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Preface. The new manufacturing of SHS / Dominique BOULLIER -- Introduction / Claire BROSSAUD & Bernard REBER -- PART I. CAN ICT TELL HISTORY?: 1. Elements for a digital historiography / Andrea IACOVELLA -- 2. "In search of real time" or Man facing the desire and duty of speed / Luc BONNEVILLE & Sylvie GROSJEAN -- 3. Narrativity against temporality : computerized handling of histories / Eddie SOULIER -- PART II. HOW TO LOCATE ONESELF IN THE AREA OF ICT?: 4. Are virtual maps used for orientation? / Alain MILON -- 5. From denial of the territory to geocyberspace: towards an integrated approach of the relationship between space and ICT / Henry BAKIS & Philippe VIDAL -- 6. Mapping of the public space on the Web using Issuecrawler / Richard ROGERS -- PART III. ICT: A WORLD OF NETWORKS?: 7. Metrology of Internet networks / Nicolas LARRIEU & Philippe OWEZARSKI -- 8. Networks of relations on the Internet: a research object for information technology and social sciences / Dominique CARDON & Christophe PRIEUR -- 9. Analysis of heterogeneous networks: the ReseauLu project / Alberto CAMBROSIO, Pascal COTTEREAU, Stefan POPOWYCZ, Andrei MOGOUTOV & Tania VICHNEVSKAIA -- PART IV. COMPUTERIZED PROCESSING OF SPEECHES AND -- Hyperdocuments: what are the methodological consequences?: 10. hypertext, an intellectual technology in the era of complexity / Jean CLEMENT -- 11. Short history of software resources at the service of qualitative sociology / Christophe LEJEUNE -- 12. Peuples des eaux, gens des iles (Water people, islanders): hypertext and people without writing / Pierre MARANDA -- PART V. ICT TO SUPPORT PLURALISM OF INTERPRETATIONS?: 13. Semantic Web and ontologies / Philippe LAUBLET -- 14. Interrelations between analysis types and interpretation types / Karl M. VAN METER -- 15. Pluralism and plurality of interpretations / Francois DAOUST & Jules DUCHASTEL -- PART VI. DISTANCE COOPERATION?: 16. A communicational and documentary theory of ICT / Manuel ZACKLAD -- 17. Knowledge distributed by ICT: how do communication networks modify epistemic networks? / Bernard CONEIN -- 18. Towards new links between HSS and Computer Science: the CoolDev project / Gregory BOURGUIN & Arnaud LEWANDOWSKI -- PART VII. TOWARDS RENEWED POLITICAL LIFE AND CITIZENSHIP: 19. Electronic voting and computer security / Stephan BRUNESSAUX -- 20. Politicization of sociotechnical spaces of collective cognition: the practice of public wikis / Serge PROULX & Anne GOLDENBERG -- 21. Liasing using a multi-agent system / Maxime MORGE -- PART VIII. IS " SOCIO-INFORMATICS " POSSIBLE?: 22. Elements for socio-informatics / William TURNER -- 23. Limitations of computerization of sciences of man and society/ Thierry FOUCART -- 24. Internet in the process of data collection and dissemination / Gael GUEGUEN and Said YAMI -- Conclusion / Bernard REBER and Claire BROSSAUD -- Postscript. Computer science and humanities / Roberto BUSA -- Index

Intro -- Series Editors' Preface for David Torres Irribarra A Pragmatic Perspective of Measurement -- Mathematical Thinking, Social Practices, and the Locus of Science in Psychology -- References -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Pragmatism? -- 1.2 A Brief Overview of Some Pragmatist Ideas -- 1.2.1 The Primacy of Practice -- 1.2.2 Fallibilism and Anti-skepticism -- 1.2.3 Historical and Social Nature of Knowledge -- 1.2.4 Abandoning Representationalism -- 1.2.5 Theories as Tools -- 1.2.5.1 Pragmatism Recapped -- 2 What Is Measurement? -- 2.1 Classical Theory of Measurement -- 2.2 Operationalism -- 2.3 The Representational Theory of Measurement -- 2.3.1 Campbell: Between the Classical and Representational Theories -- 2.3.2 Stevens: Between the Representational and Operationalist Theories -- 2.3.3 Axiomatic Measurement Theory -- 2.4 Latent Variable Modeling -- 2.5 Metrology -- 2.6 Defining Measurement? -- 3 Measurement: Prototypes and Resemblances -- 3.1 The Many Faces of Measurement -- 3.2 Protypes and Resemblances -- 3.3 Prototypical Measurement Practices -- 4 A Pragmatic Perspective of Measurement -- 4.1 Why an Activity? Why Three of Them? -- 4.2 Why According to a Model? -- 4.3 Why a ``relevant'' Attribute? -- 4.4 Why in Service of a Larger Goal? -- 5 Contrasting and Comparing -- 5.1 The Goals of Measurement -- 5.2 The Activities of Measurement -- 5.3 The Attributes We Measure -- 5.4 The Model of the Attribute -- 5.5 Summary -- References -- Index.

In the field of operations management, most decisions are seen as being based on measurement results. However, every measurement has some uncertainty and therefore managerial decisions can be incorrect. Measurement uncertainty can cause particularly large losses in the case of maintenance decisions, where decision error can cause the breakdown of the entire production or service process. Taking measurement uncertainty into consideration the losses can be decreased. The standards, technical reports and guides dealing with measurement uncertainty use probability approach and focus on the metrology aspect. They do not support a risk based decision based on the forecast of the observed characteristics. In the proposed risk based model the realized (or lost) revenue is treated along with the occurred costs in order to maximize the profit with the help of analytic calculation and simulations. This paper suggests that by treating measurement results as a time series the time of probable failure can be predicted at a given confidence level, this can support the scheduling of maintenance tasks. The uncertainty of measurement and the uncertainty of forecasting can be treated in the same model.
Key words: forecast, measurement uncertainty, risk-based maintenance, stochastic process.

В статье описано влияние измерительной техники на боеготовность образцов вооружения и военной техники. Обоснована необходимость повышения точности, стабильности и воспроизводимости единиц физических величин с помощью эталонов нового поколения. Проведён обзор квантовых методов, используемых в современной метрологии. Поддержание высокой боевой готовности войск невозможно обеспечить без выполнения измерений различного спектра характеристик и параметров современных образцов военной техники, находящихся на вооружении. Измерения составляют неотъемлемую часть деятельности войск в мирное и, что особенно важно, в военное время. Правильное применение измерительной техники по назначению, её своевременное техническое обслуживание, поверка и ремонт непосредственно влияют на точность и полноту оценки тактико-технических характеристик современного оружия. ; The article describes the influence of the measuring equipment on the combat readiness of weapons and military equipment. The necessity to improve the accuracy, stability and reproducibility of physical units using the standards of the new generation. The review of quantum methods used in modern metrology. Maintaining a high level of combat readiness of the troops can not be achieved without the measurement of different spectrum characteristics and parameters of modern military hardware, are in service. The measurements are an integral part of the activities of troops in peacetime and, most importantly, in time of war. Proper use of measuring equipment for its intended purpose, its timely maintenance, calibration and repair directly affect the accuracy and completeness of the evaluation of tactical and technical characteristics of modern weapons.

SAFETY ASSESSMENTS FOR SUPPORTING THE APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY IN INDONESIA AND A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON HIGH NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AREA. Historically BATAN was established to investigate the negative impacts of nuclear explosions previously conducted in the Pacific area. However, this governmental institute is presently tasked to carry out research and development as well as services in the field of radiation safety and metrology. Therefore, this study aim to determine the activities carried out by BATAN in assessing the safety of workers and the environment. For instance, a standard source of dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) is used in calibration services to successfully support radiotherapy, with the highest achievement in the Designated Institute (DI) for Ionizing Radiation. The health research covers the application of gamma rays to create malaria vaccine, diagnose metabolic diseases with nuclear medicine techniques, and microdosimetry through radiodiagnostic assessment. This study also determined the effective dose and epidemiological study of radioecology and radiation biology in Mamuju (HBRA), which provides a unique opportunity to examine the health effects of chronic low-level radiation exposure to humans. Furthermore, the authors collaborated with Hirosaki University to obtain valuable information on the essential need to assess the health and physical status as well as cytogenetic and deoxynucleotide acid (DNA) damages in the lymphocytes of local populations. Dosimetry study was conducted by direct measurement in the field area by analyzing external radiation exposure of indoor and outdoor gamma dose rate. The internal radiation assessment was conducted by taking urine and inhaled air (radon) from the residents. Studies through the cytogenetic response supported by γ-H2AX, G0, and G2 micronucleus assays and TP53 showed no impacts on the natural radiation with significant differences compared to the control. Marine radioecology studies and radionuclides monitoring throughout the Indonesian archipelago showed no negative impacts as well. Nuclear emergency practice needs to be routinely conducted in the Center for strengthening safety and security cultures.

Modern society cannot do without high quality geospatial data. This need constantly strengthens with the growth of the information society and the emerging cyber society. Validity and quality of geospatial data is strongly connected to the level of its metrological service. It is necessary to conduct National metrological comparisons, in order to maintain an effective measuring infrastructure both inside a single country and in the whole Europe. The main result of such a comparison is a validation of actual values of key parameters of state standards.The article presents results of a conversion of unit of length of the state standard of the Czech Republic to the geodetic baseline Javoriv (Ukraine), as performed by the staff of the Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography (RIGTC). The conversion was realised in cooperation with Lviv Polytechnic National University (Ukraine). High-precision measuring equipment used during the conversion includes: the Leica AT401 laser tracker and the Leica Nova MS50 electronic total station.A comparison of the measured length sections of the geodetic baseline Javoriv, performed by VUGTK employees, with the measurement results performed on a geodetic baseline Javoriv by specialists of the National Science Center (NSC) Institute of Metrology, gave a very good consistency. This is a sign of high quality results of comparative international measurement. It is planned to continue with the common efforts in the field of comparative international measurements between the Czech Republic and Ukraine in order to determine the actual values of the length sections of the geodetic baseline Javoriv.

Ultrahigh sensitivity temperature measurement is becoming increasingly relevant for different scientific and technological fields from fundamental physics to high-precision engineering applications. Here, we demonstrate the use of a nanomechanical resonator - free standing silicon nitride membranes with thicknesses in the nanoscale - for room temperature thermometry reaching an unprecedented resolution of 15 μK. These devices were characterized by using an interferometric system at high vacuum, where there are only two possible mechanisms for heat transfer: thermal conductivity and radiation. While the expected behavior should be to decrease the frequency of the mechanical resonance due to the thermoelastic effect, we observe that the nanomechanical response can be both positive and negative depending on the thermal flux: a heat point source always shifts the mechanical resonance to lower frequencies, while a distributed heat source shifts the resonance to higher frequencies. ; This research is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science under project MOMPs reference TEC2017-89765-R and the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (JRP f14 PhotOQuanT17FUN05). E.G.-S acknowledges financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Science under the project MicroBIOMS, reference PID2019-109765RA-I00. This project has received funding from the EMPIR program co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The service from the Micro and Nanofabrication Laboratory (MiNa) and X-SEM Laboratory is funded by MCIU (CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE).

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.

Due to their unique properties, lasers are an integral part of optical holography and optical lithography. Lasers also evolve various methods related to the diffractive structures formation, which defines their quality and usability. Diffraction structures formed by holographic methods are increasingly used in various fields, for example, in optical elements for military application, holographic data storage, in holographic topography, light guiding, advertisements, and holographic security elements. Application of holographic elements formed in polymeric materials is quite widespread: from elementary signs for permits, invitations, mass events tickets (concerts, performances, sport events, etc.) up to use in products for packaging decoration, excise and metrology marks, government securities, banknotes, identity cards and passports, visas and other strictly accountable document protection. The structure of holographic security elements depends on the application field. Complex structures of the elements with optically variable protective effects (microtext, optically variable tags, hidden items, etc.), are mostly intended for use in governmental controlling services. Meanwhile, relatively simple holographic elements of first security level, for example, different depths or variable color, are intended for distinguishing product forgeries for ordinary people. With free movement of goods, more and more goods are found with forged trademarks in the market. Improvement of security of holographic elements and equipment improves counterfeighting equipment; therefore, production companies experience huge losses. Consequently, development of unique forming methods of holographic diffraction structures suitable for security elements manufacturing is relevant to sustainable economic development. It is important to create an efficient, modern holographic diffraction structures for easy identification of counterfeits without additional equipment or means.