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An economist in an international organization has certain obligations as a member of his profession, as a citizen of his country, and as an international civil servant. These are not always readily harmonized in the individual. For economists from different backgrounds (i.e., economies which are capitalistic, welfare-oriented, underdeveloped, etc.), of different nationalities, and working in different capacities with organizations of differing international functions, there can surely be no single prototype. There may nonetheless be some generalizations which can be made about the role of this sort of professional in this occupational setting. Where may the lines be drawn between the pursuit of truth, however relative it may be, and the advocacy of policies? To what extent must the economist align himself with the practical when that is the enemy of the desirable? Does an economist withdraw from the heady atmosphere of academic recognition into bureaucratic anonymity when he fills out the twenty-page employment form of an international organization; or does he escape from the pallid world of equilibrating models into the invigorating arena of problems, pressure and power? Is an economist trained in a particular school of thought—whether Marxist, Keynesian, Chicago or institutionalist—under any obligation to suppress or dilute the distinctive point of view he initially brings to bear on economic problems?

Haftungsklagen gegen Gesellschafter und Geschäftsleiter stellen das internationale Zivilverfahrensrecht vor große Herausforderungen. Die regelmäßig erforderliche Bestimmung der internationalen Zuständigkeit wirft insbesondere die Frage auf, welchen Normen die vielfältigen Klagen zugeordnet werden können. Am Beispiel diverser Haftungsansprüche des deutschen Rechts untersucht Jonas Christian Gröning diese Fragestellung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rechtsprechung des EuGH. Im Lichte insolvenzbezogener Klagen entwickelt er zunächst eine Demarkationslinie zwischen Brüssel Ia-VO und EuInsVO. Im Rahmen der Brüssel Ia-VO stehen sodann die Bedeutung des arbeitsvertraglichen Zuständigkeitsregimes für die Geschäftsleiter von Kapitalgesellschaften sowie die Grenzziehung zwischen Vertrags- und Deliktsgerichtsstand im Fokus der Betrachtung.

The author examines the history of the political status of Afghanistan, appraises it since the first world war with special reference to its development since the second world war. The central Afghan political structure established at Kandahar in 1747 by Ahmad Shah, Russian and British interests in Afghanistan in the 19th century. Afghanistan's emergence as an independent nation at the end of the first world war. Political developments in the country since 1945. Development of amicable relations between the USSR and Afghanistan since 1950. Afghanistan's non-aligned status recognized by the USSR in 1971. Background of the military coup in April 1978. Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979. International reactions to the Soviet military intervention. Solution of the Afghan conflict not in sight. (DÜI-Sen)

Intro -- INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY -- INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDS AND GOVERNANCE: HISTORY, CONTRADICTIONS AND PROSPECTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. HISTORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLICY -- 2. POLITICAL ECONOMY CONTRADICTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- 3. POLICY PLANS AND PRIORITIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 GOVERNANCE, FISCAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GOVERNANCE -- 3. GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH -- 4. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LARGEST 100 NON-FINANCIAL MULTINATIONALS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. METHODOLOGY -- 3. RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 EFFECTS OF THE TRANSVERSAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE MEXICAN ECONOMY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THEORY DEVELOPMENT -- 3. METHODOLOGY -- 4. RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ANNEX I -- Chapter 5 FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION AND PERIPHERAL STRATEGIES: RECENT EXPERIENCES IN LATIN AMERICA AND LESSONS FROM ASIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO THE FINANCIAL WORLD SINCE BRETTON WOODS? -- 3. PERIPHERAL STRATEGIES IN THE FACE OF FINANCIAL INSTABILITY -- 4. TOWARDS THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS -- 5. FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 FINANCIAL AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT IN TURKEY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TURKISH ECONOMIC BACKGROUND -- 3. FINANCIAL LIBERALISATION AND ITS IMPACT ON GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION -- 4. LIBERALIZATION PROGRAMMES AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION -- 4.1. Test of Financial and Trade Liberalization on Real GDP Growth Rate -- 4.2. Test of Financial and Trade Liberalization on Gross Fixed Capital Formation Share of GDP.

The Ninth Annual Report on Exchange Restrictions of the International Monetary Fund, covering the period from May 1957 to April 1958, was transmitted to members and governors of the Fund on May 5, 1958.1 The Report noted that the period under review had showed mixed trends. While there had been relatively little overall progress in the formal relaxation of restrictions, there had been a significant strengthening of most internationally traded currencies, particularly in the opening months of 1958. There had been a marked improvement in the rates at which transferable currencies could be exchanged for convertible currencies in free markets, as well as an improvement in other rates against the dollar, particularly for the currencies of western Europe. The rates in these free markets had begun to approximate the rates in official markets. In this respect, there had been continued progress toward external convertibility.

The fifth session of the IRO Council which met in Geneva during March 1950 decided upon the maintenance and care of displaced persons who were to be resettled before March 31, 1951. The termination date of IRO activities was to be carried on beyond the former termination date of June 30, 1950 set by the Council. The Director-General, J. Donald Kingsley, was instructed to request the Allied High Commission in Germany to contribute to the cost of the additional program out of Deutschemark funds. The Council voted that the International Tracing Service, an activity of IRO, also was to be continued beyond June 30, 1950, but that the Director-General was to arrange a transfer of this service to the High Commission in Germany before March 31, 1951. The sixth session of the General Council was to meet in Geneva in October.