uproots its characters and sets them in restless motion. These latter reflections are prompted by recent receptions of tragedy that have responded to the global migrant crisis, and that are thus in dialogue with earlier critical understandings of tragedy which were more likely to foreground a sense of civic identity associated with the polis. I thus consider productions of Aeschylus' Suppliant Women in Syracuse and Edinburgh, and the new ancient trilogy, acted by Syrian women refugees, which has unfolded since 2013, in the Middle East and Europe, under the creative guidance of Omar Abu Saada and Mohammad Al Attar. The new focus is born of and gives voice to new global realities. Barbara Goff is Professor of Classics at the University of Reading, UK. She has published extensively on Greek tragedy and its reception, especially in postcolonial contexts. Her most important books include Your Secret Language: classics in the British colonies of West Africa (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), Crossroads in the Black Aegean: Oedipus, Antigone, and dramas of the African diaspora (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), and The Noose of Words: Readings of Desire, Violence and Language in Euripides' Hippolytos (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Her most recent publication is a collection, co-edited with Introduction, titled Classicising Crisis: the modern age of revolutions and the Greco-Roman repertoire (London: Routledge, 2020). Keywords: tragedy, exile, home, refugee, Syria

AbstractThis article explores some of the ambiguities inherent in applying a model of Western European agriculture (the model implicit within the tried and tested modalities of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)) to the very different agrarian structures of Central and Eastern Europe. It identifies first the dramatic and long‐standing differences in agrarian structures between these two European regions before considering some of the policy consequences of applying an agricultural support model based on the former to the latter as the CAP (albeit in a slightly modified form initially) was extended to the Accession States. The effect was to exacerbate what many see as perverse features of the CAP. A greater degree of reflexivity on the part of policymakers might have avoided some of these anomalies, but the research agenda of the last half century has left much relating to the CAP unexplored, including agriculture 'east of the Elbe'.

Edward Berenson, Heroes of Empire: Five Charismatic Men and the Conquest of Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).
Margaret Cook Andersen, Regeneration through Empire: French Pronatalists and Colonial Settlement in the Third Republic (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2015).
Geoff Read, The Republic of Men: Gender and the Political Parties in Interwar France (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2014).

This article analyzes the relationship between two of Machiavelli's political textsThe Prince(1513) and theDiscourses on Livy(1512–1517), and his popular comedyThe Mandrake Root(La Mandragola) (1515). Through an examination of these works, I will show what influence his political ideas may have had on his comedy and, conversely, how key points in his comedy emerge as central ideas in his political texts. By demonstrating how his texts communicate with each other, I will show how he recycles established concepts and even changes their meaning.

Theoretical issues relevant to the concept of termination of public policies are clarified. Emphasized is the difference between functional & structural termination. Whereas the former reflects an end to policy or program activites, the latter refers to an end to institutional arrangements that have responsibility for policies or programs. Although by definition functional termination should occur as a result of the elimination of the problem which initiated the original government response, most problems encountered by the government are continuous. As a result, functional termination takes the form of policy or program substitution. Four main factors that influence these substitutions are: (1) changes in technology, (2) changes in the allocation of public resources, (3) changes in policy &/or ideological support, & (4) changes in attitudes relative to appropriate modes of service delivery. Structural termination occurs when an institution, organization, or agency either ceases to be or suffers some reduction in resources. Structural termination occurs less often than functional termination, but functional termination is frequently found to signal the occurrence of structural termination. The comment is made that few programs or policies are terminated; fewer bureaus, agencies, or departments are eliminated. In fact, efforts at termination occassionally lead to an expansion of resources. An application of these concepts in the case of community health care in Neb demonstrates their potential utility for understanding the process of termination. 1 Table, 1 Figure. Modified HA.

Medicaid is the single largest public health insurer in the United States, covering upwards of 70 million Americans. Crucially, Medicaid is also an intergovernmental program that yokes poverty to federalism: the federal government determines its broad contours, while states have tremendous discretion over how Medicaid is designed and implemented. Where some locales are generous and open handed, others are tight-fisted and punitive. In Fragmented Democracy, Jamila Michener demonstrates the consequences of such disparities for democratic citizenship. Unpacking how federalism transforms Medicaid beneficiaries' interpretations of government and structures their participation in politics, the book examines American democracy from the vantage point(s) of those who are living in or near poverty, (disproportionately) Black or Latino, and reliant on a federated government for vital resources.

Medicaid is the single largest public health insurer in the United States, covering upwards of 70 million Americans. Crucially, Medicaid is also an intergovernmental program that yokes poverty to federalism: the federal government determines its broad contours, while states have tremendous discretion over how Medicaid is designed and implemented. Where some locales are generous and open handed, others are tight-fisted and punitive. In Fragmented Democracy, Jamila Michener demonstrates the consequences of such disparities for democratic citizenship. Unpacking how federalism transforms Medicaid beneficiaries' interpretations of government and structures their participation in politics, the book examines American democracy from the vantage point(s) of those who are living in or near poverty, (disproportionately) Black or Latino, and reliant on a federated government for vital resources

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- Major Studies on the Economic Transformation of East Germany -- Unique Contribution to Knowledge -- Major Research Issues -- Outline of the Book -- 2 The Treuhandanstalt and the Privatisation Process -- Privatisation and its Objectives -- East German Privatisation and the Role of the Treuhandanstalt -- Conclusion -- 3 The Treuhandanstalt, Stakeholders and Organisational Effectiveness -- The Treuhandanstalt and its Turbulent Environment -- The Stakeholder Model -- Stakeholders of the Treuhandanstalt -- Conclusion -- 4 Buying into the Former East Germany: Motives, Experiences and Lessons of the Privatisation Process -- Stakeholders and their Motives -- The Treuhandanstalt's Performance from a Stakeholder View -- Emerging Issues -- Conclusion -- 5 Employees and Management as Stakeholders: Learning and Management in an Era of Extreme Uncertainty -- Employees and Management as Stakeholders -- Attracting and Retaining the Workforce -- Leading the Workforce -- Organisational Evolution and Structure -- Conclusion -- 6 Environmental Turbulence and the Management of Public Perceptions -- Expectations of Secondary Stakeholders -- Social Consequences -- In Defence of the Treuhandanstalt -- Conclusion -- 7 The Inheritance and Prospects of the Successor Organisations -- From Treuhand to Successor Organisations: A Political Decision -- The Treuhand Legacy -- The Successor Organisations -- Conclusion -- 8 Conclusion: Legacy and Evaluation -- Organisational Effectiveness: Major Findings -- Originality of Research Findings -- Final Thoughts -- Appendices: -- Appendix One: Treuhandgesetz -- The Treuhand Agency: Operational Guidelines -- Appendix Two: Research Considerations -- Positivism and Phenomenology -- Research Design