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Studying the history of the North Caucasus and the relations between Russia and the peoples of North Caucasus is one of the main tasks of national scholars. Unfortunately, the number of researches into this theme is not large. That is why an interesting book written by F. A. Ozova, a well-known Caucasian historian, is worthy of attention. Her book is devoted to the institute of amanatism in the context of the Russian-Caucasian relations during 16th–19th centuries. This is a high-quality research based on a wide range of historical sources of different origins. Some of these sources are introduced into the scholarships for the first time. The historian created a very bright and detailed portrait of the institute of amanatism, which enables readers to see a colourful multitude of such amanats: from noble dukes to ragged boys seen by A. Pushkin during his journey to Arzrum. However, it is difficult to agree with some ideas concerning the historical development of Russia and Cherkessia and also with the role of the institute of amanatism in their relations. The author tends to modernize the history of Cherkessia / Kabarda to a large extent, perceiving it as some feudal and some estate-representative state. Nevertheless, according to the modern approach and level of the knowledge, the character of many institutes both in the mountains and on the plains was archaic. The institute of amanatism served first of all as some tool of annexing new lands to Russia.

Introduction. The sociopolitical commotions of 1917 caused the rise of national liberation ideas in the North Caucasus. These ideas attracted representatives of various social groups of the indigenous population of the Nalchik district to the revolution. But the national question was intertwined with the task of seizing power and the economic interests of individual circles, which formed four options for solving the national question. It is necessary to pay attention to them and highlight the perspective of the picture of the events of the Civil War. Analysis. The article presents an analysis of the main variants of national ideas through the characteristics of the main characters of the dramatic period in Kabarda and Balkaria. This is, firstly, Shakmanov's policy of national neutrality, aimed at preventing armed uprisings and civilian casualties. Secondly, this is the program of Dautokov-Serebryakov, which offered complete self-determination of Kabarda, but could not stand the collaboration with Denikin's idea of a "great and indivisible Russia". The third position, presented by Katkhanov, combined the national liberation aspirations of the people with religious consciousness. The fourth was manifested in the rhetoric of Kalmykov, who interpreted the early Bolshevik documents on the right of nations to self-determination in the context of a federation. Results. The complex of methods of objective historical analysis gives an understanding of some of the reasons that attracted various social groups, predominantly the agrarian population of Kabarda and Balkaria, to participate in the Civil War. Authors' contribution. Development of the concept of the article, analysis of the results and general editing belongs to M.A. Tekueva. The introductory section was written by M.Kh. Gugova. The analysis of the idea of national independence during the Civil War in the Nalchik region was carried out by A.A. Konovalov.

More and more libraries are providing access to Web resources through OCLC's Cooperative Online Resource Catalog (CORC) and, by extension, OCLC's WorldCat database. The ability to use a database to its maximum potential depends upon understanding what a database contains and the guidelines for its construction. This study examines the characteristics of Web resources in CORC in terms of their subject matter, the source of the content, publication patterns, and the units of information chosen for representation in the database. The majority of the 414 resources in the sample belonged to the social sciences. Academic libraries and government agencies contributed more than 90% of the records for resources in the sample. Using the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d edition (AACR2) definitions for publication patterns that are part of the upcoming 2002 amendments reveals that nearly half of the sample fell into the category of integrating resources. Identifying units of representation of the resources described was more difficult. Existing definitions for Web units in development are not adequate to describe all of the resources in the sample. In addition, there is wide variability in the units of representation chosen for inclusion by the libraries contributing records, resulting in little predictability in what units of information might be found in the database.

"Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present" examines the immigration to Brazil of millions of Europeans, Asians and Middle Easterners beginning in the nineteenth century. Jeffrey Lesser analyzes how these newcomers and their descendants adapted to their new country and how national identity was formed as they became Brazilians along with their children and grandchildren. Lesser argues that immigration cannot be divorced from broader patterns of Brazilian race relations, as most immigrants settled in the decades surrounding the final abolition of slavery in 1888 and their experiences were deeply conditioned by ideas of race and ethnicity formed long before their arrival. This broad exploration of the relationships between immigration, ethnicity and nation allows for analysis of one of the most vexing areas of Brazilian study: identity"--

Abstract The authors find that existing models concerning police violence are not i designed to explain variation among the states in the rates of police use 'of deadly force. This variation correlates significantly with numerous cultural attributes of the public. The strongest correlates are with the public rates of violence. Therefore, the authors propose to moody existing modeb, and explain the police use of violence as a response to community characteristics. Where public violence is neither normative nor commonly occurrent. the police will be self‐restrained. Where the incidence of violence reveals a common means of conflict resolution, the police will adopt its use. Thus, the police use of violence is a culturally determined characteristic and not a police pathology.

"Examining Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Büyük Nutuk (The Great Public Address), this book identifies the five founding political myths of Turkey: the First Duty, the Internal Enemy, the Encirclement, the Ancestor, and Modernity. Offering a comprehensive rhetorical analysis of Nutuk in its entirety, the book reveals how Atatürk crafted these myths, traces their discursive roots back to the Orkhon Inscriptions, epic tales, and ancient stories of Turkish culture, and critiques their long-term effects on Turkish political culture. In so doing, it advances the argument that these myths have become permanent fixtures of Turkish political discourse since the establishment of Turkey and have been used by both supporters and detractors of Atatürk. Providing examples of how past and present leaders, including Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, a vocal critic of Atatürk, have deployed these myths in their discourses, the book offers an entirely new way to read and understand Turkish political culture and contributes to the heated debate on Kemalism by responding to the need to go back to the original sources - his own speeches and statements - to understand him. Contributing to emerging discourse-based approaches, this book is ideal for scholars and students of Turkish Studies, History, Nationalism Studies, Political Science, Rhetorical Studies, and International Studies"--

Volumetric characteristics and renewal time of the Pacific waters (PW) in the Arctic Ocean were calculated based on the data of oceanographic expeditions during the 2007-2008 International Polar Year (617 stations). Isopycnal surfaces of their upper and lower boundaries (25,5 and 27,5 kg/m3, respectively), the thickness between these limits and the equivalent thickness (i. e. the specific thickness of untransformed "pure" water mass) have been determined, as well as the boundaries where the highest concentrations of silicates in the selected density interval disappears. The Pacific waters extend to the north up to the North Pole region (thickness up to 40-50 m), in the west they can be traced up to the northern part of the Laptev Sea (thickness 20-30 m), in the east they are preserved in a minimally transformed form (thickness of more than 100 m) up to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The characteristic depths are between 50 and 150 m. The thickest PW exceeding 150 m were found within the Beaufort Gyre. The total volume of "pure" (untransformed) Pacific waters in the Arctic Ocean was estimated at (197 ± 19) · 103 km3 or about 1,1% of the overall volume of the Arctic Ocean. If their mixing with the surrounding waters between selected isopycnic surfaces is taken into account, the volume of Pacific waters is (313 ± 16) · 103 km3, or about 1,7% of the volume of the Arctic Ocean. Taking into account the total inflow of the PW through the Bering Strait, their renewal time in the Arctic basin is estimated to be about 5-6 years.