Cover -- Contents -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. Small Open Economy Model Setup -- III. Steady-State Equilibrium -- IV. A Two-Country Extension -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Figures -- 1. Demographic Developments -- 2. Frequency Distribution of Coverage and Benefit Ratios Around the World, 2015 -- 3. Two-Country Model Simulation Scenario 1 -- 4. Two-Country Model Simulation Scenario 2 -- 5. Two-Country Model Simulation Scenario 3
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The article focuses on the work–life balance of teachers who are somehow connected with tutoring. Achieving work–life balance is problematic for them because of increased requirements for their professionalism. The combinations of the parameters of "work" and "life" in the career path of the teacher, which are the most successful in terms of self-assessment of workload and well-being, are revealed. The influence of socio-demographic characteristics of teachers on the chances of being satisfied with the work schedule is considered. The study is based on the results of an online survey of educators conducted in February 2022. The sample consists of teachers and tutors that are using online educational platforms and marketplaces to find the main and additional job. Only higher workload at school statistically significantly increases dissatisfaction with the work schedule. This may be due to low incomes of teachers. At the same time, there are differences in satisfaction with the work schedule among men and women
According to a number of relevant demographic and statistical indicators, Croatia is in a deep demographic crisis in all aspects of demographic dynamics and structural-demographic development. Total depopulation, natural decline, negative migration balance, demographic aging, and spatial polarization of the population – are fundamental long-term and current demographic trends and processes that, thanks to available data from census, vital and migration statistics can be monitored almost continuously from the middle of last century until today. The current demographic picture of Croatia is marked by natural and mechanical population losses, which means more deaths from birth and more emigration than immigration, with significantly disturbed relations between large (functional) age groups that threaten further collapse of bio reproductive potential and economic activity of the population. Croatian demographers warned of this circumstance during socialist Yugoslavia, especially after reaching independence in 1991. In their research, they were especially committed to the design and implementation of active and stimulating population policies, which had a certain impact in the formation of some decisions and documents of Croatian state policy during the 1990s. In this sense, it is scientifically relevant to valorize Dr. Tuđman's attitude towards Croatian demographic issues, because demographic challenges have been and still are in significant discrepancy with socially desirable demographic pro-cesses and trends as key factors in the development and progress of the Croatian state and society, especially from 1991 and onwards. Therefore, in the context of Tuđman's work as a politician (president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 1989 to 1999) and statesman (president of the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1999), but also as a scientist and public figure (director of the Institute for the History of the Labor Movement from 1961 to 1967) it is useful to investigate whether and to what extent there is a consistent attitude towards the demographic situation and problems of Croatia and, accordingly, whether we find the issue of Croatian demography at the center or on the margins of interest in his public work. ; According to a number of relevant demographic and statistical indicators, Croatia is in a deep demographic crisis in all aspects of demographic dynamics and structural-demographic development. Total depopulation, natural decline, negative migration balance, demographic aging, and spatial polarization of the population – are fundamental long-term and current demographic trends and processes that, thanks to available data from census, vital and migration statistics can be monitored almost continuously from the middle of last century until today. The current demographic picture of Croatia is marked by natural and mechanical population losses, which means more deaths from birth and more emigration than immigration, with significantly disturbed relations between large (functional) age groups that threaten further collapse of bio reproductive potential and economic activity of the population. Croatian demographers warned of this circumstance during socialist Yugoslavia, especially after reaching independence in 1991. In their research, they were especially committed to the design and implementation of active and stimulating population policies, which had a certain impact in the formation of some decisions and documents of Croatian state policy during the 1990s. In this sense, it is scientifically relevant to valorize Dr. Tuđman's attitude towards Croatian demographic issues, because demographic challenges have been and still are in significant discrepancy with socially desirable demographic pro-cesses and trends as key factors in the development and progress of the Croatian state and society, especially from 1991 and onwards. Therefore, in the context of Tuđman's work as a politician (president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 1989 to 1999) and statesman (president of the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1999), but also as a scientist and public figure (director of the Institute for the History of the Labor Movement from 1961 to 1967) it is useful to investigate whether and to what extent there is a consistent attitude towards the demographic situation and problems of Croatia and, accordingly, whether we find the issue of Croatian demography at the center or on the margins of interest in his public work.
This article presents the work of the Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Program and Adolescent Sex Offender Treatment Program, auspiced by the Children's Protection Society. The focus is upon their experiences in working with families in which sibling incest has occurred. It outlines the philosophy, principles and model of the program, gives an overview of the demographic data and client profiles, and finally reflects on practice observations relating to issues which have emerged in their work.
The current study investigates the demographic processes and challenges of the Hungarian developmentally peripheral settlements. Demographic challenges can be regarded as important consequences of the social and economic disadvantages in spatial terms. However, the interrelating negative demographic tendencies cause even more backward situation blocking or hindering the development. The objective of the current analysis is to discover the demographic characteristics of the peripheral settlements, to detect the spatial disparities and to point out the correlation between backwardness and the investigated demographic phenomena with the help of the census databases 1980-2011 and local datasets on Roma population. Using methods of multivariate statistical analysis, seven indicators were selected in order to achieve the goals of the paper. Backward areas are primarily characterized by population decrease with significant disparities, but there were growing communities among them as well. Some small villages in Northern and Southwestern Hungary will foreseeably face complete depopulation within few years. Primarily small sized villages faced intense decrease in rate of natural change, but dynamic population growth was also detected. Migration loss tends to correlate with the extent of peripherality, as increasing values of migration balance accompany decreasing ratio of peripheral settlements in the area. The ratio of elderly population shows an expressively two-faced character, with the extremely aging and very juvenile settlements. The ratios of Roma population reflect the scale of peripherality. Extended ethnic change could be predicted in Northeastern and Southwestern Hungary and near the Middle Tisza valley. Presented demographic processes will make the backwardness of most of the peripheral settlements stable.
According to a number of relevant demographic and statistical indicators, Croatia is in a deep demographic crisis in all aspects of demographic dynamics and structural-demographic development. Total depopulation, natural decline, negative migration balance, demographic aging, and spatial polarization of the population – are fundamental long-term and current demographic trends and processes that, thanks to available data from census, vital and migration statistics can be monitored almost continuously from the middle of last century until today. The current demographic picture of Croatia is marked by natural and mechanical population losses, which means more deaths from birth and more emigration than immigration, with significantly disturbed relations between large (functional) age groups that threaten further collapse of bio reproductive potential and economic activity of the population. Croatian demographers warned of this circumstance during socialist Yugoslavia, especially after reaching independence in 1991. In their research, they were especially committed to the design and implementation of active and stimulating population policies, which had a certain impact in the formation of some decisions and documents of Croatian state policy during the 1990s. In this sense, it is scientifically relevant to valorize Dr. Tuđman's attitude towards Croatian demographic issues, because demographic challenges have been and still are in significant discrepancy with socially desirable demographic pro-cesses and trends as key factors in the development and progress of the Croatian state and society, especially from 1991 and onwards. Therefore, in the context of Tuđman's work as a politician (president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 1989 to 1999) and statesman (president of the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1999), but also as a scientist and public figure (director of the Institute for the History of the Labor Movement from 1961 to 1967) it is useful to investigate whether and to what extent there is a consistent attitude towards the demographic situation and problems of Croatia and, accordingly, whether we find the issue of Croatian demography at the center or on the margins of interest in his public work.
The authors of the monograph have devoted their long-standing work to a very important problem, which has been inexplicably sidelined by the official macroeconomic policy of the state government for the last two decades. Prosperity is one of the most significant state problems, even strategic, because its solution depends on security of the state, as well as the quantity and quality of population reproduction, i.e. it directly affects demographic development.
The aging of the population represents one of the dominant characteristics of the demographic development of Serbia in the second half of the 20th century. The aging process was especially intensified during the last decade of the last century, which resulted in the fact that the population of Serbia today is among the oldest in the world. The main cause of population aging is the declining and low fertility and negative migration balance of the young and younger middle-aged population. Demographic aging is a comprehensive process that has affected all municipalities, districts and regions of the country and takes place simultaneously from the top of the age pyramid (increasing the share of the old population) and from the base of the age pyramid (decrease in the share of youth). A clear spatial polarization of demographic age has been established within the Republic of Serbia. On the one hand, there are large cities that have improved the age structure and raised fertility rates through immigration, while on the other hand, there are depopulated municipalities of eastern and southern Serbia and the municipalities of the inner city core of Belgrade. During the first half of the 21st century, a continuation of low fertility and a further decrease in mortality are expected, which will lead to an increase in life expectancy. The depopulation tendencies could be stopped only due to a sudden increase in fertility and a positive migration balance. The aging process will be continuous and continue to be very intense. The aging of the elderly will be especially pronounced. The contingent of the population over 80 years old will increase significantly and will represent a quarter of the total number of old people. All of the above points to a seriously deteriorated age structure, which further leads to an imbalance in the relationship between the able-bodied and dependent part of the population, primarily the elderly. The effects will be reflected on the financing of social programs related to the elderly population, that is, on the pension and health systems.
This article analyzes dynamics in the population size and composition, natural growth, fertility, mortality, marriage, divorce, and migration in one of the Uzbekistan regions — the Republic of Karakalpakstan. In recent years there has been observed a decrease in the natural population growth, although it remains relatively high. Analysis of the dynamics in fertility shows that in Karakalpakstan over the years of independence the crude birth rate has significantly decreased. The changing attitude of women to family size is closely related to the changes in their role in society and in family — expanding women's participation in public production, their raising awareness and wide use of various modern methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies. This is the main factor in the transition of young people from large families to small and medium-sized families. Mortality rate reflects the health status of population. Although the healthcare system was developing over the years of independence, the incidence of various diseases has increased. As a result, the infant, child and maternal mortality rates remain relatively high. In terms of infant mortality, Karakalpakstan takes one of the leading places in Uzbekistan. This can be partly explained by the poor environmental situation. The number of registered marriages and divorces also affects the demographic processes. Over the years of independence, the marriage rate has decreased, and the divorce rate has increased. The decline in the marriage rate is due to changes in the demographic structure of the country's population. The article also analyzes the dynamics of migration processes since independence. In particular, it shows high proportion of departures, negative migration balance, intensive external migration. The migration process is a result of the impact of various factors and causes. Among the reasons that encourage people to move from one place to another, there are emphasized socioeconomic factors.
In: Revista de cercetare şi intervenţie socială: RCIS = Review of research and social intervention = Revue de recherche et intervention sociale, Issue 75, p. 139-153
An increase in the birth rates and a decrease in mortality is currently one of the priority lines of the development of society. From a purely technocratic standpoint, development of the population should be based on accurate knowledge of the number of consumers and the movement of needs, without which it is impossible to solve many social problems in general. The paper addresses a question of the need to orient the economy towards the development of a person and the population as a whole. The purpose and objectives of the study were to identify the dynamics of the population size, natural increase, the main trends in the growth of birth rate, the analysis of the causes of death, including infant mortality, the study of the marriage and divorce rates, migration. In the main part of the paper, the indicators of the population size in the republic over the past 17 years and in recent years are considered, including: the main trends in population growth, factors affecting the growth and decrease in mortality, causes of infant mortality, migration balance, marriage and divorce rates, both in the republic as a whole and region-wise. In conclusion, proposals were made to create favourable conditions for the demographic growth of population of the republic. Today, the solution of problems in the field of demographic policy is becoming increasingly important. It is necessary to accurately determine the priority paths of demographic growth, taking into account the specifics of the development of the population of Kazakhstan. In the future, this would facilitate the solution of demographic problems in terms of improving the demographic situation, which will contribute to the prosperity of the whole state.
Value shifts and labour market transformations of the recent past have increased the importance of the work-family balance in the active population. Work overload also means an increased health risk. This study aims at identifying the main demographic, social and work-related determinants of work-family balance in the ethnic Hungarian active age population of Mures County, Romania. Linear regression is performed to assess the controlled effects of variables. Single parents, parents with more children and shift workers are at increased risk of imbalance. Demographic agents account for more disparities in work-family balance than do work-related features.
Work-Life balance is a concept with several connotations and varied consequences within and among different stakeholders. Over the past two decades the issue work-family and work-life balance have received significant attention from employers, workers, politicians, academics and the media. Concerns about work-life balance have become salient for number of reasons. Demographic and social changes have resulted in more women entering the workforce, working mothers becoming the norm rather than the exception. In this view, the researcher has done a study to understand the employees work life balance with reference to software companies in Chennai.This study was conducted based on the objectives to know the work life balance of the employees in the software companies. There were 110 sample of respondents were chosen based on convenience sampling. Questionnaire was administered to collect the responses which have been formulated in such a way to meet the objectives of the study.The results of the study brought out various interesting findings. However, this study also had thrown few suggestions for managing the work and life in software companies.
Demographic development issues in today's world are undeniably important. The rapid growth of the world's population, shortage of resources, and increase in migration are creating numerous difficulties in affording a dignified standard and quality of life on the planet. The size of a country's population, its distribution, and its gender-age composition frequently come forward as strategic factors in economic development and the formation of its future parameters. The demographic situation takes shape during population reproduction, the intensity of which determines the size and gender-age composition of the population, as well as the dynamics of its changes. It is characterized by several demographic indicators that have been prevailing in a particular territory over a specific period of time. The main ones are the birth rate, death rate, migration, marriages, and divorces. As the world becomes globalized, promoting a favorable demographic situation that maintains a balance among the interests of family, society, and the state is very important for the social stability and national security of any country. Demographic security is the most important component of social security. It reflects the level of the state's protection from demographic threats, that is, from phenomena and trends that could have a negative effect on the country's social stability and sustainable development. This concept is relatively new. According to several specialists, the demographic crisis in a whole number of countries, particularly industrially developed ones, which in some cases has escalated into a demographic catastrophe, has made it necessary to place demographic security in a separate category on an equal footing with economic, military, social, and other forms of security. This article examines the demographic situation in Uzbekistan from the viewpoint of global demographic development, as well as in the light of the possible risks and threats that might appear with respect to the republic's social security.
