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How many and which firms issue equity and bonds in domestic and international markets, how do these firms grow relative to non-issuing firms, and how does firm performance vary along the firm size distribution? To evaluate these questions, a new data set is constructed by matching data on firm-level capital raising activity with balance sheet data for 45,527 listed firms in 51 countries. Three main patterns emerge from the analysis. (1) Only a few large firms issue equity or bonds, and among them a small subset has raised a large proportion of the funds raised during the 1990s and 2000s. (2) Issuers grow faster than non-issuers in assets, sales, and employment, that is, firms do not simply use securities markets to adjust their financial accounts. (3) The firm size distribution of issuers evolves differently from that of non-issuers, tightening among issuers and widening among non-issuers.

An export-oriented development strategy fostered the Asia Pacific region's economic success, making it the fastest growing region in the world. In recent years, despite waning demand from the crisis-hit Western economies, the accelerating demand from China boosted intraregional trade in Asia. Although China's Asian trading partners benefit from increasing exports to China, this stronger linkage with China has made them more vulnerable to the risk of a Chinese slowdown. This paper examines the impact of a negative Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) shock on Asian economies by employing the Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model, using the dataset through the third quarter of 2014 for 33 countries. The analysis finds that a negative Chinese GDP shock impacts commodity exporters, such as Indonesia, to the greatest extent, reflecting both demand and terms of trade shocks. Export-dependent countries in the East Asian production cycle, such as Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, are also severely affected. The analysis also finds that a negative shock to China's real GDP would not only have an adverse effect on the price of crude oil, as some previous studies have also shown, but also on the prices of metals and agricultural products. The study also investigates the impact of a potential negative shock to the real GDP of the United States on Asian countries, and determines that although the U.S. economy has a larger influence on Asian economies than China's economy, the Asian countries are more exposed to China than ever through increased economic ties.

Doing business in India 2009 is the first country specific subnational report of the doing business series that measures business regulations and their enforcement across India. Doing business in India 2009 covers 10 out of the 12 previously measured cities, and documents their progress. It adds 7 new locations, expanding the study to 17 locations. Comparisons with the rest of the world are based on the indicators in doing business 2009. The indicators in doing business in India 2009 are also comparable with the data in other subnational and regional doing business reports. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where, and why. Other areas that significantly affect business, such as a country's proximity to markets, the quality of infrastructure services (other than services related to the trading across borders indicator), the security of property from theft and looting, the transparency of government procurement, macroeconomic conditions, or the underlying strength of institutions, are not directly studied by doing business.

The Indonesia economic quarterly reports on and synthesizes the past three months' key developments in Indonesia's economy. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for Indonesia's economic and social welfare. Indonesia's economic growth has so far remained resilient to the weakness in the global economy. Amidst a still uncertain outlook, Indonesia will need to prepare itself for the potential consequences of China's slowdown and additional falls in commodity prices, and for the possibility of renewed turbulence in financial and commodity markets. Continuing to strengthen the policy framework to deal with shocks and building economic resilience through improvements in the quality of spending and in the regulatory environment will be key to maintaining, and improving further, Indonesia's strong recent growth performance. Progress towards these goals could be tested as the 2014 election year approaches. Indonesia's economy maintained its robust pace of growth in the second quarter of 2012, expanding by 6.4 percent year-on-year, up slightly from 6.3 percent in the first quarter. Buoyant private consumption continued to lift domestic demand, and investment spending also increased strongly. Despite the rapid pace of economic activity, consumer price inflation has remained moderate to date. Headline CPI inflation fell back to 4.3 percent year-on-year in September after edging up to 4.6 percent in August, when it was pulled higher temporarily by the Idul Fitri holidays. Core inflation has remained stable, just above 4 percent. Indonesia's current account moved further into deficit in the second quarter of 2012. Structurally, the trend towards current account deficits reflects consistently strong domestic investment relative to the level of domestic savings. The slowdown in exports over 2012, alongside generally strong import demand, has seen the large goods trade balance surpluses of recent years narrow and this, coupled with consistent net outflows in the income and services sub-accounts, moved the overall current account into a deficit of 3.1 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the second quarter of 2012.

Russia and other countries in the commonwealth of independent states that have implemented voucher privatization programs have to account for the puzzling behavior of insiders manager-owners-who, in stripping assets from the firms they own, appear to be stealing from one pocket to fill the other. This article suggests that asset stripping and the absence of restructuring result from interactions between insiders and subnational governments in a particular property rights regime, in which the ability to realize value is limited by uncertainty and illiquidity. As the central institutions that govern the Russian economy have ceded their powers to the provinces, regional and local governments have imposed a variety of distortions on enterprises to protect local employment. To disentangle these vicious circles of control, this article considers three sets of institutional changes: adjustments to the system of fiscal federalism by which subnational governments would be allowed to retain tax revenues generated locally; legal improvements in the protection of property rights; and the provision of mechanisms for restructuring and ownership transformation in insider-dominated firms. The aim of these reforms would be to change the incentives that local governments, owners, and investors face; to convince subnational governments that a more sustainable way of protecting employment lies in protecting local investment; to raise the cost of theft and corruption by insiders and local officials; and to allow investors to acquire controlling stakes in viable firms.

The definitive graduate textbook on modern macroeconomicsMacroeconomic Theory is the most up-to-date graduate-level macroeconomics textbook available today. This revised second edition emphasizes the general equilibrium character of macroeconomics to explain effects across the whole economy while taking into account recent research in the field. It is the perfect resource for students and researchers seeking coverage of the most current developments in macroeconomics.Michael Wickens lays out the core ideas of modern macroeconomics and its links with finance. He presents the simplest general equilibrium macroeconomic model for a closed economy, and then gradually develops a comprehensive model of the open economy. Every important topic is covered, including growth, business cycles, fiscal policy, taxation and debt finance, current account sustainability, and exchange-rate determination. There is also an up-to-date account of monetary policy through inflation targeting. Wickens addresses the interrelationships between macroeconomics and modern finance and shows how they affect stock, bond, and foreign-exchange markets. In this edition, he also examines issues raised by the most recent financial crisis, and two new chapters explore banks, financial intermediation, and unconventional monetary policy, as well as modern theories of unemployment. There is new material in most other chapters, including macrofinance models and inflation targeting when there are supply shocks. While the mathematics in the book is rigorous, the fundamental concepts presented make the text self-contained and easy to use. Accessible, comprehensive, and wide-ranging, Macroeconomic Theory is the standard book on the subject for students and economists.The most up-to-date graduate macroeconomics textbook available todayGeneral equilibrium macroeconomics and the latest advances covered fully and completelyTwo new chapters investigate banking and monetary policy, and unemploymentAddresses questions raised by the recent financial crisisWeb-based exercises with answersExtensive mathematical appendix for at-a-glance easy referenceThis book has been adopted as a textbook at the following universities:American UniversityBentley CollegeBrandeis UniversityBrigham Young UniversityCalifornia Lutheran UniversityCalifornia State University - SacramentoCardiff UniversityCarleton UniversityColorado CollegeFordham UniversityLondon Metropolitan UniversityNew York UniversityNortheastern UniversityOhio University - Main CampusSan Diego State UniversitySt. Cloud State UniversityState University Of New York - Amherst CampusState University Of New York - Buffalo North CampusTemple University - MainTexas Tech UniversityUniversity of AlbertaUniversity Of Notre DameUniversity Of OttawaUniversity Of PittsburghUniversity Of South Florida - TampaUniversity Of TennesseeUniversity Of Texas At DallasUniversity Of WashingtonUniversity of Western OntarioWesleyan UniversityWestern Nevada Community College

The countries comprising the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) are currently not very integrated into global value chains (GVCs), potentially missing out on important development opportunities. Accordingly, we explore high level options for promoting their integration. Given East Asia's spectacular success with integrating into GVCs, we first assess the probability that SACU can copy their flying geese pattern. That was initiated by Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) investing in successive East Asian countries thereby becoming the lead geese, to be joined subsequently by MNCs from other countries. We argue that the conditions for pursuing a flying geese approach are difficult to replicate in SACU. Therefore, we proffer and explore the proposition that South Africa could serve as the gateway for harnessing MNC geese flying from third countries into the SACU region, in time propelling regional development through knowledge and investment spillovers, and serving as a conduit into GVCs. However, there may be substantial obstacles to deepening this integration potential. Other African gateways are emerging as alternatives to South Africa. And some SACU governments would prefer to build regional value chains (RVCs) rather than prioritize GVC integration. We argue that RVCs are complements to GVCs. SACU countries, excluding South Africa, may not attract many world leading MNCs since their markets are small, but could attract smaller regional players from South Africa or elsewhere. Thus building RVCs in the short run could assist with integration into GVCs in the longer run. Overall, this requires harnessing South African and MNC geese to the South African gateway, in a mutually complementary strategy.

The Lake Chad Climate resilience action plan outlines the concept that there is a need to turn Lake Chad into a rural hub for regional development in parallel to the restoration of peace and security. The Plan intends to contribute significantly to food security, employment, and the social inclusion of the youth by improving, in a sustainable way, the living conditions of populations settled on the Lake's banks and islands as well as the resilience of a system characterized by a strong demographic growth, high hydrological variability, and climate uncertainty. To achieve it, the Action Plan proposes actions in seven Priority Themes based on observations and knowledge currently available. The four riparian States plus the Central African Republic and Libya, local powers (local governments or customary authorities), Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), and the civil society will be responsible for implementing the proposed actions. The Plan includes enhancing the capacity of LCBC in terms of data collection, sharing of information, and carrying out analyses useful to governance of the basin`s shared natural resources. The success of this Plan requires continuing on-going efforts to strengthen the LCBC. The tentatively estimated cost of the Lake Chad Action Plan is about 916 million Euros.

Climate change is a core development challenge in Tanzania, and the potential costs of inaction are significant. Current climate variability (including extreme events such as droughts and floods), already leads to major economic costs in mainland Tanzania and in Zanzibar. Individual annual events have economic costs in excess of 1 percent of GDP, and occur regularly, reducing long-term growth and affecting millions of people and livelihoods. Future climate change could lead to large economic costs, equivalent to a further 1 to 2 percent of GDP per year by 2030. Given this context, there is a clear need for strong and sustained effort by the government to help establish a growth pathway for the country that is resilient to climate variability and able to adapt to future change, as well as help Tanzania take advantage of external and domestic finance opportunities for sustained action on climate risks. This policy note responds to a request by the United Republic of Tanzania for technical assistance on next steps for implementing the National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) and Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (ZCCS). With strategies in hand, both mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar are at a crossroads where strategic actions have been identified, yet not yet supported with resources or adequate frameworks for implementation. Development partners are active in financing and supporting climate change activities in general, but more than one year after its adoption, a unified approach in support of the NCCS has yet to materialize. Tanzania has requested guidance for mobilizing additional funds, using funding sources more strategically, and delivering results on the ground.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) brings together ten countries with over 620 million people and a combined gross domestic product of more than USD 2.5 trillion. These countries are well integrated into the global economy and have benefited from this integration. And, as evidenced by their adoption of the ambitious goal of forming an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015, they are committed to even deeper regional integration. This report takes stock of ASEAN's achievements in services integration, delineates the potential gains from further integration and highlights the challenges that remain. Recognizing the role of services in spurring economic growth and job creation, including in manufacturing and agriculture, regional policymakers have committed to an ambitious plan for integrating their services sectors as a core element of the AEC. As the report highlights, there are successes in some sectors, such as in health in Thailand, education in Malaysia and finance in Singapore, on which future actions can build. Nevertheless, intra-ASEAN trade in services remains low relative to the economic size, complementarity and geographical proximity of ASEAN member states. As the report notes, there are still a range of policies in ASEAN economies that impede services integration. Overall, the data and analysis show that while there has been good progress in making commitments to integrate services trade, more needs to be done to fully realize the goals laid out in the AEC Blueprint. The report reviews approaches to negotiations and institutional processes underlying services integration. It provides a range of specific recommendations on implementing commitments, enhancing transparency, and strengthening the institutional framework and negotiating modalities. Finally, it highlights priorities for regional regulatory reform and cooperation as a means of deepening services integration.

This paper uses survey data from 120 developing countries to compare the role of institutions with firm characteristics at the time of creation of the firm in explaining the size, growth, and productivity of firms over their lifecycle. The study finds that firm-level characteristics have comparable, and sometimes even larger, power than institutional factors in predicting size and growth, but not productivity. In particular, size at birth plays a key role in predicting variation in firm size and growth since birth over the firm lifecycle, whereas country factors dominate in predicting variation in labor productivity over the firm lifecycle. The study also finds that older firms are larger, partly because of the selection of more efficient firms. The findings point to the importance of initial founding conditions in explaining variations in size and growth over the firm lifecycle across countries.

China has defied the declining trend in domestic content in exports in many countries. This paper studies China's rising domestic content in exports using firm- and customs transaction-level data. The approach embraces firm heterogeneity and hence reduces aggregation bias. The study finds that the substitution of domestic for imported materials by individual processing exporters caused China's domestic content in exports to increase from 65 to 70 percent in 2000–2007. Such substitution was induced by the country's trade and investment liberalization, which deepened its engagement in global value chains and led to a greater variety of domestic materials becoming available at lower prices.

This paper quantifies the misallocation of manufacturing output and factors of production between establishments across Indian districts during 1989-2010. It first distills a number of stylized facts about misallocation in India, and demonstrates the validity of misallocation metrics by connecting them to regulatory changes in India that affected real property. With this background, the study next quantifies the implications and determinants of factor and output misallocation. Although more-productive establishments in India tend to produce more output, factors of production are grossly misallocated. A better allocation of output and factors of production is associated with greater output per worker. Misallocation of land plays a particularly important role in these challenges.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 636 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 100 per cent is covered by soils and 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 2 per cent has sandy soils, 17 per cent has loamy soils and 78 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 89 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 27 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 70 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 18 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 21 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 11 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 21 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 25 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 7 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 3 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 10 (2) 360 (57) Sapota 10 (2) 113 (18) Maize - 369 (58) Pomegranate 10 (2) 314 (49) Bajra 70 (11) 340 (54) Musambi 10 (2) 314 (49) Groundnut 70 (11) 193 (30) Lime 10 (2) 314 (49) Sunflower 10 (2) 273 (43) Amla 70 (11) 500 (79) Red gram 10 (2) 264 (41) Cashew 10 (2) 124 (20) Bengalgram - 370 (58) Jackfruit 10 (2) 113 (18) Cotton 10 (2) 360 (57) Jamun 10 (2) 304 (48) Chilli 10 (2) 77 (12) Custard apple 70 (11) 500 (79) Tomato 10 (2) 77 (12) Tamarind 10 (2) 224 (35) Brinjal 71 (11) 453 (71) Mulberry 11 (2) 472 (74) Onion 71(11) 170 (27) Marigold 10 (2) 360 (57) Bhendi 71 (11) 453 (71) Chrysanthemum 10 (2) 360 (57) Drumstick 10 (2) 420 (66) Jasmine 10 (2) 159 (25) Mango 10 (2) 204 (32) Crossandra 10 (2) 87 (14) Guava 10 (2) 113 (18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 51 farmers were sampled in Hosahalli-1micro watershed among them 20(39.22%) were marginal farmers, 9 (17.65 %) were small farmers, 14(27.45 %) were semi medium farmers, 3 (5.88 %) were medium farmers and 5 (9.80 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that, there were 150(56.18%) men and 117 (43.82 %) were women. The average family size of landless and marginal farmer was 5, small and medium farmer was 4 and semi medium farmers were 7. On an average the family size was 5.  The data indicated that 61 (22.85%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 116 (43.45 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (25.09 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 23(8.61%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Hosahalli-1had 26.22 per cent illiterates, 25.09 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.99 per cent of them had both middle school, 18.73 per cent them had high school education, 7.12 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.75 per cent them had Diploma education, 2.62 per cent of them had degree education, 0.37 per cent of them had masters education and 8.61 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 50.98 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 37.25 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour, 9.80 per cent of the household heads were general labour and 1.96 per cent of the household heads were in private service.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.58 per cent of the household members, 28.84 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.62 per cent were general labours, 0.37 percent were in government service, 1.87 per cent of them were in private sector, 20.60 per cent of them were students, 5.24 per cent of them were children and 4.12 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 4 per cent were general labourers, 60 per cent of the household were general labour and 16 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 36.17 per cent were agriculturist, 27.66 percent was in agricultural labour, 2.86 per cent of them were in government service and 25.53 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 48.57 per cent of them were agriculturist, 14.29 percent was in agricultural labour and students. In case of semi medium farmers 32 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 41 per cent of them were general labour and 17 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 30.77 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and agriculture labour respectively and 38.46 per cent of them were students.  The results showed that 100 per cent of the farmers have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 35.29 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 17.65 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 19.61 per cent of the households possess Pacca house and 1.96 per cent of them possess Semi Pucca house.  The results showed that, 94.12 per cent of the households TV, 78.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 9.80 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 41.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 96.08 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 8062, mixer grinder was Rs.1700, bicycle was Rs.2200, motor cycle was Rs.32454 and mobile phone was Rs.2014.  The data showed that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 21.57 per cent of them possess plough, 1.96 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, power tiller, tractor and harvester respectively. 17.65 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 88.24 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17500; the average value of plough was Rs. 1545, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 2000, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 25000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 500000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4888, the average value of weeder was Rs. 107 and the average value of harvester was Rs. 100.  The results indicated that, 13.73 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 1.96 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, sheep and cow respectively.  In case of marginal farmers, 5 per cent of the households possess bullock, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow, 15 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5 per cent of the households possess goat. In small farmers 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullock and buffalo respectively. In semi medium farmers, 21.43 per cent of the households possess bullock, 50 per cent of the households possess local cow and 35.71 per cent of the households possess buffalo. In case of medium farmers 66.67 per cent of the households possess bullock and 33.33 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and sheep respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.98, average own labour (women) available was 1.48, average hired labour (men) available was 8.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.07.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.65, average own labour (women) was also 1.30, average hired labour (men) was 7.05 3 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.15. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.44, average own labour (women) was 1.11, average hired labour (men) was 10.56 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.56. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.86, average own labour (women) was 2.07, average hired labour (men) was 9.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.43. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.67, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 5.67 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 1.96 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Hosahalli-1micro watershed possess 29.69 ha (54.32 %) of dry land and 24.97 ha (45.68 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12.20 ha (93.14 %) of dry land and 0.90ha (6.86%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.90 ha (73 %) of dry land and 2.55 ha (27%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.59 ha (45.55 %) of dry land and 12.66 ha (54.45 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.86 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 520,124.03 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 576,373.36. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 717,070.33 for dry land and Rs. 1,780,180.25 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 376,436.11 for dry land Rs. 959,033.27 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 386,969.81 for dry land and Rs. 627,765.34 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 270,684.94 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 8 functioning and 11 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 52.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 39.82 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.90 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 2.46 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 12.59 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 4.86 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 20.81 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (7.73 ha), banana (2.55 ha), Bengal gram (3.20 ha), cotton (2.13 ha), drumstick (0.49 ha), groundnut (4.69 4 ha), maize (25.48 ha), red gram (4.33 ha), sorghum (2.47 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, red gram and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, banana, cotton, groundnut, maize and sorghum. Semi medium farmers had grown bajra, banana, Bengal gram, cotton, drumstick, groundnut, maize, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown bengal gram, groundnut and maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Hosahalli-1micro watershed was found to be 76.18 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 90.63 per cent, in small farmers it was 100, in semi medium farmers it was 78.02 and in medium farmers it was 41.30 per cent.  The results indicated that, 49.02 per cent of the households have bank account and 19.61 per cent of the household possess savings. Among marginal farmers 55 percent of them possess bank account and 25 percent of the households possess savings. 55.56 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 33.33 per cent of the households possess savings. In semi medium farmers, 57.14 per cent of them possess bank account and 7.14 savings per cent of them possess and in medium category of farmers possess 33.33 per cent of bank account and also savings correspondingly.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of marginal, 44.44 per cent of small, 28.57 per cent of the semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 50 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank and 7.14 per cent have availed loan from money lender.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.36600, Rs. 102500 and Rs. 56250 and Rs.50000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed was Rs. 62000.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of loan was taken for health care.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have unpaid their institutional credit.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially.  The results indicated that 30.77 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 69.23 per cent of them opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households were opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement. 5  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32799.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 129330.43. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 96530.89, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.94.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36239.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44053.21. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 7813.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 56153.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113354.28. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 57200.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 42168.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30875.00. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs-11293.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.73.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 37564.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56195.79. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 18630.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 26051.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41911.68. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15859.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 38511.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75028.14. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 46253.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.61.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 143187.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 491750.31. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 348562.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.43.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 42028.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23304.69. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -18723.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.55.  The results indicated that, 37.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder were adequate.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage was Rs. 29000. In marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was 6 Rs.12500, wage was Rs. 19350, agriculture was Rs. 51301 and dairy farm was Rs. 1708. In small farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs. 28444.44, wage was Rs. 6666.67, agriculture was Rs. 83044.44 and dairy farm was Rs. 2777.78. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 15714.29, agriculture was Rs. 68200 and dairy farm was Rs.6434.29. In medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs. 11666.67 and agriculture was Rs. 75333.33.  The results indicated that, in landless farmers, the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 15000. In marginal farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 63333.33, wage was Rs. 14,205.88, agriculture was Rs. 19,636.36 and dairy farm was Rs. 6,250. In case of small farmers the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 92,500, wage was Rs. 13,000, agriculture was Rs. 53,888.89 and dairy farm was Rs. 12,000. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs. 8,785.71, dairy farm was Rs. 9,600 and agriculture was Rs. 47,142.86. In case of medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.4000 and agriculture was Rs. 56,666.67.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 9 coconut trees in their field and also planted 1 coconut tree in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 55 neem trees, 8tamarind tress, 3 silver oak trees and 1 banyan trees in their field and also grown 1 Neem tree in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3725.49 for land development, Rs. 980.39 in irrigation facility, Rs.2372.55 for improved crop production and Rs.607.84 for improved livestock management.  Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3800 for land development, Rs. 450 for irrigation facility, Rs.2350 for improved crop production and Rs.350 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2000 for land development, Rs.1666.67 for improved crop production and Rs.555.56 for improved livestock management. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6,142.86 for land development, Rs. 2,500 for irrigation facility, Rs. 3,785.71 for improved crop production and Rs. 1,142.86 for improved livestock management. Medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,333.33 for land development, Rs. 2,000 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,000 for improved crop production and Rs. 1,000 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, loan from the bank was the source of funds to, 39.22 per cent of the households for land development, 17.65 per cent of the households for irrigation facility, 41.18 per cent of the households for improved crop production and 19.61 per cent of the households for improved livestock management. 7  The results indicated that, Bajra, banana, bengal gram, cotton, drumstick, groundnut, red gram, sorghum and sunflower crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only maize was sold to the extent 97.75 per cent respectively. Results also obtained that, the average price of bajra was Rs.1457.14/q, Banana was Rs.657.50/q, Bengal gram was Rs.3750/q, cotton was Rs.4250/q, drumstick was Rs.3500/q, groundnut was Rs.3700/q, maize was Rs.1132.80/q, red gram was Rs.4542.86/q, Sorghum was Rs.3225/q and Sunflower was Rs.2500/q.  The results indicated that, 13.73 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 25.49 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant, 23.53 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 47.06 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 13.73 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 56.86 per cent of them have used tractor and 39.22 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 45 percent of marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 33.33 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 92.16 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 7.84 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 68.63 per cent and 31.37 per cent of them were using bore well for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 98.04per cent of the households and 1.96 per cent of the households were using kerosene lamp.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 35 per cent of marginal, 22.22 per cent of small, 35.71 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 98.04 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 1.96 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 27.45 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 20 per cent of the landless, 30 percent of the marginal, 33.33 per cent of the small, 14.29 per cent of the semi medium and 66.67 percent of the medium farmers. 8  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 84.31 per cent, 23.53 per cent, 35.29 per cent, 1.96 per cent, 96.08 per cent, 84.31 per cent and 45.10 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat were inadequate for 15.69 per cent, 78.43 per cent, 68.63 per cent, 66.67 per cent, 3.92 per cent and 39.22 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60.78 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (21.57%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (37.25%), high rate of interest on credit (35.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.39%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.39%), inadequate extension services (56.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.78%), less rainfall (31.37%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (13.73 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The dynamic growth of mobile communications technology is creating opportunities for economic growth, social empowerment, and grassroots innovation in developing countries. One of the areas with the greatest potential impact is in the contribution that mobile applications can make to agricultural and rural development (ARD), by providing access to information, markets, and services to millions of rural inhabitants. For both agricultural supply and demand, mobile phones can reduce waste, make delivery more efficient, and forge closer links between farmers and consumers. This report provides policymakers and development practitioners with a guide that facilitates the development and deployment of mobile applications for ARD. It also informs their understanding of the key drivers for promoting such applications and services in their countries. Using James Moore's (1996) revised definition of ecosystems: economic communities based on interacting organizations and individuals the report identifies a wide range of players in the ecosystem for m-ARD apps, such as mobile network operators, m-app (mobile applications) providers, content providers, and various types of users. M-apps are software designed to take advantage of mobile technology and can be developed for technology besides mobile phones. But mobile phones have many key advantages: affordability, wide ownership, voice communications, and instant and convenient service delivery. As a result, there has been a global explosion in the number of m-apps, facilitated by the rapid evolution of mobile networks and by the increasing functions and falling prices of mobile handsets. M-apps are markedly different in developing countries because they typically run on second-generation (2G) phones rather than smartphones, which are far more common in developed countries. The report reviews country examples and extracts policy lessons and good practices. It also presents detailed studies of cases from Kenya, Philippines, and Sri Lanka, as well as summarizes 92 case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the development impact, ecosystem, and business models for mobile applications in ARD. The report is intended to complement the recent ICT in Agriculture eSourcebook. One of the main findings is that an enabling platform (or platforms) is probably the most important factor for the development of m-ARD apps. Platforms can facilitate interactions among ecosystem players, increase access to users, provide technical standards, and incorporate payment mechanisms.