Search results

Does the representation of women in cabinet and party leadership positions affect whether governments are more or less likely to fulfill the policy promises they make during election campaigns? This research note studies the effects of women's descriptive representation in cabinet and party leadership on policymaking by analyzing the pledge fulfillment of parties in 10 European countries, the United States, and Canada. The empirical analysis suggests that governing parties are more likely to fulfill their election promises when levels of women's representation are higher. The results have implications for our understanding of the descriptive and substantive representation of women, as well as for party competition and policymaking more broadly.

AbstractThis article will argue that the history of East India Company Bombay – like that of many foreign British enterprises, and like many other 'global' cities and indeed colonies generally – is best understood as the product of contradictions and contingencies. Bombay was never easy to define geographically and its identity as an 'English' settlement was precarious. It could not insulate itself militarily from the powerful polities nearby; nor could it always rely on the loyalty of its subjects, whether English or of other ethnicities. It was a city constructed out of crisis and tragedy, trial and error, a history that the story about a European dynastic 'dowry' obscures, and which Company representatives worked hard to conceal.

Pain is the unpleasant sensation and emotional experience that leads to poor quality of life for millions of people worldwide. Considering the complexity in understanding the principles of pain and its significant impact on individuals and society, research focuses to deliver innovative pain relief methods and techniques. This review explores the clinical uses of machine learning (ML) for the ; This work has been partly supported by the project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739578 (RISE – Call: H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2) and the Republic of Cyprus through the Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy.

Malaysia is a pioneer in drafting and executing personal data protection law among the ASEAN countries. However, the adequacy of this protection regime is questionable. This study is aimed at evaluating the aptitude of the Personal Data Protection Act (2010) (P.D.P.A.) from the application perspective. The evaluation and analysis of the application and scope of the P.D.P.A. through comparative and descriptive approaches shows that the Act has provided for a narrow scope with wide exemptions. This approach may hinder a standard personal data protection legal system for the protection of individuals' privacy. Moreover, the P.D.P.A. will fail the adequacy test of the developed nations such as the European Union Member States.

International audience ; In the context of the modernization of public management in Europe, the attention paid to social entrepreneurs for innovation is increasingly important. This paper reveals that these actors significantly contribute to the development of collaborative governance aimed at improving social innovation related to public service through their role as initiator, boundary spanner or network leader. However, the public sector actors involved in the governance also have a significant role to play in enabling these innovations to emerge. This paper analyzes the forms and processes of innovation taken by this multi-actors collaborative governance. It is based on the study of 25 case studies associated with five countries of the European Union.

International audience ; In the context of the modernization of public management in Europe, the attention paid to social entrepreneurs for innovation is increasingly important. This paper reveals that these actors significantly contribute to the development of collaborative governance aimed at improving social innovation related to public service through their role as initiator, boundary spanner or network leader. However, the public sector actors involved in the governance also have a significant role to play in enabling these innovations to emerge. This paper analyzes the forms and processes of innovation taken by this multi-actors collaborative governance. It is based on the study of 25 case studies associated with five countries of the European Union.

The Income Stabilization Tool, a risk management scheme introduced within the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2014–2020, could help European Union farmers manage the income risks they face. This study assesses the potential impact of implementing this tool through the maximum level of contribution to the fund which determines an indifference to participate in the fund and its financial sustainability. The study relies on an expected utility approach and assesses the variability of loss ratios over time using a sample of Italian hazelnut farms as a case study. The participation depends on the level of farmers' contributions and their degree of risk aversion. However, the CAP public support makes the scheme financially sustainable.

The article analyzes the state of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and EU Mem- ber States. The authors of the article deeply analyze the literature on cross-border cooperation as well as the typology of border regions in Europe. The article analyzes in depth the cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the EU within the framework of the European Neighbor- hood Policy. The authors make a comparative analysis of two CBC programs for 2007-2013 and 2014-2020. They conclude that, unlike the program for 2007-2013, where the focus was on the economic development, in 2014-2020, the focus was on development of health care, cultural heritage, infrastructure projects and security.

China brought new challenges to South America countries and other European countries like Portugal and Spain and also the acceleration and expansion of global trends that changed the scenario for the evolution of bilateral relations. At the end of 2020, the deepening of trade ties and expectations in the area of investment and technological cooperation between Brazil and Portugal and China occur at the time when the ambitions of political dialogue are being resized and the uncertainties regarding the future. Chile, for example, present at the International Silk Road Forum, in 2017 former President Michelle Bachelet, said in her voice that this is the biggest economic project currently under debate, "Suitable for new horizons".

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The Acknowledgements section was incorrect. The corrected Acknowledgements section is given below. The original article has been corrected. Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement EGRET No 661883. The funding organisation had no role in the design, conduct, analysis, or publication of this research. The Lifelines Biobank initiative has been made possible by subsidy from the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG the Netherlands), University of Groningen and the Northern Provinces of the Netherlands.

This article focuses on national public administration activities that relate to employment, social protection and industrial relations. The International Labour Organization (ILO) refers to these activities collectively as 'labour administration' and regards the bodies that conduct them within individual countries as together forming national systems of labour administration. This article explores the concept of 'national system of labour administration' and considers the potential contribution of comparative institutional analysis in understanding how national systems are organised and change over time. The article also compares the organisation of national labour administration systems in European Union (EU) countries and analyses how these systems have developed since the start of the economic crisis that erupted in 2008.

Among European states Nordic countries, including Finland, are often set as examples of countries with high social capital, in which citizens willingly engage into decision-making process. The aim of the article is to verify this assumption and to present diverse attitudes of citizens towards local engagement. The article is based on quantitative data (statistics on civic involvement) as well as qualitative research (interviews with councillors from selected Finnish municipalities). The conclusion points at transformation of Finnish democracy and the fact that paradoxically developed institutions of representative democracy may have a negative influence on the wiliness to apply further, non-electoral mechanisms of civic involvement.

The relationship established between geography, literature, the study of space, and gender studies is one that generates increased knowledge regarding perspectives on literary works. From this vantage point, in the present essay we offer an analysis of several Romanian novels, temporally close to the beginnings of literature in Romania, from a geofeminist perspective, a hybrid concept which aids the mapping of literary territories. The maps thus resulted from this type of analysis offer a much more complex positioning within the European cultural space, even more so if one considers the surfacing of real historical elements, inserted into the novels analysed, which stand as samples for the present demonstration.

Abstract
The present review is designed to provide insight into population-based investigations of cardiovascular risk factors in Latvia. Most of them represent urban, rural and mixed populations. The results are age-standardised using the European Standard Population. All of the studies confirm a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors with wide differences across the studies. The differences are not consistent or regular and some of the underlying reasons are discussed. Analysis of the previous studies justifies the need for a nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological study, which in a small country can be carried out in compliance with all the requirements for a population-based epidemiological study.

The continuous process of marketization of employment relations in a variety of European countries has raised questions about the power of collective social actors and their legitimizing role in policy-making. The article examines the responses of employers' associations to institutional changes towards marketization in the context of the Greek economic crisis. The analysis exposes the hidden fractures between and within the peak-level employers' associations and unveils a variation in their strategic responses towards institutional changes. To explain this variation, the article advances a power-based explanation and argues that the institutional changes altered the associations' interest representation and power resources, which, in turn, redefined their role and identities in the employment relations system.